Treaty of Lodi

{{Short description|1454 Italian peace treaty which ended the Wars in Lombardy}}

{{Infobox Treaty | name = Treaty of Lodi | long_name = | image = Italy 1454 after the Peace of Lodi.jpg | image_width = 180px | context = Conflict between the Duchy of Milan and the Republic of Venice with their respective allies. | date_signed = 9 April 1454 | location_signed = Broletto Palace, Lodi, Duchy of Milan <br> (present-day Lombardy, Italy) | signatories = | parties = * {{Flag|Duchy of Milan}} * {{Flag|Republic of Venice}} * {{Flag|Republic of Florence}} * {{Flag|Kingdom of Naples}} }}

The '''Treaty of Lodi''', or '''Peace of Lodi''', was a peace agreement which brought to an end the Wars in Lombardy between the Venetian Republic and the Duchy of Milan, signed in the city of Lodi on 9 April 1454.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lodi nell'Enciclopedia Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/lodi |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=www.treccani.it |language=it-IT}}</ref>

The historical relevance of the treaty lies in having guaranteed the Italian Peninsula 40 years of stable peace, consequently favoring the artistic and literary flowering of the Renaissance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lorenzo il Magnifico e Firenze |url=https://www.skuola.net/storia-moderna/lorenzo-il-magnifico-e-firenze.html |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=Skuola.net - Portale per Studenti: Materiali, Appunti e Notizie |language=it}}</ref>

== Political background == {{Unreferenced section|date=November 2024}} After the death of the Duke of Milan Filippo Maria Visconti in 1447, the Golden Ambrosian Republic was proclaimed in Milan. The rulers decided to entrust the defense of the newborn state to Francesco I Sforza. The latter, after three years, proclaimed himself duke of Milan. In fact, for some time Venice had not abandoned its ambitions to expand into Lombardy and thus forged an alliance with Alfonso V of Aragon, king of Naples, and the emperor Frederick III of Habsburg, against Francesco Sforza and his allies. But the fall of Constantinople endangered the safety of the Venetian possessions in the Aegean Sea, so the Serenissima decided to put an end to its wars in the peninsula.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

== The treaty == thumb|upright|left|Broletto Palace, the location where the treaty was signed.

Venice and Milan concluded the final peace on April 9, 1454 at the residence of Francesco Sforza in Lodi. The Venetian signatories were Simone da Camerino and Paolo Barbo.<ref>Margaret L. King, ''The Death of the Child Valerio Marcello'' (University of Chicago Press, 1994), p. 294.</ref> The treaty was ratified by the most powerful Italian states, first of all Florentine Republic, which had sided with Milan thanks to the long-standing relationship between Cosimo de' Medici and Francesco Sforza.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bassi |first=Agenore |title=History of Lodi |isbn=88-7121-018-2 |pages=55}}</ref>

After the treaty, Northern Italy was practically divided between the two states, despite the fact that some other powers persisted: the House of Savoy, the Republic of Genoa, the House of Gonzaga and the House of Este. It also established the succession of Francesco Sforza to the Duchy of Milan, the movement of the frontier between the aforementioned states on the Adda river, the affixing of border signs along the entire demarcation line and the beginning of the Italic League.<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Pace di Lodi (1454) - Riassunto di Fatti per la Storia |url=https://www.fattiperlastoria.it/pace-di-lodi/ |access-date=2023-03-21 |language=it-IT}}</ref> The lands of Asola, Lonato and Peschiera came under the dominion of the Venetian Republic, disappointing the expectations of the Gonzagas, who had always aimed for these places.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VzkwAAAAYAAJ&dq=battaglia+di+ghedi+1453&pg=PA93 |title=Storia di Mantova dalla sua origine fino all' anno 1860, compendiosamente narrata al popolo |date=1865 |publisher=E. Caranenti, impr |language=it}}</ref>

== Historical significance of the treaty == The importance of the Treaty of Lodi consists in having given the peninsula a new political-institutional structure which - by limiting the particular ambitions of the various states - ensured a balance of power for 40 years and the development of the Renaissance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rapido |first=Studia |date=2021-03-24 |title=Pace di Lodi e politica dell'equilibrio |url=https://www.studiarapido.it/pace-di-lodi-e-politica-dellequilibrio/ |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=Studia Rapido |language=it-IT}}</ref>

Some scholars have argued that the treaty provided a proto-Westphalian model of an inter-city-state system (as opposed to an inter-''nation-state'' system) following a century of warfare in Northern Italy. The Treaty functioned to temporarily institutionalize a regional balance of power in which outright warfare gave way to diplomacy.<ref>Arrighi, pp. 39, 96</ref><ref>Mattingly, p. 178</ref>

Lorenzo the Magnificent - in the second part of the fifteenth century - became the guarantor of this political equilibrium, implementing his famous "equilibrium policy".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lorenzo il Magnifico in "Enciclopedia dei ragazzi" |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/lorenzo-il-magnifico_(Enciclopedia-dei-ragazzi) |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=www.treccani.it |language=it-IT}}</ref>

==Further reading== *{{citation |last=Arrighi |first=Giovanni |publication-date=1994 |year=1994 |title=The Long Twentieth Century |publisher=Verso |isbn=1-85984-015-9 |author-link=Giovanni Arrighi |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/longtwentiethcen00arri}}

*{{citation |last=Mattingly |first=Garrett |publication-date=2010 |year=1955 |title=Renaissance Diplomacy |publisher=Cosimo Classics |isbn=1-61640-267-9 |author-link=Garrett Mattingly}}

==References== {{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lodi, Treaty of}} Category:Italian Renaissance Category:1454 in Europe Category:1450s treaties Lodi Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Naples Category:Treaties of the Republic of Florence Category:15th century in the Kingdom of Naples Category:15th century in the Republic of Florence Category:Treaties of the Republic of Venice Category:15th century in the Republic of Venice Category:15th century in the Duchy of Milan