{{Use American English|date=February 2025}} {{Infobox river | name = Paulins Kill | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Paulins Kill, Warrington, NJ - looking southwest.jpg | image_caption = The Paulins Kill flowing southwest near [[Warrington, New Jersey]] | map = Paulins_Kill.png | map_size = 250 | map_caption = The Paulins Kill drains an area of {{convert|177|sqmi}} in northwestern New Jersey and is part of the Delaware River watershed | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[United States]] | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name2 = [[New Jersey]] | subdivision_type3 = Counties | subdivision_name3 = [[Sussex County, New Jersey|Sussex]], [[Warren County, New Jersey|Warren]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|41.6|mi|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="usgs"/> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= [[Blairstown, New Jersey]]<ref name="waterdata.usgs.gov">[https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nj/nwis/current/?type=flow USGS National Water Information System: Web Interface - Real-Time Data for New Jersey: Streamflow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917142210/https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nj/nwis/current/?type=flow |date=2025-09-17 }} no further authorship information given, accessed August 24, 2006.</ref> | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = {{convert|76|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="waterdata.usgs.gov"/> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Fredon Township, New Jersey|Fredon Township]], [[Sussex County, New Jersey|Sussex County]] | source1_coordinates= {{coord|41|04|01|N|74|46|23|W|display=inline}}<ref name="usgs">{{cite gnis| 879174 |Paulins Kill}} Variant names: Paulins Kill Creek, Paulinskill, Paulinskill River, Pawlins Kill</ref> | source1_elevation = {{convert|750|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Delaware River]] | mouth_location = [[Knowlton Township, New Jersey|Knowlton Township]], [[Warren County, New Jersey|Warren County]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|40|55|10|N|75|05|16|W|display=inline,title}}<ref name="usgs"/> | mouth_elevation = {{convert|262|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="usgs"/> | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|177|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref>[http://www.state.nj.us/drbc/Flood_Website/floodclaims_reference.htm Watershed Reference Map] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829055636/http://www.state.nj.us/drbc/Flood_Website/floodclaims_reference.htm |date=2006-08-29 }} from ''Flood Insurance Claims in the Delaware River Basin: Comparative Analysis of Flood Insurance Claims in the Delaware River Basin, September 2004 and April 2005 Floods'', no further authorship information given, accessed August 24, 2006.</ref> | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }}
The '''Paulins Kill''' (also known as '''Paulinskill River''') is a {{convert|41.6|mi|km|adj=on}}<ref name="usgs"/> tributary of the [[Delaware River]] in northwestern [[New Jersey]] in the United States. With a long-term median flow rate of 76 cubic feet of water per second (2.15 m<sup>3</sup>/s), it is New Jersey's third-largest contributor to the Delaware River, behind the [[Musconetcong River]] and [[Maurice River]].<ref>[https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nj/nwis/current/?type=flow USGS National Water Information System: Web Interface - Real-Time Data for New Jersey: Streamflow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917142210/https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nj/nwis/current/?type=flow |date=2025-09-17 }} no further authorship information given, accessed October 30, 2006.</ref> The river drains an area of {{convert|176.85|sqmi}} across portions of [[Sussex County, New Jersey|Sussex]] and [[Warren County, New Jersey|Warren]] counties and 11 municipalities. It flows north from its source near [[Newton, New Jersey|Newton]], and then turns southwest. The river sits in the Ridge and Valley geophysical province.
The Paulins Kill was a conduit for the [[emigration]] of [[German Palatines|Palatine Germans]] who settled in northwestern New Jersey and northeastern [[Pennsylvania]] during the [[Colonial America|colonial period]] and the [[American Revolution]]. Remnants of their chiefly agricultural settlements are still found in local architecture, cemeteries, farms and mills, and the area remains largely rural.
Flowing through rural sections of Sussex and Warren counties, it is regarded as an excellent place for [[fly fishing]]. The surrounding area is used for hiking and other forms of recreation such as observing birds and other wildlife.
==Course== [[File:Paulins Kill after Columbia Lake Dam removal, Columbia, NJ.jpg|thumb|Paulins Kill near Columbia]] The main branch of the Paulins Kill begins to form immediately north of Newton, in the marshes that straddle the town. The headwaters start near Route 622 in [[Fredon Township, New Jersey|Fredon Township]].<ref name="usgs"/> It flows southwest for the rest of its journey, through [[Hampton Township, New Jersey|Hampton]] and [[Stillwater Township, New Jersey|Stillwater]] townships in [[Sussex County, New Jersey|Sussex County]]. Trout Brook, which rises on [[Kittatinny Mountain]], flows into the river near Middleville in Stillwater Township. [[Swartswood State Park|Swartswood Lake]] feeds Trout Brook through Keen's Mill Brook. The Paulins Kill continues its course southwest, entering [[Warren County, New Jersey|Warren County]], where it initially forms the border between [[Frelinghuysen Township, New Jersey|Frelinghuysen]] and [[Hardwick Township, New Jersey|Hardwick]] townships. It enters [[Blairstown, New Jersey|Blairstown]] immediately after, where it is joined by Blair Creek, named (as is the town) for [[John Insley Blair]] (1802–1899), as well as [[Jacksonburg Creek]], Susquehanna Creek, Dilts Creek and Walnut Creek. [[Yards Creek]], which rises at the Yards Creek reservoir in Blairstown, enters the Paulins Kill near the hamlet of Hainesburg in [[Knowlton Township, New Jersey|Knowlton Township]]. Finally, in Warren County its waters enter the [[Delaware River]] just south of the [[Delaware Water Gap]] at the hamlet of Columbia in Knowlton Township.<ref name="usgs"/>
[[File:Paulins Kill Lake Dam, NJ.jpg|thumb|Paulins Kill Lake Dam]] After the establishment of [[Swartswood State Park]] in 1914, a dam was built in the 1920s across the river in Stillwater Township to create Paulins Kill Lake.<ref>{{Gnis|879175|Paulins Kill Lake}}</ref> Summer cottages were built to attract vacationers from nearby New York City. Today, the lake is a private, year-round residential community with over 500 homes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://paulinskilllake.com/about/|title=About the PLA|publisher=Paulinskill Lake Association|access-date=January 17, 2015|archive-date=February 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202011652/http://paulinskilllake.com/about/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pla2009.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/phil-mag-art-1951.pdf|work=Philadelphia Magazine|date=June 1951|access-date=January 17, 2015|title=Business Man's Summer Retreat|archive-date=January 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082220/https://pla2009.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/phil-mag-art-1951.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Watershed==
The Paulins Kill drains a portion of the Kittatinny Valley watershed. Kittatinny Valley is bordered to the northwest by the [[Kittatinny Mountains|Kittatinny Ridge]] segment of the [[Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians|Ridge and Valley Appalachian Mountains]], and to the southeast by the [[New York–New Jersey Highlands|New Jersey Highlands]].<ref name="NJFS-9">{{cite report|url=http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/sustain/landscape_classif/hudson.pdf|title=Landscape Classification for the Hudson Valley Section of New Jersey|publisher=New Jersey Forest Service|date=May 2000|access-date=January 17, 2015|section=Hudson–Kittatinny Valley|page=9|archive-date=March 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305030510/http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/sustain/landscape_classif/hudson.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[High Point (New Jersey)|High Point]], near the northeastern end of the ridge, is the highest peak in New Jersey, reaching an elevation of {{convert|1800|ft|m}}.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/sustain/landscape_classif/hudson.pdf|title=Landscape Classification for the Hudson Valley Section of New Jersey|publisher=New Jersey Forest Service|date=May 2000|access-date=January 17, 2015|section=Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Valley|page=40|archive-date=March 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305030510/http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/sustain/landscape_classif/hudson.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The lower southern and eastern portions of the valley are drained by the Paulins Kill and the [[Pequest River]], which flow generally south to the Delaware River watershed.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/sustain/landscape_classif/hudson.pdf|title=Landscape Classification for the Hudson Valley Section of New Jersey|publisher=New Jersey Forest Service|date=May 2000|access-date=January 17, 2015|section=Lower Kittatinny Valley|page=28|archive-date=March 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305030510/http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/sustain/landscape_classif/hudson.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The upper northwestern area is drained by the Big Flatbrook River to the Delaware River watershed in the south.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/sustain/landscape_classif/hudson.pdf|title=Landscape Classification for the Hudson Valley Section of New Jersey|publisher=New Jersey Forest Service|date=May 2000|access-date=January 17, 2015|section=Kittatinny-Shawangunk Ridge and Valley|page=40|archive-date=March 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305030510/http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/sustain/landscape_classif/hudson.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Wallkill River]] drains the northeastern portion of the valley, flowing north to the [[Hudson River]] watershed.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/sustain/landscape_classif/hudson.pdf|title=Landscape Classification for the Hudson Valley Section of New Jersey|publisher=New Jersey Forest Service|date=May 2000|access-date=January 17, 2015|section=Hydrology|page=11|archive-date=March 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305030510/http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/sustain/landscape_classif/hudson.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
== History ==
=== Origins of the name === [[File:Paulinskill 1905 Baleville.jpg|thumb|A c. 1905 postcard view of the Paulins Kill at Baleville, in [[Hampton Township, New Jersey]]. The calm, slow-flowing river has few disturbances or rapids and looks much like this for its length.]] The [[United States Geological Survey|U.S. Geological Survey]] [[United States Board on Geographic Names|Board of Geographic Names]] decided that the official spelling of the name would be ''Paulins Kill'' in 1898.<ref name="usgs"/> Other spellings (''Pawlins Kill'' or ''Paulinskill'') have remained in common use. ''[[Kill (body of water)|Kill]]'' is a [[Dutch language|Dutch]] word for "stream".<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20141029084926/http://edition.cnn.com/US/9609/06/fishy.name/ A fishy name will stay the same]" by Mary Ann McRae (September 6, 1996), CNN.</ref>
Local tradition says that the Paulins Kill was named for a girl named Pauline, the daughter of a [[Hesse|Hessian]] soldier. During the [[American Revolutionary War|American Revolution]], Hessian soldiers captured at the [[Battle of Trenton]] and other skirmishes within New Jersey were held as [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] in the [[Stillwater, New Jersey|Stillwater]] area. Several of these Hessians are alleged to have deserted the British and taken up residence in Stillwater because of the village's predominantly German emigrant population. The assumption is that the name Paulins Kill was derived from "Pauline's Kill".<ref>''Northwestern New Jersey—A History of Somerset, Morris, Hunterdon, Warren, and Sussex Counties'', Vol. 1. (A. Van Doren Honeyman, ed. in chief, Lewis Historical Publishing Co., New York, 1927), 499</ref><ref>Snell, James P. (1881) ''[https://archive.org/details/historyofsussexw00snel History of Sussex and Warren Counties, New Jersey, With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers]''. (Philadelphia: Everts & Peck, 1881), 379.</ref> However, the fact that the name Paulins Kill is present on maps and surveys dating from the 1740s and 1750s—two and three decades before the Revolution—negates the veracity of this tradition.<ref>Labelled "Tockhockonetkunk or Pawlings Kill" on an untitled map of Jonathan Hampton (1758) in the collection of the New Jersey Historical Society, Newark, New Jersey; also ''Documents Relating to the Colonial, Revolutionary and Post-Revolutionary History of the State of New Jersey''. [Title Varies]. Archives of the State of New Jersey, 1st–2nd series. 47 volumes. Newark, New Jersey, 1880–1949, passim.{{Nonspecific|date=January 2015}}</ref>
Two other possibilities for the naming of the Paulins Kill are more likely. First, that the wife of one of the area's first [[settler]]s, Johan Peter Bernhardt (died 1748), was named Maria Paulina and that she had died prior to the first settlement at Stillwater in 1742. However, very few records are extant detailing Bernhardt's family. The second and most likely etymological origin is that the Native American name given to the mountain on the valley's western flank, ''Pahaqualong'' (also spelled ''Pahaqualin'', ''Pohoqualin'' and ''Pahaquarra'') may have been corrupted and anglicized to a spelling such as "Paulins" by early white settlers or surveyors. Pahaqualong is roughly translated as "end of two mountains with stream between", from a combination of the words ''pe’uck'' meaning "water hole," ''qua'' meaning "boundary," and the suffix ''-onk'' meaning "place."<ref>Decker, Amelia Stickney, ''That Ancient Trail'' (Trenton, New Jersey: Privately printed, 1942), 151</ref><ref>Anthony and Brinton, op. cit.</ref> This translation is thought to refer either to the valley of the Paulins Kill itself, or to the [[Delaware Water Gap]]. Local tradition does place an Indian village named ''Pahaquarra'' near the mouth of the Paulins Kill which is immediately south of the Delaware Water Gap. Likewise, the former [[Pahaquarry Township, New Jersey|Pahaquarry Township]] in Warren County derived its name from this origin.<ref name="snell 23">Snell, op. cit., 23</ref>
A village named [[Paulina, New Jersey|Paulina]] located a short distance east of [[Blairstown, New Jersey|Blairstown]] on [[Route 94 (New Jersey)|Route 94]], is said to have been named "from the stream upon which it is located." William Armstrong, a local settler, built the first grist mill there along the river in 1768, and the village took root.<ref>Snell, op. cit., 688.</ref>
The Paulins Kill was originally known as the ''Tockhockonetcong'' by the local Native Americans, who were likely [[Munsee]], a [[tribe]] or [[phratry]] of the [[Lenni Lenape]]. The name ''Tockhockonetcong'' (or ''Tockhockonetcunk'') roughly translates to "stream that comes from Tok-Hok-Nok"—''Tok-hok-nok'' being an Indian village believed to have been within the boundaries of present-day [[Newton, New Jersey]],<ref name="snell 23"/> near which the eastern (main) branch of the Paulins Kill begins, and the [[Lenape language|Lenape]] roots ''hannek'' meaning "stream" and the suffix ''-ong'' denoting "place".<ref>Anthony, A. S., Rev. and Brinton, Daniel G. ''Lenape-English Dictionary''. (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1883).</ref>
=== Early settlement === [[File:Marksboro Grist Mill, Marksboro, NJ.jpg|thumb|Marksboro Grist Mill on the Paulins Kill]] The first human settlement along the Paulins Kill was by early Native Americans circa 8,000–10,000 BC at the close of the last [[ice age]] (known as the [[Wisconsin glaciation]]). At the time of the first settlement by emigrating Europeans in this region, it was populated by the [[Munsee]] tribe of the [[Lenni Lenape]] (or Delaware) Indians. Artifacts (often of stone, clay or bone) of the Native American culture are often found in nearby farm fields and at the site of their ancient villages.<ref>Schrabisch, Max. ''Indian habitations in Sussex County, New Jersey'' Geological Survey of New Jersey, Bulletin No. 13. (Union Hill, New Jersey: Dispatch Printing Company, 1915)</ref><ref>''Archaeology of Warren and Hunterdon counties'' Geological Survey of New Jersey, Bulletin No. 18. (Trenton, N.J., MacCrellish and Quigley co., state printers, 1917).</ref>
Typically, early European settlement along the Paulins Kill was by Palatine Germans who had emigrated to the New World via the port of [[Philadelphia]] from 1720 to 1800. Many had trekked north through the valley of the Delaware and settled along the [[Musconetcong River|Musconetcong]], [[Pequest River|Pequest]] and Paulins Kill valleys in [[New Jersey]] and along the [[Lehigh River]] valley in [[Pennsylvania]]. Areas along the Paulins Kill generally were not settled until the 1740s and 1750s.<ref>Chambers, Theodore Frelinghuysen. ''[https://archive.org/details/earlygermansofne00cham The early Germans of New Jersey: Their History, Churches, and Genealogies]''. (Dover, New Jersey, Dover Printing Company, 1895), passim.{{Page needed|date=January 2015}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=February 2015}} Often villages established and settled by German emigrants remained culturally German well into the Nineteenth Century, with German [[Lutheran]] and [[German Reformed Church|Reformed]] churches (often as "Union" churches) established shortly after the first settlements (as was the case in Knowlton and in Stillwater). However, by the early Nineteenth Century, many descendants of these German settlers removed to newly opened lands in the West (i.e. [[Ohio]], the [[Northwest Territory]], the [[Southern Tier]] of New York) and those that remained had assimilated into English-speaking culture, and the German Reformed or Lutheran Churches often became [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]].<ref>Schaeffer, Casper, M.D. and Johnson, William M. ''[https://archive.org/details/memoirsreminisce00schae Memoirs and Reminiscences: Together with Sketches of the Early History of Sussex County, New Jersey.]'' (Hackensack, New Jersey: Privately Printed, 1907). 42–43, 46–47</ref><ref>Chambers, op. cit., passim.{{Page needed|date=January 2015}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=February 2015}} The German cultural impact of this community can still be seen in local architecture—most notably in barns and in stone houses—and in cemeteries containing intricately carved gravestones often bearing archaic [[German language|German text]] and [[Funeral|funerary]] symbols.<ref>Viet, Richard F. "John Solomon Teetzel and the Anglo-German Gravestone Carving Tradition of 18th century Northwestern New Jersey" in ''Markers XVII'' (Richard E. Meyer, ed.), Journal of the Association for Gravestone Studies, XVII: 124–161 (2000).</ref> English, Scottish, and Welsh settlers located in the Paulins Kill valley throughout the latter half of the eighteenth century, often traveled north from Philadelphia, or west from [[Long Island]], [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], and [[Elizabeth, New Jersey|Elizabethtown]] (now Elizabeth).<ref>Schaeffer, Casper, M.D. and Johnson, William M. ''[https://archive.org/details/memoirsreminisce00schae Memoirs and Reminiscences: Together with Sketches of the Early History of Sussex County, New Jersey.]'' (Hackensack, New Jersey: Privately Printed, 1907). passim.{{Page needed|date=January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Snell passim">Snell, op. cit., passim.{{Page needed|date=January 2015}}</ref><ref>Armstrong, William C. ''Pioneer Families of Northwestern New Jersey'' (Lambertville, New Jersey: Hunterdon House, 1979), passim{{Page needed|date=January 2015}}</ref><ref>Stickney, Charles E. ''Old Sussex County families of the Minisink Region'' from articles in the ''Wantage Recorder'' (compiled by Virginia Alleman Brown) (Washington, N.J. : Genealogical Researchers, 1988), passim.{{Page needed|date=January 2015}}</ref>
The area around present-day [[Stillwater, New Jersey|Stillwater]] was first settled by the family of [[Casper Shafer]] (1712–1784), a Palatine German who had emigrated to Philadelphia a few years earlier. Shafer, with his father-in-law, Johan Peter Bernhardt (?–1748), and his brother-in-law Johann Georg Windemuth (or John George Wintermute) (1711–1782), settled at Stillwater in 1742. Both Shafer and Windemuth were married to Bernhardt's daughters.<ref>Wintermute, Jacob Perry. ''[https://archive.org/details/wintermutefamily00wint Wintermute Family History]''. (Columbus, Ohio: Champlin Press, 1900){{Page needed|date=January 2015}}</ref><ref>Wintermute, Leonard. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcdfAAAAMAAJ Windemuth Family Heritage]''. (Baltimore, Maryland: Gateway Press, 1996).{{Page needed|date=January 2015}}</ref> Shafer, who operated a grist mill at Stillwater starting in 1746, transported flour, fruit, and other products by [[flatboat]] down the Paulins Kill and the Delaware River to the market in Philadelphia. Most of the New Jersey shoreline and cities such as Elizabethtown and Newark were practically unknown to the German settlers along the Paulins Kill who learned of the existence of these cities only through trade with the local Lenni Lenape.<ref name="Snell passim"/><ref>Schaeffer and Johnson. op. cit., 33.</ref>
The first road connecting Elizabethtown, and [[Morristown, New Jersey|Morristown]] with settlements along the Delaware River, was the [[Military Road (New Jersey)|Military Road]] built by Jonathan Hampton (1711–1777) in 1755–1756.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061013162858/http://www.nps.gov/archive/dewa/InDepth/Sites/Military.html Military Trail] at Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area website, no further authorship information given, accessed October 29, 2006.</ref> This road, which crosses the Paulins Kill at present-day Baleville, in Hampton Township, was built to supply fortifications built in the Delaware valley at this time to protect New Jersey during the [[French and Indian War]]. Very few passable, large roads were built in this section of New Jersey, then largely a sparsely populated wilderness, before the creation of turnpike companies in the early decades of the Nineteenth Century. During much of the mid-eighteenth century, trade in the northwestern reaches of New Jersey was conducted through Philadelphia by way of the Delaware River.<ref name="Schaeffer and Johnson, loc. cit">Schaeffer and Johnson, loc. cit.</ref>
About the year 1760, [[Mark Thomson (politician)|Mark Thomson]] (1739–1803) settled in Hardwick Township (now Frelinghuysen Township) and erected a gristmill and sawmill on the Paulins Kill. The settlement that arose was later named [[Marksboro, New Jersey|Marksboro]] in his honour. Thomson, who removed to [[Changewater, New Jersey|Changewater]] in [[Hunterdon County, New Jersey|Hunterdon County]], became an officer in the [[Continental Army]] during the [[American Revolution]], and served two terms in the House of Representatives.<ref name="Snell passim"/>
=== Commercial and industrial impact === [[File:Paulins Kill Viaduct, Hainesburg, NJ - October 2023.jpg|thumb|right|The Paulinskill or Hainesburg Viaduct, built 1908 to 1911, carried the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad across the Paulins Kill Valley on the Lackawanna Cut-Off]] Chiefly a pastoral river in a largely undeveloped area of New Jersey, the Paulins Kill has remained generally unaffected by industrial pollution. Dams were erected to power various small-town [[gristmill]]s, [[sawmill]]s, [[Expeller|oil expellers]], and [[fulling mill]]s,<ref name="Snell passim"/> and the electrical power plant at [[Branchville, New Jersey|Branchville]] established in 1903. Columbia, a hamlet near the mouth of the Paulins Kill in [[Knowlton Township, New Jersey|Knowlton Township]], was known for a large [[glass]] manufacturing factory. In recent decades, the dams have been breached or no longer impede the flow of the river.<ref>[http://www.branchville-nj.com/ Branchville, New Jersey - History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205053851/http://branchville-nj.com/ |date=2006-12-05 }}, no further authorship information given, accessed October 29, 2006.</ref>
Still, pollution reaches the Paulins Kill from nearby [[residential development]]s and farm [[surface runoff|run-off]] containing agricultural [[pesticide]]s and [[fertilizer]]s. Several farms along the banks of the Paulins Kill produce alfalfa, wheat, corn, hay (and historically, barley, buckwheat and rye). Fruit trees in orchards produce cherries, apples, plums, peaches and pears, while native wild grape vines, and blackberry bushes are also found in the valley.<ref name="Schaeffer and Johnson, loc. cit"/>{{failed verification|date=February 2015}} New Jersey's Department of Environmental Protection occasionally brings civil actions against local firms that pollute in the Paulins Kill watershed, such as a $121,500 fine for a Sussex County shopping mall sewage treatment facility which discharged pollutants into a tributary of the Paulins Kill between 1996 and 1998.<ref>[http://www.state.nj.us/dep/newsrel/releases/02_0061.htm NJ DEP Attains Settlement Over Water Pollution Violations affecting Paulinskill River] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041220065142/http://www.state.nj.us/dep/newsrel/releases/02_0061.htm |date=2004-12-20 }} (Press Release) at NJDEP website, no further authorship information given, accessed October 29, 2006.</ref>
The [[PIRG|New Jersey Public Interest Research Group]] (NJPIRG) has ranked the Paulins Kill as the seventh in a collection of rivers and creeks in a Top 30 listing of ''New Jersey waterways to Save''<ref>"[http://www.jcaa.org/jcnl0201/Defend.htm Defend New Jersey's Waters Release List of Top 30 Waterways To Save] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502141605/http://www.jcaa.org/jcnl0201/Defend.htm |date=2015-05-02 }}" in ''Jersey Coast Anglers Association Newsletter'', January 2002</ref> The Paulins Kill is home to a wide variety of amphibians, including the [[spotted salamander]], [[red-spotted newt]], [[American toad]], [[Fowler's toad]], [[American bullfrog]] and others.<ref>[http://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/chkamph.htm New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection: Division of Fish and Wildlife: Amphibians of New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061129135154/http://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/chkamph.htm |date=2006-11-29 }}, no further authorship information given, accessed December 20, 2006.</ref> In 2000, a public sewer and water project in Branchville, New Jersey, was suspended out of concern for [[dwarf wedgemussel]]s (''Alasmidonta heterodon''), an endangered species, and restarted in 2002.<ref>"Branchville Sewer Plant May Still Be Built" by Jamie Goldenbaum in ''New Jersey Herald'' (April 16, 2002)</ref>
Near Columbia, the [[Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad]] built the [[Paulinskill Viaduct]] (known also as the ''Hainesburg Viaduct''), a bridge crossing the Paulins Kill, for the [[Lackawanna Cut-Off]] rail corridor. Begun in 1908, this bridge was deemed an [[engineering]] marvel for its use of [[reinforced concrete]]. Spanning 1,100 feet (335 m) across the Paulins Kill Valley, the Viaduct rises 115 feet (35 m) above the valley floor, and opened for rail traffic in 1911.<ref>Cunningham, John T. ''Railroad Wonder: The Lackawanna Cut-Off'' (Newark, New Jersey: Newark Sunday News, 1961). NO ISBN</ref><ref>Richman, Steven M. ''The Bridges Of New Jersey: Portraits Of Garden State Crossings'' (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2005). {{ISBN|0-8135-3510-7}}</ref><ref>[http://www.njskylands.com/hscutoff.htm "Touring the Lackawanna Cut-Off"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061115191040/http://www.njskylands.com/hscutoff.htm |date=2006-11-15 }} by Don Barnicle and Paula Williams in ''Skylands Magazine'', accessed October 29, 2006.</ref> It was the largest concrete viaduct in the world until 1915,{{citation needed|date=February 2015}} when the Lackawanna Railroad opened the [[Tunkhannock Viaduct]] in [[Nicholson, Pennsylvania]], spanning over twice the Paulinskill Viaduct's length.<ref>[http://www.asce.org/templates/project-detail.aspx?id=10905 History and Heritage of Civil Engineering: "Tunkhannock Viaduct"]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} at the American Society of Civil Engineers website (ASCE.org), accessed October 29, 2006.</ref> Currently abandoned, several plans are underway by [[New Jersey Transit]] to open the route as a passenger line to [[Scranton, Pennsylvania|Scranton]], [[Pennsylvania]].<ref>[http://www.njtransit.com/an_cp_project019.shtml Lackawanna Cutoff Project], New Jersey Transit, (www.NJTransit.com), no further authorship information given, (April 2005), accessed October 29, 2006. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113163408/http://www.njtransit.com/an_cp_project019.shtml |date=November 13, 2006 }}</ref> This site is commonly visited by adventure-seeking individuals.<ref>[http://www.weirdnj.com/stories/_archives2001.asp#34 Weird New Jersey Magazine, 2001 Weekly Story Archives], by "Myke L.", no further authorship information given, accessed October 29, 2006. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517180623/http://www.weirdnj.com/stories/_archives2001.asp#34 |date=May 17, 2006 }}</ref>
=== Dam removal === Three dams have been removed from Paulins Kill, reconnecting 45 river miles<ref>{{cite web |last1=Boucher |first1=Eric |date=4 March 2025 |title=Bustin’ Dams in the Mid-Atlantic |url=https://www.americanrivers.org/2025/03/bustin-dams-in-the-mid-atlantic/ |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=www.americanrivers.org |archive-date=6 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306182416/https://www.americanrivers.org/2025/03/bustin-dams-in-the-mid-atlantic/ |url-status=live }}</ref>:[[File:Paulins Kill after Paulina Dam removal, Paulina, NJ.jpg|thumb|Free-flowing Paulins Kill at the site of the former [[Paulina Dam]]]]
* 2018: [[Columbia Lake Dam]], an 18-foot-high, 300-foot-wide dam in Knowlton.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Primerano |first1=Jane |title=Dam removal leads to rebirth of the Paulins Kill |url=https://delawarecurrents.org/2021/03/23/dam-removal-leads-to-rebirth-of-the-paulins-kill/ |website=Delaware Currents |access-date=6 March 2025 |date=23 March 2021 |archive-date=22 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322035443/https://delawarecurrents.org/2021/03/23/dam-removal-leads-to-rebirth-of-the-paulins-kill/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * 2022: County Line Dam, a 4-foot-high, 230-foot-wide dam in Stillwater.<ref>{{cite web |title=Removing Dams and Reconnecting Rivers |url=https://www.nature.org/en-us/about-us/where-we-work/united-states/new-jersey/stories-in-new-jersey/the-columbia-lake-dam/ |website=The Nature Conservancy |access-date=5 March 2025 |archive-date=19 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319152353/https://www.nature.org/en-us/about-us/where-we-work/united-states/new-jersey/stories-in-new-jersey/the-columbia-lake-dam/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * 2024: [[Paulina Dam]] in Blairstown.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hydro |first1=Princeton |title=Dismantling the Past, Renewing the Future: Removing Paulina Lake Dam on the Paulins Kill River |url=https://princetonhydro.com/paulina-dam-removal-first-notch/ |website=PRINCETON HYDRO |access-date=5 March 2025 |date=13 December 2023 |archive-date=13 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213152312/https://princetonhydro.com/paulina-dam-removal-first-notch/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hydro |first1=Princeton |title=Update from the Field: the Paulina Lake Dam is Coming Down! |url=https://princetonhydro.com/update-from-the-field-the-paulina-dam-is-coming-down/ |website=PRINCETON HYDRO |access-date=5 March 2025 |date=25 July 2024 |archive-date=12 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312070831/https://princetonhydro.com/update-from-the-field-the-paulina-dam-is-coming-down/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Today == [[File:Paulinskill stillwater angling.jpg|thumb|right|The Paulins Kill is a popular destination for anglers in search of several species of trout]] The Paulins Kill continues to maintain its rural character through both local concern and government policy. It is an excellent area for birdwatching, canoeing, hiking, hunting and fishing, and is considered to be one of the best trout streams in New Jersey.<ref>[http://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/trtartjs.htm "Trout Fishing in New Jersey - The Good 'Ole Days are Now!"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024035630/http://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/trtartjs.htm |date=2006-10-24 }} by Jim Sciascia at New Jersey Division of Fish & Wildlife website, accessed October 29, 2006.</ref>
=== Fishing === The Paulins Kill is a popular fishing destination for various species of trout, such as [[rainbow trout]], [[brown trout]] and [[brook trout]]. Trout are stocked each year during the spring fishing season by New Jersey's Division of Fish & Wildlife. Hardly any wild trout are found. This is due to the river getting shallow in summer and warm. The river owes its [[fly fishing]] reputation largely to the prolific populations of various species of the [[mayfly]] and [[Trichoptera|caddisfly]].<ref>[http://www.njskylands.com/odfishfly.htm Music to a Hare's Ears] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061115190457/http://www.njskylands.com/odfishfly.htm |date=2006-11-15 }} by Henry Bell in ''Skylands Magazine'', accessed October 29, 2006.</ref> Historically, the Paulins Kill was known to be populated with [[American shad]], but with the construction of mill dams across the river in the eighteenth and nineteenth century, the shad were unable to spawn in the river.<ref>Cummings, Warren D. ''Sussex County: A History'' (Newton, New Jersey: Newton Rotary Club, 1964). transcribed [https://archive.today/20120707025158/http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/read/NJSUSSEX/2002-09/1032918263 http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/read/NJSUSSEX/2002-09/1032918263], accessed October 26, 2006.</ref> Shad can still be found in the Delaware River.<ref>[http://www.delawareriver.net/shad.php Fishing for Shad on the Delaware] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009021022/http://www.delawareriver.net/shad.php |date=2006-10-09 }} at Delaware River Recreation, no further authorship information given, accessed October 29, 2006.</ref>
=== Protected areas === The Paulins Kill valley contains many protected areas. [[Swartswood State Park]], established in 1914 as the first and oldest state park in New Jersey, is on {{convert|2272|acre}} just north of Paulins Kill Lake in Sussex County.<ref>[http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/parks/swartswood.html Swartswood State Park] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061217230846/http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/parks/swartswood.html |date=2006-12-17 }}, official website, no further authorship information given, accessed December 20, 2006</ref> Along Kittatinny Ridge in the northern part of the watershed are parts of [[Worthington State Forest]] (west), [[Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area]] (central), and [[Stokes State Forest]]s (east).<ref name="Worthington State Forest">[http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/parks/worthington.html Worthington State Forest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061217230933/http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/parks/worthington.html |date=2006-12-17 }}, official website, no further authorship information given, accessed December 20, 2006</ref><ref>[https://www.nps.gov/dewa/index.htm National Park Service: Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023082941/http://www.nps.gov/dewa |date=2010-10-23 }}, official website, no further authorship information given, accessed December 20, 2006</ref><ref>[http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/parks/stokes.html Stokes State Forest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061217230340/http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/parks/stokes.html |date=2006-12-17 }}, official website, no further authorship information given, accessed December 20, 2006</ref> In addition to these state forests, the Paulins Kill valley is host to a variety of common [[Pinophyta|coniferous]] and [[deciduous]] trees, which have been harvested for [[lumber]] in the past, including: [[Quercus alba|white oak]] and [[Quercus velutina|black oak]], [[American sycamore|buttonwood]], [[eastern red cedar]], [[eastern hemlock]], [[American chestnut]], [[black walnut]], [[tamarack larch]], [[spruce]], and [[pine]]. Trees that add to the beauty of the fall foliage include [[maple]], [[birch]], [[hickory]], [[elm]], and [[crab apple]].<ref>Schaeffer and Johnson, op. cit., 45 ff.</ref>
New Jersey's [[Green Acres (New Jersey)|Green Acres]] program has targeted the Paulins Kill and its surrounding valley as an excellent natural resources for open space and farmland preservation and recreational opportunities. The state, working together with agricultural development boards in Sussex and Warren Counties, and with the ''Ridge and Valley Conservancy'', a local nonprofit land trust, share land acquisition costs to enter tracts of real estate into the program.<ref>[http://www.state.nj.us/dep/greenacres/currentstate.htm State Acquisitions Current Projects, Green Acres Program, NJ Department of Environmental Protection] no further authorship information given, accessed August 24, 2006. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060827084404/http://www.state.nj.us/dep/greenacres/currentstate.htm |date=August 27, 2006 }}</ref> Since 1983, several farms across New Jersey have sold development rights to the county programs. Sussex County has permanently preserved {{convert|12242|acre}} of woodland and farmland.<ref>[http://www.sussex.nj.us/documents/planning/farmland/Preserved%20Farms.pdf Preserved Farmland in Sussex County (NJ)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006151128/http://www.sussex.nj.us/documents/planning/farmland/Preserved%20Farms.pdf |date=2007-10-06 }}, spreadsheet from the County of Sussex (New Jersey) no further authorship information given, accessed October 30, 2006.</ref> Likewise, Warren County has preserved 100 farm properties, comprising over {{convert|12200|acre}}.<ref>[http://www.co.warren.nj.us/wn/12-15-2004.html Preserved Farms in Warren County Hit 100] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509081521/http://www.co.warren.nj.us/wn/12-15-2004.html |date=2006-05-09 }} (2004 Press Release) Warren County (NJ), no further authorship information given, accessed October 30, 2006.</ref>
In addition, four Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) are in the Paulins Kill valley area: Bear Swamp WMA, Trout Brook WMA, White Lake WMA, and Columbia Lake WMA. Together they comprise 6,564 acres (2656 ha) of protected lands, mostly acquired through "Green Acres" funds.<ref>[http://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/wmaland.htm New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection: Wildlife Management Areas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061215161504/http://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/wmaland.htm |date=2006-12-15 }}, no further authorship information given, accessed December 20, 2006.</ref> Hunting and trapping are permitted in season in many of these protected areas. Common game animals include [[white-tailed deer]], [[Coyote|eastern coyote]], [[red fox]], [[gray fox]], [[opossum]], [[Eastern cottontail|eastern cottontail rabbit]], [[raccoon]], [[Eastern gray squirrel|gray]] and [[red squirrel]], [[beaver]], [[muskrat]], and [[woodchuck]] or groundhog. Common game birds include [[ring-necked pheasant]], [[eastern wild turkey]], [[American crow]], and [[Canada goose]].<ref>[http://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/smgame_info.htm New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection: Division of Fish and Wildlife: Small Game Hunting in New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061215142841/http://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/smgame_info.htm |date=2006-12-15 }}, no further authorship information given, accessed December 20, 2006.</ref>
The Paulins Kill watershed is home to a variety of other animals. Other mammals include [[eastern chipmunk]], [[porcupine]], [[American black bear|black bear]], [[striped skunk]], [[North American river otter|river otter]], and [[bobcat]].<ref>[http://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/chkmamls.htm New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection: Division of Fish and Wildlife: Mammals of New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061129135149/http://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/chkmamls.htm |date=2006-11-29 }}, no further authorship information given, accessed December 20, 2006.</ref> Common northeastern American reptiles found there include snakes such as the [[Agkistrodon contortrix|American copperhead]], [[northern water snake]], [[common garter snake]] and [[milk snake]], and turtles, including the [[eastern box turtle]], and [[common snapping turtle]].<ref>[http://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/chkrept.htm New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection: Division of Fish and Wildlife: Reptiles of New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061129135144/http://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/chkrept.htm |date=2006-11-29 }}, no further authorship information given, accessed December 20, 2006.</ref>
=== Hiking === The [[Paulinskill Valley Trail]]—a network of [[rail trail]]s along abandoned railroad beds of the [[New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway|New York, Susquehanna and Western Railroad]]—have been transformed and maintained for hiking, horseback riding, and other recreational uses, stretches for {{convert|27|mi}} from [[Sparta Township, New Jersey|Sparta Junction]] in Sussex County to [[Knowlton Township, New Jersey|Columbia]] in Warren County, roughly following the entire length of the river. After the New York, Susquehanna and Western decommissioned the route in 1962, the right-of-way along this corridor was purchased by the City of Newark the following year. Newark hoped to use the bed for a water pipeline connecting to the proposed [[Tocks Island|dam and reservoir project]] on the Delaware River. However, this project—controversial from the start because of environmental concerns and the federal government's abuse of eminent domain—was canceled during the 1970s. Newark sold their claim to the corridor in 1992 to the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection for $600,000, and the Paulinskill Valley Trail was created.<ref>[http://www.railtrails.org/find/totm/archives/04-06.asp Paulinskill Valley Trail at Rails-to-Trail Conservancy], no further authorship information given, accessed August 24, 2006. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909231856/http://www.railtrails.org/find/totm/archives/04-06.asp |date=September 9, 2006 }}</ref> The [[Appalachian Trail]] follows the top of Kittatinny Ridge at the northern edge of the valley.<ref name="Worthington State Forest"/>
=== Birdwatching === [[Birdwatchers]] have sighted a variety of common and endangered species of birds that inhabit New Jersey. More common species include: [[American robin]], [[barn swallow]], [[field sparrow]], [[blue jay]], [[black-capped chickadee]], [[northern cardinal]], [[red-winged blackbird]] and the [[American goldfinch]]. Also sighted are several species of woodpecker, including [[Red-headed woodpecker|red-headed]], [[Red-bellied woodpecker|red-bellied]], and [[Downy woodpecker|downy]], and the [[pileated woodpecker]], as well as the [[yellow-bellied sapsucker]]. Often sighted are water fowl such as the [[mute swan]], the [[wood duck]], and the [[mallard]], wading birds such as the [[killdeer]], and predators such as the [[red-tailed hawk]]. More rare birds sighted in the Paulins Kill valley include: [[purple martin]], [[scarlet tanager]], [[indigo bunting]], [[Baltimore oriole]], [[purple finch]], and a variety of owls, notably the [[American barn owl|barn]], [[eastern screech owl|eastern screech]], [[Great horned owl|great horned]], [[Snowy owl|snowy]], [[Barred owl|barred]], and [[northern saw-whet owl]].<ref>[http://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/chkbirds.htm New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection: Division of Fish and Wildlife: Birds of New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208231446/http://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/chkbirds.htm |date=2006-12-08 }}, no further authorship information given, accessed December 20, 2006.</ref>
== In art, literature and popular culture == * Essayist, poet and children's author [[Aline Murray Kilmer]] (1886–1941), the widow of poet [[Joyce Kilmer]] (1886–1918) lived in [[Stillwater, New Jersey]], for the last 13 years of her life. Her 1785 house, "Whitehall," was built along the Paulins Kill by Abraham Shafer (1754–1820), son of [[Casper Shafer]]. It is thought that the setting of her children's book, ''A Buttonwood Summer'' (1929), was inspired by Stillwater and the Paulins Kill valley.<ref>Letter from Kenton Kilmer to Aline Kilmer (addressed to c/o Bob Holliday), November 18, 1929. quoted in Hillis, John. ''Joyce Kilmer: A Bio-Bibliography''. Master of Science (Library Science) Thesis. Catholic University of America. (Washington, DC: 1962). NO ISBN.{{Page needed|date=January 2015}}</ref> * The 1980 [[slasher film]] ''[[Friday the 13th (1980 film)|Friday the 13th]]'' was filmed at Camp NoBeBosCo north of [[Blairstown, New Jersey]], in [[Hardwick Township, New Jersey|Hardwick Township]]. The camp's Sand Pond, which stood in for the movie's "Crystal Lake," feeds the [[Jacksonburg Creek]], a tributary of the Paulins Kill.<ref>[http://www.fridaythe13thfilms.com/bts/locations/part1.html Friday the 13th Filming Locations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061219205716/http://www.fridaythe13thfilms.com/bts/locations/part1.html |date=2006-12-19 }}, no further authorship information given, accessed December 16, 2006.</ref> * Artist and [[Queens College]] professor [[Louis Finkelstein (artist)|Louis Finkelstein]] (1923–2000) created a painting entitled ''Trees at Paulinskill'' (c.1991–97) that was among his later [[pastel]] works and critically compared to works by French artist and [[Post-Impressionism|Post-Impressionist]] painter [[Paul Cézanne]] (1839–1906).<ref>[http://www.artcritical.com/blurbs/GMFinkelstein.htm Gael Mooney on Finkelstein] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061217125125/http://www.artcritical.com/blurbs/GMFinkelstein.htm |date=2006-12-17 }}, accessed December 21, 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.loribooksteinfineart.com/page.php?pt=3&xid=45 "Louis Finkelstein: The Late Pastels in the Context of His Artistic Thinking" at Lori Bookstein Fine Art] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061031193417/http://www.loribooksteinfineart.com/page.php?pt=3&xid=45 |date=2006-10-31 }}, accessed December 21, 2006.</ref>
== See also == * [[Kittatinny Valley State Park]] * [[List of New Jersey rivers]] * [[List of dam removals in New Jersey]] * [[Paulinskill Viaduct]] * [[Swartswood State Park]]
== Resources ==
=== Notes and citations === {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
=== Books and printed materials === * Armstrong, William C. ''Pioneer Families of Northwestern New Jersey'' (Lambertville, New Jersey: Hunterdon House, 1979). NO ISBN (Privately printed). [https://books.google.com/books?id=TfAXaYYUAecC Reprinted version.] * Cawley, James S. and Cawley, Margaret. ''Exploring the Little Rivers of New Jersey'' (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1942, 1961, 1971, 1993). {{ISBN|0-8135-0684-0}} * Chambers, Theodore Frelinghuysen. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4h46AQAAMAAJ&pg=PP1 The early Germans of New Jersey: Their History, Churches, and Genealogies]'' (Dover, New Jersey, Dover Printing Company, 1895). NO ISBN (Pre-1964) * Cummings, Warren D. ''Sussex County: A History'' (Newton, New Jersey: Newton Rotary Club, 1964). NO ISBN (Privately printed). * Cunningham, John T. ''Railroad Wonder: The Lackawanna Cut-Off'' (Newark, New Jersey: Newark Sunday News, 1961). NO ISBN (Pre-1964). * ''Documents Relating to the Colonial, Revolutionary and Post-Revolutionary History of the State of New Jersey [Title Varies]. Archives of the State of New Jersey, 1st-2nd series.'' 47 volumes. (Newark, New Jersey: 1880–1949). NO ISBN (pre-1964) * Gleason, June Benore. ''Historical Paulinskill Valley, New Jersey: Blairstown's neighbors.'' (Blairstown, New Jersey: Blairstown Press, 1949). NO ISBN (Pre-1964) * Honeyman, A. Van Doren (ed.). ''Northwestern New Jersey—A History of Somerset, Morris, Hunterdon, Warren, and Sussex Counties'' Volume 1. (Lewis Historical Publishing Co., New York, 1927). NO ISBN (pre-1964) * Richman, Steven M. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=vt6g4eRkCDgC&pg=PP1 The Bridges Of New Jersey: Portraits Of Garden State Crossings]''. (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2005). {{ISBN|0-8135-3510-7}} * Schaeffer, Casper M.D. (and Johnson, William M.). ''[https://archive.org/details/memoirsreminisce00schae Memoirs and Reminiscences: Together with Sketches of the Early History of Sussex County, New Jersey]''. (Hackensack, New Jersey: Privately Printed, 1907). NO ISBN (Pre-1964) * Schrabisch, Max. ''[http://www.state.nj.us/dep/njgs/enviroed/oldpubs/bulletin13.pdf Indian habitations in Sussex County, New Jersey]'' Geological Survey of New Jersey, Bulletin No. 13. (Union Hill, New Jersey: Dispatch Printing Company, 1915). NO ISBN (Pre-1964) * Schrabisch, Max. ''[http://www.state.nj.us/dep/njgs/enviroed/oldpubs/bulletin18.pdf Archaeology of Warren and Hunterdon counties]'' Geological Survey of New Jersey, Bulletin No. 18. (Trenton, N.J., MacCrellish and Quigley co., state printers, 1917). NO ISBN (Pre-1964) * Snell, James P. [https://archive.org/details/historyofsussexw00snel ''History of Sussex and Warren Counties, New Jersey, With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers'']. (Philadelphia: Everts & Peck, 1881). NO ISBN (Pre-1964) * Stickney, Charles E. ''Old Sussex County families of the Minisink Region'' from articles in the ''Wantage Recorder'' (compiled by Virginia Alleman Brown) (Washington, N.J. : Genealogical Researchers, 1988). NO ISBN (Privately printed). * Viet, Richard F. "John Solomon Teetzel and the Anglo-German Gravestone Carving Tradition of 18th century Northwestern New Jersey" in ''[https://archive.org/details/markers17asso Markers XVII]'' (Richard E. Meyer, ed.), Journal of the Association for Gravestone Studies, XVII: 124–161 (2000). * Wintermute, Jacob Perry. ''[https://archive.org/details/wintermutefamily00wint Wintermute Family History]''. (Columbus, Ohio: Champlin Press, 1900). NO ISBN. [Reprinted: Salem, Massachusetts: Higginson Book Company, NO ISBN] (Pre-1964) * Wintermute, Leonard. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcdfAAAAMAAJ Windemuth Family Heritage]''. (Baltimore, Maryland: Gateway Press, 1996). NO ISBN (Privately printed).
=== Maps and atlases === * Map of Jonathan Hampton (1758) in the collection of the New Jersey Historical Society, Newark, New Jersey. * Hopkins, Griffith Morgan. ''Map of Sussex County, New Jersey''. (1860) [Reprinted by the Sussex County Historical Society: Netcong, New Jersey: Esposito (Jostens), 2004.] * Beers, Frederick W. ''County Atlas of Warren, New Jersey: From actual surveys by and under the direction of F. W. Beers'' (New York: F.W. Beers & Co. 1874). [Reprinted by Warren County Historical Society: Harmony, New Jersey: Harmony Press, 1994]. * ''Hagstrom Morris/Sussex/Warren counties atlas'' (Maspeth, New York: Hagstrom Map Company, Inc. 2004). * United States Geological Survey topographical map "Newton East" and "Newton West" (New Jersey).
== External links == * {{Commons category-inline}} * {{cite web |title=Watershed Moments: Paulins Kill Valley |url=https://www.njskylands.com/tour-watershed-paulinskill |publisher=Skylands Visitor}} * [http://www.njskylands.com/pkkitt.htm Map of Paulinskill Valley and Sussex Branch Trails] * [https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nj/nwis/current/?type=flow U.S. Geological Survey: NJ stream flow-gauging stations]
{{Sussex County, New Jersey}} {{Warren County, New Jersey}}
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[[Category:Tributaries of the Delaware River]] [[Category:Rivers of New Jersey]] [[Category:Paulins Kill watershed| ]] [[Category:Rivers of Sussex County, New Jersey]] [[Category:Rivers of Warren County, New Jersey]] [[Category:Palatine German settlement in New Jersey]] [[Category:Paulins Kill]]