{{Short description|American bioengineer and molecular biologist}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}} {{Infobox scientist | name = Patrick D. Hsu | birth_name = Patrick David Hsu | birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1993}} | birth_place = [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]] | citizenship = {{US}} | fields = [[Bioengineering]], [[CRISPR gene editing|Gene editing]], [[Synthetic biology]], [[Machine learning]] | workplaces = [[Stanford University]], [[Arc Institute]] | education = {{Plainlist| * [[University of California, Berkeley]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]]) * [[Harvard University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]], [[PhD]]) }} | thesis_title = Genome engineering and RNA-guided systems | thesis_year = 2014 | doctoral_advisor = [[Feng Zhang]] | known_for = CRISPR, machine learning, synthetic biology, gene therapy | awards = {{Plainlist| * [[Richard Rainwater|Rainwater]] Prize * [[MIT Technology Review]] [[Innovators Under 35]] * [[Amgen]] Young Investigator Award * [[NIH]] Early Independence Award }} | website = [https://arclabs.org/hsulab Hsu Lab] }}
'''Patrick D. Hsu''' (born 1993) is an American bioengineer, entrepreneur, and investor specializing in [[CRISPR]], [[machine learning]], [[synthetic biology]], and [[gene therapy]]. He is an assistant professor of [[pathology]] at [[Stanford University]] and a co-founder of [[Arc Institute]], a research organization focused on accelerating biomedical discovery.<ref name="Hsu Lab at Arc Institute">{{Cite web |title=Hsu Lab at Arc Institute |url=https://arclabs.org/hsulab |access-date=March 3, 2025}}</ref>
== Biography == Hsu earned his bachelor's degree in bioengineering from the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. He then completed his PhD at [[Harvard University]] under the mentorship of [[Feng Zhang]] at the [[Broad Institute]] of MIT and Harvard, where he worked on early CRISPR-based gene-editing technologies, including one of the first demonstrations of Cas9 human genome engineering.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cong |first=Le |last2=Ran |first2=F. Ann |last3=Cox |first3=David |last4=Lin |first4=Shuailiang |last5=Barretto |first5=Robert |last6=Habib |first6=Naomi |last7=Hsu |first7=Patrick D. |last8=Wu |first8=Xuebing |last9=Jiang |first9=Wenyan |last10=Marraffini |first10=Luciano A. |last11=Zhang |first11=Feng |date=2013-02-15 |title=Multiplex Genome Engineering Using CRISPR/Cas Systems |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1231143 |journal=Science |volume=339 |issue=6121 |pages=819–823 |doi=10.1126/science.1231143 |pmc=3795411 |pmid=23287718}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hsu |first=Patrick D. |last2=Scott |first2=David A. |last3=Weinstein |first3=Joshua A. |last4=Ran |first4=F. Ann |last5=Konermann |first5=Silvana |last6=Agarwala |first6=Vineeta |last7=Li |first7=Yinqing |last8=Fine |first8=Eli J. |last9=Wu |first9=Xuebing |last10=Shalem |first10=Ophir |last11=Cradick |first11=Thomas J. |last12=Marraffini |first12=Luciano A. |last13=Bao |first13=Gang |last14=Zhang |first14=Feng |date=September 2013 |title=DNA targeting specificity of RNA-guided Cas9 nucleases |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.2647 |journal=Nature Biotechnology |language=en |volume=31 |issue=9 |pages=827–832 |doi=10.1038/nbt.2647 |issn=1546-1696|pmc=3969858 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hsu |first1=PD |last2=Lander |first2=ES |last3=Zhang |first3=F |title=Development and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for genome engineering |journal=Cell |year=2014 |volume=157 |issue=6 |pages=1262–1278 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.010|pmid=24906146 |pmc=4343198 |hdl=1721.1/111575 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=under>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-12 |title=Patrick Hsu Named One of Forbes 30 Scientists Under 30 |url=https://www.mcb.harvard.edu/department/news/patrick-hsu-named-one-of-forbes-30-scientists-under-30/ |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=Harvard University - Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology |language=en-US}}</ref>
After completing his doctorate at age 21,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-07 |title=Patrick Hsu: Pioneering Digital Biology at the Arc Institute |url=https://crazystupidtech.com/2025/04/07/a-biology-lab-without-test-tubes-sooner-than-you-think-says-arcs-patrick-hsu/ |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=Crazy Stupid Tech |language=en-US}}</ref> Hsu led early stage discovery projects at [[Editas Medicine]].<ref name=under/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyle |first=Alan |date=2016-01-05 |title=Gates-backed Editas Medicine files for IPO, marking CRISPR gene-editing milestone |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2016/gates-backed-editas-medicine-files-for-ipo-in-crispr-gene-editing-milestone/ |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=GeekWire |language=en-US}}</ref> At 23, he established his independent research group as a Salk Fellow at the [[Salk Institute for Biological Studies]], where he developed [[Cas13|CRISPR-Cas13]] systems for transcriptome engineering.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patrick Hsu - Salk Institute |url=https://www.salk.edu/scientist/patrick-hsu/ |access-date=March 3, 2025}}</ref> In 2020, he joined the bioengineering faculty at the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. In 2026, he left UC Berkeley and joined the pathology department faculty at [[Stanford University]]. His lab, located at Arc Institute, focuses on AI foundation models for biology and developing gene editing technologies.<ref name="Hsu Lab at Arc Institute"/> His research has over 65,000 citations, according to [[Google Scholar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patrick D. Hsu |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=LhnU_joAAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref>
In 2020, he helped start [[Fast Grants]] to provide funding to scientists working on research projects that could help with the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. Along with [[Stanford University]] professor [[Silvana Konermann]] and [[Stripe, Inc.|Stripe]] CEO [[Patrick Collison]], Hsu is a co-founder of [[Arc Institute]], a nonprofit research organization focused on accelerating discoveries in biology and medicine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arc Institute - Patrick Hsu |url=https://arclabs.org/hsulab |access-date=March 3, 2025}}</ref>
== Achievements and recognition == Hsu was named to the [[MIT Technology Review]] [[Innovators Under 35]] list in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MIT Technology Review - Innovators Under 35: Patrick Hsu |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/innovator/patrick-hsu |access-date=March 3, 2025}}</ref> He was included in [[Forbes 30 Under 30]] in Science in 2015 for his contributions to CRISPR technology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patrick Hsu, 22 - 2015-01-05 - 2015 30 Under 30: Science |url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/ggik45ekh/patrick-hsu-22/ |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> His lab's discovery of programmable recombinases was named among the 5 Important Medical Breakthroughs of 2024 by [[Forbes]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eckhardt |first=Juergen |title=5 Important Medical Breakthroughs Of 2024 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/juergeneckhardt/2024/12/19/five-of-the-most-important-medical-breakthroughs-of-2024/ |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> and genomic language models developed by Arc scientists were named one of The Most Important Breakthroughs of 2024 by [[The Atlantic]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Derek |date=2024-12-29 |title=The Most Important Breakthroughs of 2024 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/12/2024-scientific-technological-advancements/681158/ |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref>
== Research == Hsu's research focuses on using [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) to advance biology<ref>{{cite video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-_58dabswU |title=Arc Institute's Patrick Hsu on Building an App Store for Biology with AI |date=2024-03-18 <!-- change to the upload date shown on the video page --> |language=en |publisher=YouTube |access-date=2025-05-10}}</ref> as well as the development of genome editing technologies such as [[recombinase]]s and [[CRISPR gene editing|CRISPR]]. This includes using AI to advance [[cell-based models]].<ref>{{cite video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ak_f1BoLP24 |title=No Priors Ep. 1-3 With Vevo Therapeutics and the Arc Institute |date=2025-02-25 <!-- change to the upload date shown on the video page --> |language=en |publisher=YouTube |access-date=2025-05-11}}</ref> His work has contributed to: * DNA foundation models that enable biological sequence modeling and design across molecular contexts and modalities, published on the cover of [[Science (journal)|Science]] in November 2024.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nguyen |first1=Eric |last2=Poli |first2=Michael |last3=Durrant |first3=Matthew G. |last4=Kang |first4=Brian |last5=Katrekar |first5=Dhruva |last6=Li |first6=David B. |last7=Bartie |first7=Liam J. |last8=Thomas |first8=Armin W. |last9=King |first9=Samuel H. |last10=Brixi |first10=Garyk |last11=Sullivan |first11=Jeremy |last12=Ng |first12=Madelena Y. |last13=Lewis |first13=Ashley |last14=Lou |first14=Aaron |last15=Ermon |first15=Stefano |year=2024 |title=Sequence modeling and design from molecular to genome scale with Evo |journal=Science |volume=386 |issue=6723 |article-number=eado9336 |doi=10.1126/science.ado9336 |pmc=12057570 |last16=Baccus |first16=Stephen A. |last17=Hernandez-Boussard |first17=Tina |last18=Ré |first18=Christopher |last19=Hsu |first19=Patrick D. |last20=Hie |first20=Brian L.|pmid=39541441 |bibcode=2024Sci...386o9336N }}</ref> * AI-driven gene editing, where computational models are used to design new gene editors that surpass naturally occurring enzymes.<ref>{{Cite journal |title='ChatGPT for CRISPR' Creates New Gene-Editing Tools |journal=Nature |date=2024-05-10 |doi=10.1038/d41586-024-01243-w |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-01243-w |last1=Callaway |first1=Ewen |volume=629 |issue=8011 |page=272 |pmid=38684833 |bibcode=2024Natur.629..272C |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * Bridge RNAs for programmable recombination, which allow for precise DNA modifications without traditional genome-editing tools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Durrant |first1=Matthew G. |last2=Perry |first2=Nicholas T. |last3=Pai |first3=James J. |last4=Jangid |first4=Aditya R. |last5=Athukoralage |first5=Januka S. |last6=Hiraizumi |first6=Masahiro |last7=McSpedon |first7=John P. |last8=Pawluk |first8=April |last9=Nishimasu |first9=Hiroshi |last10=Konermann |first10=Silvana |last11=Hsu |first11=Patrick D. |date=June 2024 |title=Bridge RNAs direct programmable recombination of target and donor DNA |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=630 |issue=8018 |pages=984–993 |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07552-4 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=11208160 |pmid=38926615|bibcode=2024Natur.630..984D }}</ref> In 2025, his research group reported in [[Science (journal)|Science]] the ability to manipulate up to 1 million bases of the human genome.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Perry |first=Nicholas T. |last2=Bartie |first2=Liam J. |last3=Katrekar |first3=Dhruva |last4=Gonzalez |first4=Gabriel A. |last5=Durrant |first5=Matthew G. |last6=Pai |first6=James J. |last7=Fanton |first7=Alison |last8=Martins |first8=Juliana Q. |last9=Hiraizumi |first9=Masahiro |last10=Ricci-Tam |first10=Chiara |last11=Nishimasu |first11=Hiroshi |last12=Konermann |first12=Silvana |last13=Hsu |first13=Patrick D. |date=2025-09-25 |title=Megabase-scale human genome rearrangement with programmable bridge recombinases |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adz0276 |journal=Science |volume=0 |issue=0 |article-number=eadz0276 |doi=10.1126/science.adz0276|url-access=subscription }}</ref> * "[[Jumping gene]]" enzymes, which enable DNA insertion and deletion without using CRISPR, a novel approach published in [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=No CRISPR: Oddball 'Jumping Gene' Enzyme Edits Genomes |journal=Nature |date=2024-07-01 |volume=631 |issue=8020 |pages=470–471 |doi=10.1038/d41586-024-02141-x |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-02141-x |last1=Ledford |first1=Heidi |pmid=38937599 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * CRISPR-based DNA and RNA-targeting technologies, establishing widely used tools for genome editing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hsu |first1=PD |last2=Scott |first2=DA |last3=Weinstein |first3=JA |year=2013 |title=DNA targeting specificity of RNA-guided Cas9 nucleases |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=31 |issue=9 |pages=827–832 |doi=10.1038/nbt.2647 |pmid=23873081 |pmc=3969858}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Konermann |first1=Silvana |last2=Lotfy |first2=Peter |last3=Brideau |first3=Nicholas J. |last4=Oki |first4=Jennifer |last5=Shokhirev |first5=Maxim N. |last6=Hsu |first6=Patrick D. |date=April 2018 |title=Transcriptome Engineering with RNA-Targeting Type VI-D CRISPR Effectors |journal=Cell |language=en |volume=173 |issue=3 |pages=665–676.e14 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.033 |pmc=5910255 |pmid=29551272}}</ref>
==Commercial interests== Hsu is a co-founder of Stylus Medicine, a biotechnology company that raised $85 million in 2025 to commercialize gene insertion technology developed in his lab,<ref>{{cite web |last=Langreth |first=Robert |title=Exclusive: Patrick Hsu's startup Stylus Medicine launches, looks beyond CRISPR for gene insertion tech |url=https://endpts.com/exclusive-patrick-hsus-startup-stylus-medicine-launches-looks-beyond-crispr-for-gene-insertion-tech/ |website=Endpoints News |date=12 May 2025 |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> and of Terrain Biosciences, a startup leveraging AI models and technologies for designing and manufacturing RNA.<ref>{{Cite press release |last=Terrain Biosciences|title=Terrain Biosciences emerges from stealth to enable faster therapeutics and vaccine development with better RNA |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/terrain-biosciences-emerges-from-stealth-to-enable-faster-therapeutics-and-vaccine-development-with-better-rna-302373991.html |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=www.prnewswire.com |language=en}}</ref>
Since September 2025, Hsu has been a Venture Partner with [[Thrive Capital]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patrick Hsu LinkedIn |url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/pdhsu_thrilled-to-share-that-ive-joined-thrive-activity-7371645036955922432-DMSW/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=LinkedIn |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Patrick Hsu joins Thrive Capital as venture partner, continues Arc Institute {{!}} Alex Konrad posted on the topic {{!}} LinkedIn |url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/alexrkonrad_news-prominent-bay-area-bio-and-ai-expert-activity-7371558090447532032-u_CB |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=www.linkedin.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Time100 AI 2025: Joshua Kushner |url=https://time.com/collections/time100-ai-2025/7305809/joshua-kushner/}}</ref> Hsu's investments as an [[angel investor|angel investor]] include [[Varda Space Industries]] and [[Cradle (company)|Cradle Bio]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Endpoints Slack interview: Arc Institute's Patrick Hsu on investing, AI and new ways of research |url=https://endpoints.news/endpoints-slack-interview-arc-institutes-patrick-hsu-on-ai-bio-investing/ |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=Endpoints News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Announcing our Seed and Series A from Sequoia and Kleiner Perkins to Launch the AI SRE for the Enterprise - Blog {{!}} Traversal |url=https://traversal.com/blog/launch-announcement |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=traversal.com |language=en}}</ref>
== References == {{Reflist}}
== External links == * [https://arcinstitute.org/labs/hsulab Hsu Lab at Arc Institute] * [https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/12/2024-scientific-technological-advancements/681158/ The Atlantic - The Most Important Breakthroughs of 2024] * [https://www.technologyreview.com/innovator/patrick-hsu MIT Technology Review - Innovators Under 35] * [https://www.forbes.com/pictures/ggik45ekh/patrick-hsu-22/ Forbes 30 Under 30 - Science] * [https://www.salk.edu/scientist/patrick-hsu Salk Institute Research Fellows]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hsu, Patrick}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American bioengineers]] [[Category:Synthetic biologists]] [[Category:University of California, Berkeley faculty]] [[Category:Harvard University alumni]] [[Category:Broad Institute people]] [[Category:1993 births]]