Paulet affair

{{Short description|1843 insubordinate British occupation of Hawaii}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}

{{Infobox country | native_name = | conventional_long_name = Provisional Cession of the Hawaiian or Sandwich Islands | common_name = Hawaii| | era = [[International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)|International relations]] | status = [[Military Occupation]] | status_text = [[List of historical unrecognised states and dependencies|Unrecognised and unapproved]] dependency of the United Kingdom | empire = [[United Kingdom]] | government_type = Unofficial [[military occupation]] and [[British colony]] | year_start = 1843 | year_end = 1843 | life_span = 25 February – 31 July 1843 | event_start = | date_start = 25 February | event_end =  | date_end = 31 July | p1 = Kingdom of Hawaii | flag_p1 = Flag of Hawaii (1816).svg | s1 = Kingdom of Hawaii | flag_s1 = Flag of Hawaii (1816).svg | image_flag = Flag of the United Kingdom.svg | flag = [[Flag of the United Kingdom]] | flag_type = [[Flag of the United Kingdom]] | national_anthem = [[God Save the King|God Save the Queen]] | image_map = Hawaii Islands2.png | image_map_alt = | image_map_caption = Location of the Hawaiian islands.| | capital = [[Honolulu]] | common_languages = [[English language|English]], [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] | religion = | currency = | | leader1 = [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]] | year_leader1 = 1843 | title_leader = [[List of British monarchs|Monarch]] | representative1 = [[Lord George Paulet|George Paulet]] | representative2 = [[Richard Darton Thomas|Richard Thomas]] | representative3 = | representative4 = | year_representative1 = 1843 | year_representative2 = 1843 | title_representative = Local Representative }} [[File:George Paulet (Royal Navy officer).jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Lord George Paulet]], instigator of the Paulet Affair]]

The '''Paulet affair,''' also known as '''British Hawaii''', was the insubordinate five-month occupation of the [[Hawaiian Kingdom]] in 1843 by British naval officer Captain [[George Paulet (Royal Navy officer)|Lord George Paulet]], of {{HMS|Carysfort|1836|6}}. It was ended by the arrival of American warships sent to defend Hawaii's independence. The [[Second Peel Ministry|British government]] in [[London]] did not authorise the move and it had no official status.

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==British occupation== Paulet became captain of {{HMS|Carysfort|1836|6}} on 28 December 1841, serving on the [[Pacific Station]] under Rear-Admiral [[Richard Darton Thomas]] (1777–1857).<ref name="paulet">{{cite web |title= Biography of George Paulet R.N. |url= http://www.pdavis.nl/ShowBiog.php?id=411 |access-date= 21 February 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110526145403/http://www.pdavis.nl/ShowBiog.php?id=411 |archive-date= 26 May 2011}}</ref>

[[Richard Charlton (Hawaii)|Richard Charlton]], who had been the British consul to the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]] since 1825 met Paulet off the coast of [[Centralist Republic of Mexico|Mexico]] in late 1842. Charlton claimed that British subjects in the [[Hawaiian Islands]] were being denied their legal rights. In particular, Charlton claimed land that was under dispute.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hawaii.gov/dags/archives/centennial/charleton-land-claim |title=The Charlton Land Claim |work=state archives centennial collection |publisher=state of Hawaii |access-date=23 February 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109061724/http://hawaii.gov/dags/archives/centennial/charleton-land-claim |archive-date=9 January 2009}}</ref> Paulet requested permission from Rear-Admiral Thomas to investigate the allegations.<ref>{{cite news |hdl= 10524/266 |title= Richard Charlton: A Reassessment |work= Hawaiian Journal of History |publisher=Hawaii Historical Society |volume= 30 |author= Richard MacAllan |year= 1966 |pages= 53–76}}</ref>

Paulet arrived at Honolulu and requested an audience with King [[Kamehameha III]] on 11 February 1843. He was told the King was on another island and would take six days to arrive. His next letter on 16 February maintained the polite tone of formal diplomatic correspondence, but was more demanding:

<blockquote>I have the honour to acquaint your Majesty of the arrival in this port of Her Britannic Majesty's ship under my command, and according to my instructions I am desired to demand a private interview with you, to which I shall proceed with a proper and competent interpreter.<ref name="state"/></blockquote>

The King replied that American [[Gerrit P. Judd]], as chief government minister, could be trusted to handle any written communication. This seemed to infuriate Paulet who had been told by Charlton that Judd was acting as "dictator". Paulet refused to speak with Judd, and accused him of fabricating the previous response. Paulet then listed specific demands.

Paulet warned Captain Long, captain of the American ship {{USS|Boston|1825|6}}, of his intentions on 17 February:

<blockquote>Sir, I have the honour to notify you that Her Britannic Majesty's Ship Carysfort, under my command, will be prepared to make an immediate attack upon this town, at 4 o'clock P.M. to-morrow, (Saturday) in the event of the demands now forwarded by me to the King of these Islands not being complied with by that time.<br>

Sir, I have the honour to be your most obedient humble servant, George Paulet, captain<ref name="state">{{cite book |title= British and foreign state papers, Volume 150, Part 1 |publisher= Great Britain Foreign Office |year= 1858 |chapter= Correspondence relating to the Provisional Cession of the Sandwich Islands to great Britain.—February 1843 |pages= 1023–1029 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1qADAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1023 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170706060750/https://books.google.com/books?id=1qADAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1023 |archive-date= 6 July 2017}}</ref></blockquote>

''Boston'' did not interfere.<ref>{{cite web |title= The U.S. Navy in Hawaii, 1826–1945: An Administrative History |publisher= United States Navy |year= 1945 |url= http://www.history.navy.mil/docs/wwii/pearl/hawaii.htm |access-date= 18 February 2010 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100408164216/http://www.history.navy.mil/docs/wwii/pearl/hawaii.htm |archive-date= 8 April 2010}}</ref>

On 18 February the Hawaiian government wrote back that they would comply with the demands under protest, and hoped that a diplomatic mission already in London could settle any conflicts. Between the 20th and 23rd daily meetings were held by Alexander Simpson, acting consul and Paulet with the King. Kamehameha III agreed to reopen the disputed cases but refused to overrule the courts and ignore [[due process]]. On 25 February the agreement was signed ceding the land subject to any diplomatic resolution. Paulet appointed himself and three others to a commission to be the new government, and insisted on direct control of all land transactions.<ref name="state"/>

Paulet destroyed all Hawaiian flags he could find, and raised the British [[Union Flag]] for an occupation that would last six months. He cleared 156 residents off of the contested Charlton land. The dispute took years to resolve.<ref name="hjh98">{{cite news |hdl= 10524/430 |title= Along the Old Honolulu Waterfront |work= Hawaiian Journal of History |volume= 32 |author= Richard A. Greer |year= 1998 |pages= 53–66}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> File:Portrait of Admiral Thomas.jpg|alt=19th-century British Admiral|[[Richard Darton Thomas]] File:Kamehameha III conveys with Privy Council during the Paulet Affair.jpg|King [[Kamehameha III]] confers with his Privy Council. At left is [[William Richards (Hawaii)|William Richards]] and [[Gerrit P. Judd]] sitting across from [[Robert Crichton Wyllie]]. </gallery>

==American intervention== James F. B. Marshall, an American merchant of [[Ladd & Co.|Ladd and Company]] was invited aboard ''Boston'' where he secretly met Hawaiian Kingdom minister Judd. Judd gave Marshall an emergency commission as "envoy extraordinary" and sent him to plead the case for an independent Hawaii in London. Paulet closed down all shipping, but wanted to send Alexander Simpson back to England so that his side of the case could be heard first. Paulet rechristened the Hawaiian ship ''Hoikaika'' as ''Albert'', and both Simpson and Marshall (telling Paulet he was only on a business mission) sailed to [[San Blas, Nayarit|San Blas, Mexico]]. On 12 April they left overland and reached [[Veracruz, Veracruz|Veracruz]] by 1 May. Simpson continued to England, while Marshall went by ship and train to Boston by 2 June. He spread the news in the American press, and on 4 June, met with fellow Bostonians such as U.S. Secretary of State [[Daniel Webster]] and business partner and future minister to Hawaii [[Henry A. Peirce]]. Webster gave him letters for [[Edward Everett]] who was the American ambassador.<ref name="marshall">{{cite magazine |title= An unpublished chapter of Hawaiian History |magazine= Harper's magazine |author= James F. B. Marshall |volume= 67 |year= 1883 |pages= 511–520 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-4UCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA511 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160609174501/https://books.google.com/books?id=-4UCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA511 |archive-date= 9 June 2016}}</ref>

On 30 June Marshall arrived in London and met with Everett. Two other envoys from Hawaii, [[William Richards (Hawaii)|William Richards]] and [[Timothy Haalilio|Timothy Ha{{okina}}alilo]] were in Paris, France negotiating treaties. They had received verbal assurance that Hawaii's independence would be respected.<ref name="marshall"/> On April 1, 1843, [[George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen|Lord Aberdeen, the foreign minister]] on behalf of [[Queen Victoria|the Queen]], assured the Hawaiian delegation that:<blockquote>Her Majesty's Government was willing and had determined to recognise the independence of the Sandwich Islands under their present sovereign.<ref> See [https://www.alohaquest.com/arbitration/news_polynesian_0011b.htm "La Ku'oko'a: Events Leading to Independence Day, November 28, 1843" ''The Polynesian'' (November 2000) online]</ref></blockquote>

The {{USS|Constellation|1797|6}} arrived in Honolulu under Commodore [[Lawrence Kearny]] in early July. Acting American agent William Hooper protested the takeover to Kearny.<ref>{{cite book |title= First session of the 29th Congress |publisher= Congress of the United States of America |chapter= A resolution of the Senate of February 25, 1845 in reference to the correspondence between the commander of the East India squadron and foreign powers |date= 17 February 1846 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=BoMFAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA4-PA39 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180224102710/https://books.google.com/books?id=BoMFAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA4-PA39 |archive-date= 24 February 2018}}</ref> American Commodore [[Thomas ap Catesby Jones]] arrived with the {{USS|United States|1797|6}} on 22 July. He landed in [[Hilo]] where he consulted with American missionary [[Titus Coan]]. Rear-Admiral Thomas heard conflicting reports about the surprising developments in Hawaii. He had also heard how Jones had briefly [[Capture of Monterey|occupied]] [[Monterey, California]]. Some historians think he was trying to defuse the situation before it spiralled into a larger conflict.<ref name="hjh95">{{cite news |hdl= 10524/235 |title= "The Kind-Eyed Chief": Forgotten Champion of Hawaii's Freedom |work= Hawaiian Journal of History |volume= 19 |author= Frank W. Gapp |year= 1985 |pages= 101–121}}</ref>

On 26 July Rear-Admiral Thomas sailed into Honolulu harbour on his flagship {{HMS|Dublin|1812|6}} and requested an interview with the king. Kamehameha was more than happy to tell his side of the story. On 31 July, with the arrival of American warships, Thomas informed Kamehameha III the occupation was over. He reserved the right to protect British citizens, but respected the sovereignty of the Kingdom. The site of a ceremony raising the [[flag of Hawaii]] was made into a park in downtown Honolulu named [[Thomas Square]] in his honor.<ref name="focus">{{cite web |title= Thomas Square nomination form |author= Dorothy Riconda |work= National Register of Historic Places |date= 23 March 1972 |publisher= U.S. National Park Service |url= {{NRHP url|id=72000423}} |access-date=21 February 2010 }}</ref> The pathways are shaped in the form of the British flag. 31 July is celebrated as ''[[Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea]]'' or Restoration Day holiday.<ref>{{cite web |title= Lā Ho'iho'i Ea / Restoration Day |publisher= Hawaii State [[Office of Hawaiian Affairs]] |date= 30 June 2008 |author= Blaine Fergerstrom |url= http://www.oha.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=657&Itemid=158 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110615172552/http://www.oha.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=657&Itemid=158 |archive-date= 15 June 2011}}</ref> A phrase from the speech made by Kamehameha III became the motto of Hawaii, and is included on the coat of arms and [[Seal of Hawaii]]: ''Ua Mau ke Ea o ka {{okina}}Āina i ka Pono'', roughly translated from the [[Hawaiian language]] into English as "The sovereignty of the land is perpetuated in righteousness."<ref name="focus"/> Jones tried to hasten the peace process by inviting British officers to dinners, and celebrations including the restored king.<ref name="hjh95"/>

==References== {{Reflist}}

==Further reading== * {{Cite book |last=Kuykendall |first=Ralph S. |year=2021 |orig-year=1947 |chapter=XIII. 'The Paulet Episode' |title=The Hawaiian Kingdom |volume=1: ''Foundation and Transformation, 1778–1854'' |location=Honolulu |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |pages=206–226 |isbn=978-0-87022-431-7 |oclc=414551}} * {{cite book |last=Siler |first= Julia Flynn |year= 2013 |title=The Lost Kingdom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BA-TSRWOnIcC |publisher=Grove Press |isbn=978-0-8021-9488-6}} * {{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Alexander |year= 1843 |title=The Sandwich Islands: progress of events since their discovery by Captain Cook. Their occupation by Lord George Paulet. Their value and importance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8H4FAAAAQAAJ |publisher=Smith, Elder }}

[[Category:1843 in Hawaii]] [[Category:19th-century military history of the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Battles involving Hawaii]] [[Category:Battles involving the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1843]] [[Category:Foreign relations of the Hawaiian Kingdom]] [[Category:George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen]] [[Category:Hawaiian Kingdom]] [[Category:Punitive expeditions of the United Kingdom]] [[Category:United Kingdom–United States relations]]