Paus family

{{Short description|Norwegian family from Oslo}} {{about|the Norwegian family connected to Henrik Ibsen||Paus (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox Family | colour = | name = Paus | coat_of_arms = [[File:Paus arms (simplified).svg|200px]] | caption = |image = Paus family mosaic 2.jpg |image_size = |alt2 = |image_caption = Family members from the 17th to the 21st centuries: priest [[Hans Paus]]; Aase Paus; shipowner [[Ole Paus (shipowner)|Ole Paus]]; singer [[Ole Paus]]; [[Helvig Paus (painting)|Helvig Paus]]; count [[Christopher de Paus|Christopher Paus]]; governor [[Christian Cornelius Paus]]; lawyer and mountaineer [[George Wegner Paus]]; lawyer [[Henrik Johan Paus]] and Hedevig Paus ([[Henrik Ibsen|Ibsen's]] grandmother) | region = [[Norway]], [[Sweden]], [[Denmark]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Switzerland]] | early_forms = Pausius (Latinized), de Paus (internationally), von Paus (Austria only) | origin = Known in [[Oslo]], [[Norway]] since the 16th century | members = | meaning = from [[Middle Saxon]]/[[Middle Dutch]] paus, paues, pauwes, "pope", perhaps applied as a nickname for someone renowned for his piety | footnotes = }} The '''Paus family''' ({{IPA|no|ˈpæʉs|pron}}), also styled ''de Paus'' or ''von Paus'',{{efn|name=History}} is a [[Norway|Norwegian]] family that emerged as an aristocratic [[clergy#Lutheranism|priestly]] family from [[Medieval Oslo]] in the 16th century. For centuries, it belonged to the "[[aristocracy of officials]]," especially in the clergy and legal professions in [[Upper Telemark]]. Later generations entered [[Ship-owner|shipping]], [[steel]], and [[banking]], becoming steel magnates in Oslo. The family's best-known members are [[Henrik Ibsen]]{{efn|name=Ibsen}}<ref name="nygaard2013" /><ref>Jørgen Haave (2017). ''Familien Ibsen''. Museumsforlaget.</ref> and [[Ole Paus]]. The name is recorded in Oslo from the 14th century and likely derives from a metaphorical use of the [[Middle Low German]] word for [[pope]]—perhaps meaning "the [[Piety|pious]] one"—reflecting foreign influence and name satire in medieval Oslo.<ref name=Bakken/>

The priest brothers [[Hans Povelsson Paus the Elder|Hans]] (1587–1648) and [[Peder Povelsson Paus]] (1590–1653) from Oslo have long been known as the family's earliest certain ancestors. In ''Slekten Paus'', [[S.H. Finne-Grønn|Finne-Grønn]] identified their grandfather as [[Hans Olufsson]] (d. 1570), a [[Canon (priest)|canon]] at [[St Mary's Church, Oslo|St Mary's Church]] who held noble rank and served as a [[royal clergy|royal priest]] both before and after the [[Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein|Reformation]].<ref name="SNL" /><ref name="Finne-Grønn" /> Peder Povelsson Paus came to Upper Telemark as parish priest of [[Vinje]] in 1618, became [[Provost (religion)#Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden|provost]] of Upper Telemark in 1633, and was the ancestor of the extant family; in the 17th century the family also used the name Vind (Wind) after the parish of Vinje. From the 17th to the 19th century, the family were among the foremost of the regional elite, the "[[aristocracy of officials]]" in Upper Telemark,<ref name="nygaard2013">Jon Nygaard (2013). ''"...af stort est du kommen." Henrik Ibsen og Skien''. Centre for Ibsen Studies. {{ISBN|9788291540122}}</ref> where family members served as priests, judges and other officials, often across generations. The family held the [[District court (Norway)|district judgeship]]—the region's chief governmental and judicial office—for 106 years (1668–1774). It was a meritocratic elite defined by education, priesthood, and service to the state, and the apex of the social order of Upper Telemark.{{efn|name=History|The Paus family holds a somewhat unique place in Norwegian history for their long-standing and evolving elite status under shifting state regimes. Their earliest known ancestor, [[Hans Olufsson]] (died 1570), was a [[Canon (title)|canon]] at [[St. Mary's Church, Oslo|St. Mary’s Church]] in Oslo, the royal chapel and seat of government. As a member of the [[royal clergy]], he held the personal rank of [[Knight|knight]], the highest noble rank in Norway at the time, typically reserved for statesmen of national significance. The rank was not hereditary. As Norway never developed a broad or enduring hereditary noble class—due in part to a centralized, meritocratic state ideology—a small number of elite families came to occupy roles that functionally resembled the regional nobility found elsewhere in Europe. The Paus family became one of the most prominent examples. From the 17th century onward, they were central to what historians have called the "[[aristocracy of officials]]" in [[Upper Telemark]]. Historian [[Øystein Rian]] described it as "a nobility-resembling elite"—a class of priests and lawyers who wielded significant autonomy and preserved their hold on influential positions across generations. The Paus family, for example, held the district judgeship for 106 years over five generations (1668–1774). Under the traditional [[Estates of the realm|estate system]], the clergy also constituted one of the two legally privileged estates of the realm, alongside the nobility; until the 19th century, the style ''herr'' ([[Dominus (title)|Sir]]) was reserved for clergy and nobility. By the late 19th century, the family began to assert a more explicit aristocratic identity and sometimes adopted styles like ''de Paus'' and ''von Paus'' abroad. For example [[Christopher de Paus|Christopher Paus]] (b. 1862), a [[papal chamberlain]], was styled ''de Paus'' when living in Rome from the 1880s and was ennobled as a [[count]] by [[Pope Pius XI]] in 1923; similarly, [[Thorleif Paus]] (b. 1881), the Norwegian consul-general in Vienna, was officially styled ''von Paus'' in Austria-Hungary after joining the consulate-general in 1902. This symbolic use of aristocratic forms abroad was not merely pragmatic—a way to make the family's status intelligible in a continental context—but a conscious assertion of ''nobilitas'', meaning elite cultural identity in the broader European sense.}}

From the late 18th century, family members became [[ship's captain]]s, [[shipowner]]s, [[merchant]]s and bankers in the port towns of [[Skien (town)|Skien]] and [[Drammen]]. In the 19th century, family members became prominent steel industrialists in [[Oslo|Christiania]]. The steel magnate [[Ole Paus (businessman)|Ole Paus]] had the [[Villa Paus]] built at [[Bygdøy]] and was the father of the adventurer and consul in Vienna [[Thorleif Paus|Thorleif (von) Paus]], who became the father of General [[Ole Paus (general)|Ole (von) Paus]] and the grandfather of the singer-songwriter [[Ole Paus]]. Other family members founded the industrial company [[Paus & Paus]]. Family members have also owned or co-owned several other major companies, including Norway's largest shipping company [[Wilh. Wilhelmsen]]. Since the early 20th century family members have owned half a dozen [[Estate (land)|estates]] and castles in Sweden, of which [[Herresta]] is still owned by the family; this branch is descended from [[Leo Tolstoy]]. [[Christopher de Paus|Christopher (de) Paus]], a papal chamberlain and heir to one of Norway’s largest [[timber]] companies, donated the [[Paus collection]] of classical sculpture to the [[National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design|National Gallery]], and was made a [[count]] by [[Pope Pius XI]] in 1923. [[Pauspur]], a village in [[India]], was named after the family in the 19th century; Pauspur Church was built there. The family has used several seals and coats of arms, including a [[crane (bird)#In mythology and symbolism|vigilant crane]] on [[Povel Pedersson Paus|Povel Paus]]’s 1661 [[Sovereignty Act]] seal and, later, a bull’s head with a golden star.

The family's best-known descendant is the playwright [[Henrik Ibsen]], who immortalized them in his literature. Both of Ibsen's parents belonged to the family, either biologically or socially, and it was their closest kin group. Through the Paus family, Ibsen's parents were raised as "near-siblings."{{efn|name=Ibsen|Both of [[Henrik Ibsen]]'s parents belonged to the Paus family, either biologically or socially, and the Paus family were their closest relatives. Ibsen's parents, [[Knud Ibsen|Knud]] and [[Marichen Altenburg|Marichen]], grew up as close relatives, sometimes referred to as "near-siblings," and both belonged to the tightly intertwined Paus family at the [[Rising, Norway|Rising]] estate and in [[Altenburggården]] – that is, the extended family of the sibling pair [[Ole Paus (shipowner)|Ole Paus]] and [[Hedevig Paus]]. Knud was raised by his stepfather Ole Paus from the age of one. Marichen was the daughter of Hedevig Paus and grew up in Altenburggården with her cousin – and Knud's biological brother – [[Henrik Johan Paus]]. The children from both homes maintained close contact throughout their childhood. Johan Kielland Bergwitz would later argue that "it is with the Paus family that Henrik Ibsen has the most pronounced temperament traits in common."<ref name="Bergwitz">Johan Kielland Bergwitz, ''Henrik Ibsen i sin avstamning: norsk eller fremmed?'', [[Gyldendal Norsk Forlag]], 1916</ref> Ibsen scholar [[Jon Nygaard]] has described "the new puritanical civil servant state, with the ethos of Upper Telemark and the Paus family," as a central theme in Ibsen’s work.}} He named or modelled various [[Character (arts)|characters]] after family members, and episodes and motifs in several of his dramas—notably ''[[Peer Gynt]]'', ''[[Ghosts (play)|Ghosts]]'', ''[[An Enemy of the People]]'', ''[[The Wild Duck]]'', ''[[Rosmersholm]]'', and ''[[Hedda Gabler]]''—were inspired by Paus family traditions and events in the closely connected households of [[Ole Paus (shipowner)|Ole Paus]] and [[Hedevig Paus]] in the early 19th century. The Paus family features prominently in Ibsen studies. According to [[Jon Nygaard]], the rise of "the new puritanical civil servant state," marked by the ethos of "Upper Telemark, the Paus family," is a major theme in Ibsen’s work.<ref name="Nygaard2012">Nygaard, Jon (2012). "[http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digitidsskrift_2018030781098_001 Henrik Ibsen og Skien: '... af stort est du kommen, og till stort skalst du vorde engang!']". ''Bøygen''. 24 (1): 81–95</ref>

==The name Paus in Oslo in the 14th and 15th centuries== The name Paus is known in Oslo in the 14th and 15th centuries and was used by individuals who belonged to the same small elite social class as the family that is documented from the 16th century. The farm ''Pausinn'' ("The Paus") was one of the "city farms" that were part of medieval Oslo and is mentioned between 1324 and 1482, when it was owned by individuals who belonged to the city's elite. Paus is also used as the [[cognomen]] of several individuals in 14th and 15th century Oslo or its surroundings who appear to be related and who owned substantial property in nearby [[Nes, Akershus|Nes]]. The most notable individual named Paus in medieval Oslo was [[Nikolas Sigurdsson Paus]], who is mentioned as the [[Lawspeaker]] of Oslo in 1347, shortly before the [[Black Death]] reached the city. There were around a dozen lawspeakers in the entire kingdom, and they were part of the nobility. Two seals used by Nikolas Paus are included in the ''Encyclopedia of Noble Families in Denmark, Norway and the Duchies'' (published 1782–1813).<ref>''Lexicon over Adelige Familier i Danmark, Norge og Hertugdømmerne'', II B, XII, no. 17, The Royal Danish Genealogical and Heraldic Society, 1782–1813</ref> Medieval historians [[P.A. Munch]], [[Alexander Bugge]] and [[Edvard Bull Sr.|Edvard Bull]] argued that ''Pausinn'' was probably named after Nikolas Paus or a member of his family; on the basis of the [[Middle Saxon]]/[[Middle Dutch]]-sounding name, they argued that the family was of Low German/Dutch origin, and wrote that the Paus family was an influential immigrant family in medieval Oslo; the family may have immigrated as merchants in the 12th or 13th century from northern Germany or the Netherlands.<ref name="Bull">[[Edvard Bull Sr.|Edvard Bull]], ''[https://www.nb.no/nbsok/nb/62ab2344c4eecfc5378c8317dd2aa78a Kristianias historie]'', vol. I (''Oslos historie''), pp. 135, 180 and 245, Cappelen, 1922</ref><ref name="Bugge">[[Alexander Bugge]]: "[https://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digitidsskrift_2014112581002_001 Oslo i de første to–tre hundre aarene]," ''St. Hallvard'', vol. I, pp. 7–23 (here p. 15)</ref><ref name="Munch2">[[P.A. Munch]], ''[https://www.nb.no/items/1d733536f52df537a8ebf438f204f224?page=271 Det norske Folks Historie]'', vol. 2, part 1, p. 256, 1862</ref>

Genealogist [[S.H. Finne-Grønn]] presumed that the younger family's name was derived from the name of Nikolas Paus and his family and from the city farm of ''Pausinn'' in one way or the other; only a century separates the last mention of Pausinn and the birth of the modern family's earliest certain ancestors who were known by the name.<ref name="Finne-Grønn" /> Oslo had a very small population in the time period, probably less than a thousand inhabitants in the years following the Black Death, and an even smaller elite, that family names were exceedingly rare in Norway both in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries and typically only used by nobles/clerics and merchants of an immigrant background, and that the name Paus is atypical of Norwegian. Genealogist [[C. S. Schilbred]] noted that "the connection between the older and the younger family of the name has not been established, but on the other hand no convincing arguments against such a possibility have been made."<ref>Cornelius S. Schilbred: "To nye slektsbøker: Slekten fra Grinder og Slekten Paus," ''Aftenposten, aften'', 22 September 1943 p. 2</ref> It is however a possibility that the family acquired the name indirectly, e.g. from ''Pausinn'', rather than by direct descent. The modern family, believing itself to be related to the 14th century family, adopted an interpretation (itself dating to the 18th century) of Nikolas Paus' 1330 seal as its coat of arms in the late 19th century.<ref name="Trætteberg" />

==The family in the 16th century== [[File:Oslo i 1567.png|thumb|Oslo in the late 16th century]]

According to genealogist [[S.H. Finne-Grønn]], the family is most likely descended from [[Hans Olufsson]] (died 1570), a [[Canon (priest)|canon]] at [[St Mary's Church, Oslo|St Mary's Church]], the [[Chapels Royal|royal chapel]] in [[Oslo]].<ref name="SNL">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2005–2007 |title=Paus |encyclopedia=[[Store norske leksikon]] |publisher=[[Kunnskapsforlaget]] |location=[[Oslo]] |editor-last=Petter Henriksen |editor-link=Petter Henriksen |edition=4 |language=no |isbn=82-573-1535-4}}</ref><ref name="Finne-Grønn">{{Cite book |last=Finne-Grønn |first=S.H. |author-link=Stian Herlofsen Finne-Grønn |title=Slekten Paus : dens oprindelse og 4 første generasjoner |publisher=Cammermeyer |year=1943 |location=Oslo}}</ref> As indicated by his [[patronymic]], Hans Olufsson's father was named Oluf. Due to his career as a member of the [[royal clergy]], Hans Olufsson almost certainly had a privileged family background. Most canons in Norway at the time were recruited from the lower nobility, and normally studied at universities abroad, which was normally only possible with an affluent background. Hans Olufsson served as a canon at St Mary's Church and a member of its [[cathedral chapter]] until it was merged with that of [[St. Hallvard's Cathedral|Oslo Cathedral]] in 1545, following the Reformation. St Mary's Church was a powerful political institution as the seat of government of Norway at the time, as its provost was also the [[Chancellor of Norway]] with one of the canons serving as Vice-Chancellor. Its clergy held high aristocratic rank ''ex officio'', as decreed by [[Haakon V of Norway]] in a 1300 royal proclamation, with canons holding the rank of [[Knight]]<ref name="royalproclamation">{{Cite web |title=Gave- og stadfestingsbrev fra kong Håkon Magnusson til Mariakirken i Oslo |url=https://www.hist.uib.no/grunnfag/kjelder/1300_gave.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518134259/http://www.hist.uib.no/grunnfag/kjelder/1300_gave.htm |archive-date=2014-05-18 |access-date=2012-11-12}}</ref> (the highest rank of nobility in Norway since 1308), and were granted significant privileges. Hans Olufsson held a [[prebend]] (estate held for his lifetime), the prebend of [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Saint Mary]]'s [[altar]] {{lang|la|sub lectorio}}, also known as the prebend of [[Dillevik]],<ref>[[Anton Christian Bang]], ''Oslo domkapitels altre og præbender efter reformationen'', Jacob Dybwad, 1893</ref> that included the income of 43 church properties (36 ''huder'', hides) in [[Eastern Norway]]. After 1545, Hans Olufsson served as a priest at Oslo Cathedral, but retained his prebend affiliated with the estate of St Mary's Church. He died on the night between 17 and 18 September 1570 and was buried in Oslo Cathedral on 19 September. Following his death, his prebend passed to [[Jens Nilssøn]], the noted [[Oslo humanists|Oslo humanist]] and later Bishop of Oslo.<ref name="Finne-Grønn" />

Hans Olufsson's son, as documented by court proceedings from 1602, was ''Povel Hansson'' (probably born ''ca.'' 1545–50), who was a burgher and apparently a wealthy [[merchant]] in [[Oslo]]. He was according to Finne-Grønn<ref name="Finne-Grønn" /> most likely the father of the two clergymen who became the ancestors of two lineages of the family, and who have long been known as the family's earliest certain ancestors: ''Hans Povelsson Paus'' (1587–1648) and ''[[Peder Paus (provost)|Peder Povelsson Paus]]'' (1590–1653). Both brothers were born in Oslo in the late 16th century and clearly belonged to its social elite, evidenced by their extensive and costly education, their subsequent careers and their apparent social connections to prominent men of the church and nobility in Oslo in the early 17th century. As clergy of the Lutheran state church, they were also part of the clerical estate, which in absolutist Denmark-Norway was one of the two formally privileged [[estates of the realm]], alongside the nobility.

==Hans and Peder Povelsson Paus and their descendants==

''[[Hans Povelsson Paus the Elder|Hans Povelsson Paus]]'' (1587–1648) was born in [[Oslo]] and entered the [[University of Copenhagen]] as a student under the name ''Johannes Paulli Asloensis'' (Asloensis meaning Oslo) around 1607–08. He earned the bachelor's degree in 1616, and shortly after became a chaplain at [[St. Hallvard's Cathedral|Oslo Cathedral]]. In 1622, he succeeded his presumed stepfather Anders Augustinusen as parish priest in Fredrikstad. He had a limited number of descendants, including his sons, [[Magister (degree)|Magister]] ''[[Povel Hansson Paus]]'' (1620–1658), parish priest in [[Lierbyen|Lier]], [[Bragernes]], and [[Strømsø]], and ''Anders Hansson Paus'' (1622–1689), parish priest in [[Jevnaker]].<ref name="Finne-Grønn" />

[[File:Kvitseid old church (1200 A.D.).jpg|thumb|left|[[Old Kviteseid Church]], built ''ca.'' 1260, where Peder Paus is buried under the [[Choir (architecture)|choir]] floor]] Hans' younger brother ''[[Peder Paus (provost)|Peder Povelsson Paus]]'' (1590–1653) was born in Oslo and entered the University of Copenhagen as a student under the name ''Petrus Paulli Asloensis''. Following his studies, he served as headmaster of [[Skien (town)|Skien]] Latin School around 1617, as parish priest in [[Vinje Church (Telemark)|Vinje Church]] and as parish priest at [[Kviteseid Church]] and [[Provost (religion)|provost]] of [[Øvre Telemark prosti]] from 1633. He was married to Johanne Madsdatter. The tradition of Peder's great physical powers have been handed down in Kviteseid until the modern age. Peder was buried under the [[Choir (architecture)|choir]] floor in the [[Old Kviteseid Church]], where his son Povel placed a beautiful poem in Latin in memory of his father.<ref name="Finne-Grønn" />

[[File:Aase Povelsdatter Paus.jpg|thumb|Aase Povelsdatter Paus (died 1713), daughter of Povel Paus and Ingrid Trinepol]] Peder's son ''Povel Pedersson Paus'' (1625–1682) was parish priest in [[Hjartdal Church]] and married to ''Ingrid Corneliusdatter Trinepol'' (1632–1694), a daughter of timber merchant Cornelius Jansen Trinepol (1611–1678) and a member of the wealthy patriciate of [[Skien (town)|Skien]] who was notably descended from [[Jørgen von Ansbach]]. Povel Pedersson Paus was among the 87 representatives of the Norwegian [[Estates of the realm|clerical estate]] who signed the 1661 [[Sovereignty Act]], [[Denmark-Norway]]'s new constitution which introduced [[absolute monarchy|absolute]] and [[hereditary monarchy]].<ref name="Tonnesen">Allan Tønnesen (ed.), ''Magtens besegling, Enevoldsarveregeringsakterne af 1661 og 1662 underskrevet og beseglet af stænderne i Danmark, Norge, Island og Færøerne'', [[University Press of Southern Denmark]], 2013, p. 372, {{ISBN|9788776746612}}</ref> [[Magnus Brostrup Landstad]] describes Povel Pedersson Paus as a learned and pious priest who held on to Catholic customs in post-Reformation Norway.<ref>[[Magnus Brostrup Landstad]], ''Gamle Sagn om Hjartdølerne'', 1880, pp. 37–54</ref> Well versed in Latin, he wrote a Latin poem about his father and personally educated his children. Among his ten children were parish priest at the [[Old Kviteseid Church]] ''Hans Paus'' (1656–1715) and district judge in Upper Telemark ''Cornelius Paus'' (1662–1723), from which two living main lines of the family are descended.<ref name="Finne-Grønn 2">{{Cite journal |last=Finne-Grønn |first=S. H. |author-link=Stian Herlofsen Finne-Grønn |title=Ætten Paus' stamfædre ved aar 1600 |journal=Norsk tidsskrift for genealogi, personalhistorie, biografi og literærhistorie |volume=1 |pages=68–80}}</ref> During the 17th and 18th centuries, the office of district judge of Upper Telemark was effectively hereditary in the family for 106 consecutive years and four generations.<ref name="Naess">Hans Eyvind Næss, "Fra tingskriver til dommer," in Hans Eyvind Næss (ed.), ''For rett og rettferdighet i 400 år. Sorenskriverne i Norge 1591–1991'', p. 40</ref>

==Skien branch==

[[File:Ole Paus3.jpg|thumb|Ship-owner Ole Paus (1776–1855)]]

The ''[[Skien (town)|Skien]] branch'' of the family is descended from district judge of Upper Telemark ''Cornelius Paus'' (1662–1723). He married Valborg Ravn (1673–1726), the daughter of his predecessor as district judge Jørgen Hansen Ravn and Margrethe Fredriksdatter [[Blom (family from Skien)|Blom]] (born 1650). His father-in-law was appointed district judge in 1668 and stepped down in favour of his son-in-law in 1696.<ref name="Naess" />

Their son, the procurator (i.e. [[advocate]]) ''Paul Paus'' (1697–1768) served as his father's deputy judge and as acting district judge for some time, and married Martha [[Blom (family from Skien)|Blom]] (1699–1755), a daughter of forest owner Christopher Blom (1651–1735) and Johanne Margrethe Ørn (1671–1745).<ref name="BlomQvisling1">Andreas Blom og Jon Lauritz Qvisling. «Familien Paus i Telemarken». I ''Efterladte historiske optegnelser : særlig vedkommende Skien, Laardal og Kviteseid'', 1904, pp. 31–64</ref> [[File:Christian C Paus2.jpg|thumb|Judge, Governor of Bratsberg and Member of Parliament [[Christian Cornelius Paus]], the uncle of [[Henrik Ibsen]]]]

They were the parents of ''Johanne Paus'' (1723–1807), married to provost of [[Raabyggelaget]] Johan Christopher [[von Koss]] (1725–1778), forest inspector of Upper Telemark ''Cornelius Paus'' (1726–1799), and ''Cathrine (Medea Maj) Paus'' (1741–1776), married to Counselor of Justice Anthon Jacob de Coucheron (1732–1802).

Cornelius Paus sold the former district judge's farm Haatvet in [[Lårdal]] in 1788 and moved to Skien, where he died in the home of his son-in-law [[Johan Andreas Altenburg]] in 1799. He was married to Christine Falck and was the father of Ole, Martha and Hedevig Paus, who all settled in [[Skien (town)|Skien]].

''Martha Paus'' (1761–1786) married ship-owner and timber merchant Hans Jensen [[Blom (family from Skien)|Blom]] (1757–1808), and her descendants include supreme court justice [[Knut Blom]].

''Hedevig Christine Paus'' (1763–1848) married ship-owner and merchant [[Johan Andreas Altenburg]], and they were the maternal grandparents of playwright [[Henrik Ibsen]]. Among their descendants are also Prime Minister [[Sigurd Ibsen]], film director [[Tancred Ibsen]] and the actress [[Beate Bille (actress)|Beate Bille]].

''[[Ole Paus (shipowner)|Ole Paus]]'' (1766–1855) became a [[Medieval bourgeoisie|burgher]] of Skien in 1798, and has numerous descendants. He married [[Johanne Plesner]], daughter of the wealthy merchant [[Knud Plesner]] and Maria Kall, and who had formerly been married to ship's captain Henrich Ibsen ([[Henrik Ibsen]]'s grandfather). Ole Paus and Johanne Plesner were the parents of the lawyer ''Henrik Johan Paus'' (1799–1893), of the judge, magistrate, Member of Parliament and Governor of [[Telemark|Bratsberg]] [[Christian Cornelius Paus]] (1800–1879), and of the merchant and ship-owner [[Christopher Blom Paus]] (1810–1898). Ole Paus also became the stepfather of [[Knud Ibsen]]. As Henrik Ibsen pointed out in an 1882 letter to [[Georg Brandes]], the Paus family was one of the [[Patriciate of Norway|patrician]] families dominating the port town of [[Skien (town)|Skien]], where he grew up.<ref name="Ibsen">{{Citation |last=Ibsen |first=Henrik |title=Letter to Georg Brandes |date=21 September 1882 |work=Henrik Ibsens skrifter |url=http://www.dokpro.uio.no/litteratur/ibsen/hi17.txt |publisher=[[University of Oslo]] |author-link=Henrik Ibsen}}</ref><ref>[[Oskar Mosfjeld]], ''Henrik Ibsen og Skien: En biografisk og litteratur-psykologisk studie'', Oslo, [[Gyldendal Norsk Forlag]], 1949, p. 16</ref>

[[Image:Christopher de Paus.JPG|thumb|Count [[Christopher de Paus]] ([[Herresta]])]] Henrik Johan Paus, a lawyer who owned the estate Østerhaug in [[Elverum (town)|Elverum]] for some years, married Sophie Lintrup, a daughter of county chief physician (''amtsfysikus'') [[Christian Lintrup]]. They were the parents of Major and War Commissioner ''[[Johan Altenborg Paus]]'' (1833–1894), who married his second cousin Agnes Tostrup, a daughter of timber merchant [[Christopher Henrik Holfeldt Tostrup|Christopher Tostrup]]. They were the parents of land owner, art collector, philanthropist, papal chamberlain and [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta|Knight of Malta]] ''[[Christopher de Paus|Christopher Tostrup Paus]]'' (1862–1943), who inherited much of his family's shares of the [[Tostrup & Mathiesen]] company and who owned the [[Trystorp]] and [[Herresta]] estates in Sweden. A convert to [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]], Christopher Tostrup Paus was conferred the hereditary title of [[count]] by [[Pope Pius XI]] on 25 May 1923, and joined the [[Ointroducerad Adels Förening]] in 1924, thus becoming part of Sweden's [[Swedish nobility#Unintroduced nobility|unintroduced nobility]].<ref name="Gerber">{{Cite book |last=Gerber |first=Tage von |author-link=Tage von Gerber |title=Sveriges ointroducerade adels kalender 1925 |publisher=[[Ointroducerad Adels Förening|Sveriges Ointroducerade Adels Förening]] |year=1924 |location=Malmö |page=94 |language=sv |chapter=de Paus}}</ref> He died in 1943 without issue. Among Henrik Johan Paus' descendants are also the British diplomat ''[[Christopher Lintrup Paus]]'' (b. 1881), the Director at the Directorate of Public Roads ''[[Hans Wangensten Paus]]'' (b. 1891) and Ambassador in Iran, Brazil and Mexico ''[[Thorleif Lintrup Paus]]'' (b. 1912).

Christopher Blom Paus was the father of iron and steel wholesaler, factory-owner and banker ''[[Ole Paus (factory owner)|Ole Paus]]'' (1846–1931) and engineer ''Carl Ludvig Paus'' (1856–1953).[[File:Pausvillaen Christian Benneches vei 6 Bygdøy Oslo.jpeg|thumb|The Paus Villa at [[Bygdøy]], built for iron and steel wholesaler Ole Paus (1846–1931) in 1907]]

Ole Paus was married to Birgitte Halvordine [[Schou (Norwegian family)|Schou]] (a cousin of [[Halvor Schou]]), and their children were ''Martha Marie Paus'' (b. 1876), married to historian [[Otto von Munthe af Morgenstierne]], businessman ''Christopher Blom Paus'' (1878–1959), Consul-General, businessman and estate owner ''[[Thorleif Paus]]'' (1881–1976), ''Else Margrethe Paus'' (b. 1885), married to businessman Nicolay Nissen Paus (her distant relative), and ''Fanny Paus'' (1888–1971), married to businessman Trygve [[Richard Andvord|Andvord]] (1888–1958).

Christopher Blom Paus (b. 1878) was the father of businessman Per Christian Cornelius Paus, married to his distant cousin Hedevig, Countess of [[Wedel-Jarlsberg]], who owned the [[Esviken]] manor, and ''Else Birgitte Paus'', married to Danish lawyer and papal chamberlain Gunnar Garth-Grüner (1903–93). Per and Hedevig were the parents of ''Cornelia Paus'', businessman ''[[Peder Nicolas Paus]]'' and businessman ''Christopher Paus'', married to Cecilie Wilhelmsen, whose family owns the [[Wilh. Wilhelmsen]] shipping company. Their daughters are designer [[Pontine Paus]] and [[Olympia Paus]]; Pontine is the girlfriend of the chairman of [[Sotheby's]], [[Harry Primrose, Lord Dalmeny]], the heir to the [[Earl of Rosebery|Earldom of Rosebery]], while Olympia is married to former [[Cambridge Analytica]] CEO [[Alexander Nix]].

[[File:Kvesarums Slott.jpeg|thumb|[[Kvesarum Castle]] in [[Scania]], owned by [[Thorleif Paus]] from 1936]] [[Thorleif Paus]] served as Norwegian consul-general in Vienna, owned two factories and became owner of [[Kvesarum Castle]] in Sweden. He was married to Ella Stein and secondly to Countess Ella [[Moltke]] née [[Valdemar Glückstadt|Glückstadt]]. He was the father of Major-General [[Ole Otto Paus]], the grandfather of troubadour [[Ole Paus]] and the great-grandfather of composer [[Marcus Paus]]. Else and Nicolay Nissen Paus were the parents of ''Lucie Paus'', married to land-owner [[Axel Løvenskiold]], and ''Fanny Paus'', married to Ambassador [[Henrik Andreas Broch]].

===Herresta branch=== [[File:Herresta herrgård 2016.jpg|thumb|left|[[Herresta]] Manor, near [[Stockholm]], owned by the Paus family since 1923]] Carl Ludvig Paus (b. 1856) was the father of land-owner ''Herman Christopher Paus'' (1897–1983), who bought [[Herresta]], one of the largest estates of [[Södermanland County]] in Sweden, from his relative, Count Christopher Tostrup Paus, in 1938. He was married to Countess Tatyana [[Tolstoy (family)|Tolstoy]], a granddaughter of [[Leo Tolstoy]]. Their descendants own several estates in Sweden and form the Herresta branch of the family. Today, Herresta is managed by their grandson Fredric Christopherson Paus.

Christopher Tostrup Paus owned many family portraits dating back to the 17th century, which were found at Herresta and some of which are still found there. They included a [[silhouette]] of members of the [[Johan Andreas Altenburg|Altenburg]] and Paus families from shortly after the Napoleonic Wars, including [[Marichen Altenburg]]—the only existing portrait of any of [[Henrik Ibsen]]'s parents.

==Drammen branch==

[[File:Painting of Hans Povelsson Paus, 1685.jpg|thumb|Telemark priest and poet [[Hans Paus]] (painted 1685),<ref name="Gravenor">Henrik Gravenor (1928). ''Norsk malerkunst: under renessanse og barokk 1550-1700''. Oslo: Steen. pp. 206–207.</ref> who wrote ''[[Stolt Anne]]'']]

The Drammen branch is descended from ''[[Hans Paus]]'' (b. 1656). He was married to Susanne Morland (1670–1747), who was the daughter of provost of Upper Telemark Amund Morland (1624–1700) and the granddaughter of land-owners Christen Andersen and Anne Gundersdatter, who owned [[Borgestad Manor]]. Hans Paus wrote the poem ''[[Stolt Anne]]'' about his wife's first cousin [[Anne Clausdatter]], which is noted for being the first written in [[dialect]] in Norway. Their son ''Peder Paus'' (1691–1759) succeeded his uncle [[Cornelius Povelsson Paus|Cornelius]] as district judge of Upper Telemark in 1723, and was in turn succeeded by his son, ''Hans Paus'' (1720–1774) in 1751. Peder Paus was married in his first marriage to Danish-born Cathrine Medea [[May family|May]] Hermansdatter Arentsen (died 1736), daughter of the parish priest in [[Ølsted, Halsnæs Municipality|Ølsted]] northwest of [[Copenhagen]] Herman Arentsen and granddaughter of [[Arent Berntsen]] and [[Søren Nielsen May]].<ref>Cf. ''Personalhistorisk Tidsskrift'' vol. 8 (1887) p. 278</ref> In his second marriage, he married his cousin Hedvig Coldevin Corneliusdatter Paus. Hans Paus, a son of the first marriage, was married to Danish-born Andrea Jaspara [[Nissen (noble family)|Nissen]] (1725–1772), daughter of Captain Nicolai von Nissen and Christence Groll and a member of a prominent and partially ennobled Danish family of land-owners who were descended from most of the Danish ''[[Uradel]]'' including Banner-Høeg, [[Kaas (noble family)|Kaas]], Grubbe, Ulfstand, [[Bille (noble family)|Bille]], Reventlow, Juel, Lykke, [[Gyldenstierne (noble family)|Gyldenstierne]], [[Rosenkrantz (noble family)|Rosenkrantz]], Walkendorff, Ulfeldt, Rantzau and [[Brahe]]. Numerous of their descendants are named for the Nissen family to this day.[[File:Susanne Morland.jpg|thumb|left|Susanne Paus (1685, [[Herresta]])<ref name="Gravenor" />]]

Hans' and Andrea's grandson was shipmaster in [[Drammen (town)|Drammen]] ''Isach Nicolai Nissen Pauss'' (1780–1849), the father of ship-owner and shipmaster ''Nicolai Nissen Pauss'' (1811–1877) and ''Gustava Hanna Andrea Pauss'' (born 1815), married to ship-owner Hartvig Eckersberg (born 1813). Nicolai Nissen Pauss was married to Caroline Louise Salvesen, a granddaughter of wealthy ship-owner and timber merchant Jacob Fegth (1761–1834), who contributed to the establishment of the [[University of Oslo]]. Their children were ship-owner ''Ismar Mathias Pauss'' (1835–1907), ''Nicoline Louise Pauss'', married to ship-owner Peter Hannibal Høeg, and [[cand.theol.]] ''[[Bernhard Cathrinus Pauss]]'' (1839–1907), who became the owner of [[Nissen's Girls' School]], a private [[Single-sex education|girls' school]] in Oslo which served the city's higher bourgeoisie. He also established the first [[tertiary education]] for women in Norway, a women's teacher's college. The village of [[Pauspur]] in [[India]] was named in his honour. Two of Ismar Mathias Pauss' sons founded the [[Paus & Paus]] industrial company, which existed 1906–2001. Another son, [[Olav Eduard Pauss]], was a ship-owner and consul-general in Sydney.

[[File:Paus family portrait NFB-18645.jpg|thumb|[[Bernhard Cathrinus Pauss]], Anna Henriette and their children, including sons [[Nikolai Nissen Paus]] and [[George Wegner Paus]] (''ca.'' 1900)]] Bernhard Cathrinus Pauss was married to Anna Henriette Wegner (1841–1918), a daughter of industrialist and land-owner [[Benjamin Wegner]] of [[Frogner Manor]] and Henriette [[Berenberg-Gossler-Seyler banking dynasty|Seyler]], whose [[Hanseaten (class)|Hanseatic]] family owned [[Berenberg Bank]]. Henriette Seyler was mostly descended from Hamburg Hanseatic families such as [[Berenberg-Gossler-Seyler banking dynasty|Berenberg/Gossler]] and [[Amsinck]] and families of the Basel patriciate such as [[Merian family|Merian]], [[Burckhardt]] and [[Faesch]], and more distantly from the [[Welser]] banking family. Bernhard and Henriette were the parents of surgeon and President of the [[Norwegian Red Cross]] ''[[Nikolai Nissen Paus]]'' (1877–1956), engineer and CEO of [[Akershus Energi]] ''Augustin Thoresen Paus'' (1881–1945), and lawyer and Director at the [[Norwegian Employers' Confederation]] ''[[George Wegner Paus]]'' (1882–1923).

Nikolai Nissen Paus was the father of surgeon and Grand Master of the [[Norwegian Order of Freemasons]] ''[[Bernhard Paus]]'' (1910–1999), who was married to humanitarian [[Brita Collett Paus|Brita Collett]] (1917–1998), daughter of land-owner [[Axel Collett]]. Their children included Secretary of State ''[[Lucie Paus Falck]]'', former CEO of [[NCC AB|NCC]] in Norway ''[[Nikolai Paus]]'' and surgeon ''Albert [[Collett family|Collett]] Paus''.

==Seals and coats of arms==

Parish priest in [[Hjartdal]] Povel Pedersson Paus (1625–1682), who signed the 1661 [[Sovereignty Act]]—the new Constitution of Denmark-Norway—as one of the 87 representatives of the clerical [[Estates of the realm|estate]], used a seal with a reversed [[crane (bird)|crane]] in its vigilance. His name is written in Latin as ''Paulus Petri Windius'', i.e. with his patronymic and place of birth, [[Vinje]].<ref name="Tonnesen" /> He used the same seal on the 1664–1666 census.<ref>[http://arkivverket.no/arkivverket/Digitalarkivet/Om-Digitalarkivet/Om-kjeldene/Realistisk-ordnet-avdeling/Manntallet-1664-1666 Sogneprestenes manntall (1664–1666), Vol. 12, p. 57]</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] wrote down the ancient [[legend]] that cranes would appoint one of their number to stand guard while they slept. The sentry would hold a stone in its claw, so that if it fell asleep it would drop the stone and wake the other cranes.

[[Hans Krag (author)|Hans Krag]] includes two coats of arms used by family members in the first volume of ''Norsk heraldisk mønstring'' with arms of Norwegian higher officials from [[Frederick IV of Denmark|Frederick IV's]] reign: Povel Paus' son, district judge of [[Upper Telemark]] Cornelius Paus (1662–1723) used a coat of arms featuring a [[wild man]], and Cornelius' nephew and successor as district judge, Peder Paus (1691–1759), used a coat of arms featuring a [[Doves as symbols|dove]] with [[olive branch]] standing on a [[Serpent (symbolism)|serpent]].<ref name="Krag">{{Cite book |last=Krag |first=Hans |author-link=Hans Krag (author) |title=Norsk heraldisk mønstring: fra Fredrik IV's regjeringstid 1699–1730 |year=1955 |volume=1 |location=Kristiansand |language=no}}</ref>

The modern coat of arms was adopted in the late 19th century, based on an 18th-century interpretation of an ambiguous seal from 1330 used by the [[lawspeaker]] of Oslo, Nikolas Paus. It was later given its current design by [[Hallvard Trætteberg]], Norway's preeminent heraldic artist in the 20th century. It is [[blazon]]ed in Trætteberg's book ''Norske By- og Adelsvåben'' as "in red, silver bull's head with neck, at the top dexter [six-pointed] golden star."<ref name="Trætteberg">{{Cite book |last=Trætteberg |first=Hallvard |author-link=Hallvard Trætteberg |title=Norske By- og Adelsvåben |year=1933 |language=no |chapter=Paus}}</ref> This coat of arms is also used in the comital [[letters patent]] of Christopher Paus.<ref name="Gerber" />

In his book ''Heraldisk nøkkel'', [[Herman Leopoldus Løvenskiold]] mentions four arms associated with the name Paus, including the two arms mentioned in Krag's book, the arms with a bull's head and star, and an arms with six [[roundel]]s (3.3) under a [[fess]].<ref>Herman L. Løvenskiold, ''Heraldisk nøkkel'', [[Universitetsforlaget]], 1978, {{ISBN|82-00-01697-8}}</ref>

<gallery widths=200px heights=200px> File:Segl Povel Pedersson Paus manntallet 1664-1666.jpg|Povel Paus (1625–1682) used a reversed [[crane (bird)|crane in its vigilance]] in his [[seal (emblem)|seal]]. His seal as used on the 1664–1666 census. The same seal was used on the 1661 [[Sovereignty Act]]. File:Paus seal on the 1661 Sovereignty Act.svg|Stylized modern drawing of Povel Paus' seal. File:Cornelius Paus COA by Hans Krag 1699.png|Coat of arms as used by district judge of [[Upper Telemark]] Cornelius Paus (1662–1723), drawn by [[Hans Krag (author)|Hans Krag]] File:Peder Paus COA by Hans Krag 1728.png|Coat of arms as used by district judge of [[Upper Telemark]] Peder Paus (1691–1759), drawn by [[Hans Krag (author)|Hans Krag]] File:Seal-c-paus-1862.svg|Coat of arms as used by count [[Christopher de Paus|Christopher Paus]], drawn in the older style. File:Paus COA (comital).svg|Arms with comital [[heraldic crown]] as used by [[Christopher de Paus|Christopher Paus]], e.g. in the painting seen above, drawn in the modern style. File:Bernhard Paus våpen som stormester for Frimurerordenen.jpg|Coat of arms of [[Bernhard Paus]] as [[Grand Master (Masonic)|Grand Master]] of the [[Norwegian Order of Freemasons]]. The same arms were used by his father [[Nikolai Nissen Paus]], who held the third highest position in the order. </gallery>

==Name== The name Paus is known in Oslo since the 14th century, notably as the name of the [[Lawspeaker]] of Oslo [[Nikolas Sigurdsson Paus|Nikolas Paus]] (mentioned 1329–1347) and as the name of one of medieval Oslo's "city farms", ''Pausinn'' (mentioned 1324–1482). Genealogist [[S. H. Finne-Grønn]] wrote that the name of the modern family was in one way or the other in all likelihood derived from individuals with the name Paus in 14th and 15th century Oslo (usually spelled Paus, but occasionally Paue, Pafue or other similar spellings), and/or from the "city farm" of ''Pausinn'' in Oslo which was probably named after them.<ref name="Finne-Grønn" />

The name is believed to be of [[Middle Saxon]] or [[Middle Dutch]] origin;<ref name="Veka" /> the influence of these languages upon Scandinavian during the late medieval and early modern period was profound due to trade and immigration to the cities of merchants and craftsmen from the continent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Influence of Middle Low German on the Scandinavian Languages |url=http://www.lowlands-l.net/talk/eng/scandinavian.html}}</ref> A significant proportion of the merchants and craftsmen in Oslo from the 13th century were immigrants from Northern Germany or the Low Countries. Medieval historians [[P.A. Munch]], [[Alexander Bugge]] and [[Edvard Bull Sr.|Edvard Bull]] all believed that the name was derived from Middle Saxon/Middle Dutch {{lang|gml|paus}} ({{lang|gml|paues}}, {{lang|gml|pauwes}} and other spellings), perhaps used as a nickname.<ref name="Munch2" /><ref name="Bugge" /><ref name="Bull" /> In the book ''Det gamle Oslo 1000–1624'', published for the city anniversary in 2024, Kristin Bakken and Stefka G. Eriksen write that the name Paus likely originates from a metaphorical use of the Middle Low German word for pope—perhaps meaning “the pious one”—and probably reflects foreign influence and name satire in medieval Oslo.<ref name="Bakken">Kristin Bakken and Stefka G. Eriksen (2024), "Fortellinger fra Oslo og omegn: Fra rural til urban mentalitet." In Egil Lindhart Bauer (eds.), ''Det gamle Oslo 1000–1624'', pp. 50–65, Cappelen Damm, ISBN 9788202738464</ref> It is ultimately derived from Greek πάππας ({{Transliteration|grc|páppas}}, "father"). The ''Dictionary of American Family Names'' describes it as "Dutch, North German, and Scandinavian: from Middle Low German ''paves'', ''pawes'' ‘pope’, perhaps applied as a nickname for someone renowned for his piety."<ref>Patrick Hanks, ''Dictionary of American Family Names'', 2003, 2006</ref> ''Norsk etternamnleksikon'' (2000) [Norwegian Encyclopedia of Family Names] also explains the name as derived from Middle Saxon/Middle Dutch ''paus''.<ref name="Veka">Veka, Olav, ed. (2000). ''Norsk etternamnleksikon: norske slektsnamn: utbreiing, tyding og opphav''. Oslo: Samlaget. p. 321.</ref>

Family names were not widely used in Norway until relatively recently, and were rarely used during the 16th and 17th centuries. Hence, the extant family's earliest known certain ancestors often used given names and patronymics. However, occasional use of the name Paus is documented for the first known certain ancestors; in 1644 the name was used in an oration in Greek, printed by Ulrich Balck at the [[University of Franeker]], where Anders Hansson Paus (b. 1622) thanked his father ''Johannes Paulinus Pausius'' (i.e. Hans Povelsson Paus b. 1587) and four other benefactors (Chancellor [[Jens Bjelke]], Bjelke's son-in-law Sten Willumsen [[Rosenvinge (noble family)|Rosenvinge]], Daniel Bildt and Bishop of Oslo [[Oluf Boesen]]) who paid for his education. A copy is held by [[The Royal Library, Denmark]].<ref name="Finne-Grønn" /> From the mid 17th century family members started to use the name more regularly, as the custom of using family names became more widespread in families of the clergy, nobility and eventually the bourgeoisie.

Outside of Norway, family members sometimes spelled the name ''de Paus'' or ''von Paus'' depending on linguistic context since the late 19th century. Christopher Tostrup Paus (b. 1862), a papal chamberlain, was ennobled under the name de Paus by Pope Pius XI in 1923, and the spelling is used e.g. in the ''[[Acta Apostolicae Sedis]]'' and ''[[Annuario Pontificio]]'';<ref>E.g. ''[[Annuario Pontificio]]'', p. 859, 1928</ref><ref name="Gerber" /> Thorleif Paus (b. 1881), the Norwegian consul-general in Vienna, was officially known as von Paus in Austria-Hungary since he became attached to the consulate-general in 1902, as was his family.<ref>E.g. ''Verordnungsblatt des K. K. Justizministeriums'', vol. 24, 1908, p. 8 and p. 12, and vol. 33, 1917 p. 46 and 47, K. K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei; ''High-Life-Almanach: Adressbuch der Gesellschaft Wiens und der österreichischen Kronländer'', vol. 9 p. 253, 1913; ''Mitteilungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Geographischen Gesellschaft'', vol. 52 p. 615, 1909, and vol. 59, 1916, p. 310</ref> Some family members spelled the name ''Pauss'' during most of the 19th century, but reverted to the older spelling ''Paus'' around the turn of the century.

==In Henrik Ibsen's plays== [[File:Altenburg2.png|thumb|A [[silhouette]] of members of the Altenburg and Paus families; [[Henrik Ibsen]]'s mother [[Marichen Altenburg]] to the right. The silhouette was owned by [[Christopher de Paus|Christopher Tostrup Paus]], a grandson of Henrik Johan Paus (no. 2 from left), and is the only existing portrait of either of Ibsen's parents.]]

[[Henrik Ibsen]]'s relationship with the Paus family, his parents' closest relatives, was complex and both of his parents belonged to it in either a biological or social sense. The Paus family figures in Ibsen studies, and Jon Nygaard has argued that the emergence of "the new puritanical civil servant state" with the ethos of "Upper Telemark, the Paus family" is a major theme in Ibsen's work.<ref name="Nygaard2012" /> [[Johan Kielland Bergwitz]] argued that "it is with the Paus family that Henrik Ibsen has the most pronounced temperament traits in common."<ref name=Bergwitz/> Ibsen modelled and named many literary characters for his relatives, and his plays are often set in places reminiscent of his childhood milieu in Skien. In a letter to [[Georg Brandes]], Ibsen noted that he had used his family and childhood memories "as a kind of model" for the Gynt family and milieu in the play ''[[Peer Gynt]]''. In another letter, he confirmed that the character of "Åse" in ''Peer Gynt'' was based on his mother. The character of "Hedvig" in ''[[The Wild Duck]]'' is named for Ibsen's sister Hedvig and their grandmother Hedevig Paus. Episodes in plays such as ''The Wild Duck'' and ''Peer Gynt'' were also based on events that took place in the Altenburg/Paus household and the Paus household at Rising near Skien in the early 19th century.<ref>See e.g. Mosfjeld 1949, ''passim''</ref> In an earlier draft of ''[[Hedda Gabler]]'', Ibsen used the name "Mariane Rising," obviously named for his aunt Mariane Paus from the Rising estate, but later renamed the character "Juliane Tesman," and the warm portrayal of her in the final edition is also based on his aunt.<ref>Mosfjeld 1949 p. 236</ref> His uncle [[Christian Cornelius Paus]], who was both the magistrate, chief of police and district judge in Skien, is regarded as an inspiration for the character of Peter Stockmann, the magistrate, chief of police etc. in ''[[An Enemy of the People]]''; they were also both descended from the real Stockmann family of Telemark.<ref>Mosfjeld p. 277</ref>

==Paus collection== {{Main|Paus collection}} [[File:Trajan, ca. 103-17, National Gallery, Oslo (36069109740) (cropped).jpg|thumb|The [[Paus Trajan]], a bust of [[Trajan]] that forms part of the [[Paus collection]], has been on display in the [[National Gallery (Norway)|National Gallery]]/[[National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design|National Museum]] since 1923]]

The [[Paus collection]] is a collection of [[classical sculpture]] that forms part of the Norwegian [[National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design]], and previously of its predecessor, the [[National Gallery (Norway)|National Gallery]]. Previously the largest private collection of classical sculpture in the Nordic countries, it was donated to the Norwegian government by papal chamberlain and count [[Christopher de Paus|Christopher Tostrup Paus]] between 1918 and 1929 as the intended foundation of a Norwegian museum or department of classical sculpture.<ref name="Eitrem1927">{{Cite book |last=[[Samson Eitrem]] |url=http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2014112008153 |title=Antikksamlingen |date=1927 |publisher=Nasjonalgalleriet}}</ref><ref>"Hva Nasjonalgalleriet skylder kammerherre Paus", ''[[Aftenposten]]'', 13 September 1943, p. 3</ref><ref>Dag Solhjell (1995). ''Kunst-Norge: en sosiologisk studie av den norske kunstinstitusjonen''. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget</ref><ref>Haakon Shetelig (1944). ''Norske museers historie''. Oslo: Cappelen</ref>

==Quote== *"When the Pauses are dead, they are dead, but my name will live on." ([[Knud Ibsen]], father of [[Henrik Ibsen]], referring to his and his wife's relatives following his own bankruptcy.)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schneider |first=J. A. |url=http://www.slekt.org/books/schneiderIII/013-Kapt11.html |title=Fra det gamle Skien |publisher=Erik St. Nilssens Forlag |year=1924 |volume=3 |location=Skien |language=no |chapter=Henrik Ibsens slegt |quote=Naar Paus'ene er daue, saa er de daue, men mit navn vil leve, det |access-date=2011-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728031319/http://www.slekt.org/books/schneiderIII/013-Kapt11.html |archive-date=2011-07-28 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Notes== {{notelist}}

==References== {{Reflist}}

[[Category:Paus family| ]] [[Category:Norwegian families]] [[Category:Norwegian noble families]] [[Category:Italian noble families]] [[Category:Nobles of the Holy See]] [[Category:Swedish unintroduced nobility]] [[Category:Patriciate of Norway]]