Jolly Roger Records

{{Infobox record label  | name = Jolly Roger Records | image =  | image_size =  | image_alt =  | caption =  | parent = Paradox Industries | founded = 1950 | founder = Dante Bollettino | defunct =  | status =  | distributor =  | genre = Bootleg | country = United States | location = New York City | website =  }}

'''Jolly Roger Records''' was a New York City-based bootleg record label active briefly in the early 1950s. It was founded by an enthusiast of early blues and jazz music named Dante Bollettino (sometimes misspelled Bolletino).

==History== Bollettino began releasing new music on 78 rpm discs in the late 1940s, including as manager of the label '''Paradox Industries''', which was active from 1948 to 1952 and released music from, among others, Ray Burke and Knocky Parker.<ref>[http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.J344900 Paradox]. ''The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz''. 2nd edition, ed. Barry Kernfeld.</ref> He was also a record collector, and noted that many early jazz and blues recordings by musicians such as Louis Armstrong, Bessie Smith, and Jelly Roll Morton were out of print and unavailable except as difficult-to-find used copies.<ref name=heylin>Clinton Heylin, ''Bootleg: The Secret History of the Other Recording Industry''. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995, p. 33.</ref> He then founded Pax Records to press discs himself, reissuing recordings from obscure musicians such as Cripple Clarence Lofton.<ref name=cummings/> He also started the label British Rhythm Society for reissues.<ref name=johns>Adrian Johns, ''Piracy: The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009, pp. 438–441, 444.</ref>

His next label, Jolly Roger, was founded in 1950 to compile historic out-of-print recordings from major jazz and blues musicians recorded by RCA and Columbia.<ref name=heylin/> He contracted with RCA's own custom pressing plant to manufacture the discs.<ref name=cummings>Alex Sayf Cummings, ''Democracy of Sound: Music Piracy and the Remaking of American Copyright in the Twentieth Century''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013, pp. 55–57, 118.</ref> Jolly Roger was one of several labels operating in American cities such as New York, Los Angeles, and Cleveland which in the 1950s issued compilations of early 78 rpm recordings without authorization from the companies that had produced the originals.<ref name=kernfeld>Barry Kernfeld, ''Pop Song Piracy: Disobedient Music Distribution Since 1929''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011, pp. 126–127, 133–134, 175, 182.</ref> Rather than reissue them on 78 rpm shellac discs, Bollettino issued them on the new 10-inch, 33 rpm vinyl record, which put dispersed recordings into a single collection for the first time and made them available in a more durable commercial format.<ref name=kernfeld/> Burt Goldblatt designed an album cover for Jolly Roger which was used for a Billie Holiday reissue.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/07/arts/music/07goldblatt.html Burt Goldbatt Obituary]. ''New York Times'', September 7, 2006.</ref> By mid-1951, according to historian Adrian Johns, "Jolly Roger was easily the most prominent of all the 'pirate' labels."<ref name=johns/>

Bollettino's activities drew the attention of Columbia Records and Louis Armstrong; in early 1951, Columbia released its own compiled reissue of Armstrong's 1920s-era recordings.<ref name=kernfeld/> At the time Bollettino was operating, sound recordings were not eligible for federal copyright under United States copyright law; only the musical composition underlying the recording was eligible, and a mechanical license was available to Bollettino to release performances of the compositions without permission by paying a flat fee. Bollettino paid royalties for new recordings he commissioned with the profits from Jolly Roger's reissues.<ref name=johns/> However, he did not pay royalties on all of the reissue recordings, and in 1952, the American Federation of Musicians blacklisted Paradox Industries and its subsidiary labels.<ref name=johns/> Columbia then sued Bollettino in New York state court in February 1952, seeking an injunction for unfair competition.<ref name=heylin/> Bollettino initially fought the ruling, but was fined $5,000 for copyright infringement,<ref name=kernfeld/> and eventually settled, remarking, "My lawyer insisted that we had a good case and could win, but I knew the record companies would feel they couldn't afford to lose and would throw in everything they had. I was only twenty-three at the time and didn't have the money for a long, expensive court case, so I settled."<ref name=heylin/>

==Aftermath== Bollettino saw himself as a catalyst of the reissue business, noting later in his life, "afterwards the big companies began to reissue more jazz records, so maybe I accomplished something after all."<ref name=heylin/> The legal battles over Jolly Roger's output, which attracted major newspaper and magazine attention in the early 1950s, were used by the recording industry as evidence to Congress that stronger copyright protection was needed.<ref name=cummings/> The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) was founded in 1951 partly as a response to record piracy incidents at this time.<ref name=johns/> Anti-piracy statutes were implemented in many states in the 1960s, and in 1971, a federal copyright law was passed which made recordings created after February 15, 1972, eligible for copyright protection.

==References== {{reflist}}

Category:Blues record labels Category:American jazz record labels

Jolly Roger Records

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