Viral disease

{{Short description|Animal or plant disease resulting from a viral infection}} {{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}} {{Infobox medical condition | name = Viral disease | image = Viral infections and involved species.svg | caption = Types of viral diseases | pronounce = | field = Infectious disease | synonyms = Viral infection | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = Virus | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = Antiviral drugs | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }}

A '''viral disease''' (or '''viral infection''') occurs when an organism's body is invaded by pathogenic viruses, and infectious virus particles (virions) attach to and enter susceptible cells.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=M.P. |last2=Kobiler |first2=O. |last3=Enquist |first3=L. W. |year=2012 |title=Alphaherpesvirus axon-to-cell spread involves limited virion transmission |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |publisher=PNAS |volume=106 |issue=42 |pages=17046–17051 |bibcode=2012PNAS..10917046T |doi=10.1073/pnas.1212926109 |pmc=3479527 |pmid=23027939 |doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Virosis''' is a disease or infection caused by a virus.<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|virosis|access-date=2026-05-09}}</ref>

Examples include the common cold, gastroenteritis, COVID-19, the flu, and rabies.<ref>see below in this article</ref>

==Structural characteristics== [[File: Virus size.png|thumb|Virions of some of the most common human viruses with their relative size. Nucleic acids are not to scale. SARS stands for SARS-CoV-1 or COVID-19, variola viruses for smallpox.]] Basic structural characteristics, such as genome type, virion shape and replication site, generally share the same features among virus species within the same family.{{cn|date=June 2021}} * Double-stranded DNA families: three are non-enveloped (''Adenoviridae'', ''Papillomaviridae'' and ''Polyomaviridae'') and two are enveloped (''Herpesviridae'' and ''Poxviridae''). All of the non-enveloped families have icosahedral capsids. * Partly double-stranded DNA viruses: ''Hepadnaviridae''. These viruses are enveloped. * One family of single-stranded DNA viruses infects humans: ''Parvoviridae''. These viruses are non-enveloped. * Positive single-stranded RNA families: three non-enveloped (''Astroviridae'', ''Caliciviridae'' and ''Picornaviridae'') and four enveloped (''Coronaviridae'', ''Flaviviridae'', ''Retroviridae'' and ''Togaviridae''). All the non-enveloped families have icosahedral nucleocapsids. * Negative single-stranded RNA families: ''Arenaviridae'', ''Bunyaviridae'', ''Filoviridae'', ''Orthomyxoviridae'', ''Paramyxoviridae'' and ''Rhabdoviridae''. All are enveloped with helical nucleocapsids. * Double-stranded RNA genome: ''Reoviridae''. * The Hepatitis D virus has not yet been assigned to a family, but is clearly distinct from the other families infecting humans. * Viruses known to infect humans that have not been associated with disease: the family ''Anelloviridae'' and the genus ''Dependovirus''. Both of these taxa are non-enveloped single-stranded DNA viruses.

===Pragmatic rules=== Human-infecting virus families offer rules that may assist physicians and medical microbiologists/virologists.{{cn|date=June 2021}}

As a general rule, DNA viruses replicate within the cell nucleus while RNA viruses replicate within the cytoplasm. Exceptions are known to this rule: poxviruses replicate within the cytoplasm and orthomyxoviruses and hepatitis D virus (RNA viruses) replicate within the nucleus.{{cn|date=June 2021}} * Segmented genomes: ''Bunyaviridae'', ''Orthomyxoviridae'', ''Arenaviridae'', and ''Reoviridae'' (acronym BOAR). All are RNA viruses. * Viruses transmitted almost exclusively by arthropods: ''Bunyavirus'', ''Flavivirus'', and ''Togavirus''. Some Reoviruses are transmitted from arthropod vectors. All are RNA viruses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mhunt/arbo.htm|title=Arboviruses|last1=Hunt|first1=M.|publisher=University of South Carolina School of Medicine}}</ref> * One family of enveloped viruses causes gastroenteritis (''Coronaviridae''). All other viruses associated with gastroenteritis are non-enveloped.

=== Baltimore group === This group of analysts defined multiple categories of virus. Groups:{{cn|date=June 2022}} * I - dsDNA * II - ssDNA * III - dsRNA * IV - positive-sense ssRNA * V - negative-sense ssRNA * VI - ssRNA-RT * VII - dsDNA-RT

{{Anchor|Table}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- |+Clinically important virus families and species with characteristics |- ! Family !Baltimore group ! Important species !Envelopment |- |''Adenoviridae'' |I<ref name="Lippincott2007">{{cite book|last1=Fisher|first1=Bruce|title=Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology|last2=Harvey|first2=Richard P.|last3=Champe|first3=Pamela C.|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7817-8215-9|series=Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series|location=Hagerstown MD|pages=354–366|url=http://med-mu.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/lippincotts_microbiology.pdf|access-date=7 September 2020|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022124451/http://med-mu.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/lippincotts_microbiology.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Dimitrov2004" /> |''Adenovirus''<ref name="Lippincott2007" /><ref name="Dimitrov2004" /> | N<ref name="Lippincott2007" /><ref name="Dimitrov2004">Table 1 in: {{cite journal|last1=Dimitrov|first1=Dimiter S.|title=Virus entry: molecular mechanisms and biomedical applications|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|volume=2|issue=2|year=2004|pages=109–22|issn=1740-1526|doi=10.1038/nrmicro817|pmid=15043007|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1233550|pmc=7097642}}</ref> |- |''Herpesviridae'' |I<ref name="Lippincott2007" /><ref name="Dimitrov2004" /> |Herpes simplex, type 1, Herpes simplex, type 2, Varicella-zoster virus, Epstein–Barr virus, Human cytomegalovirus, Human herpesvirus, type 8<ref>{{cite journal|last=Adams|first=MJ|author2=Carstens EB|title=Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2012)|journal=Arch. Virol.|date=Jul 2012|volume=157|pages=1411–22|doi=10.1007/s00705-012-1299-6|pmid=22481600|issue=7|pmc=7086667|url=http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/121363/1/121363.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Baron">{{cite book | author = Whitley RJ | title = Herpesviruses. ''in:'' Baron's Medical Microbiology| editor = Baron S| display-editors = etal| edition = 4th | publisher = Univ of Texas Medical Branch | year = 1996 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.chapter.3567 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071029132923/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.chapter.3567 | url-status = dead | archive-date = October 29, 2007 | isbn = 0-9631172-1-1 }}</ref><ref name="Elsevier">{{cite book |vauthors=Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA | title = Medical Microbiology | edition = 5th | publisher = Elsevier Mosby | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-323-03303-9 }}</ref> | Y<ref name="Lippincott2007" /><ref name="Dimitrov2004" /> |- |''Papillomaviridae'' |I<ref name="Lippincott2007" /><ref name="deVilliers2004">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Villiers EM, Fauquet C, Broker TR, Bernard HU, zur Hausen H | title=Classification of papillomaviruses | journal=Virology | volume=324 |issue=1 | pages=17–27 | year=2004 | pmid=15183049 | doi=10.1016/j.virol.2004.03.033| doi-access=free }}</ref> |Human papillomavirus<ref name="Lippincott2007" /><ref name="deVilliers2004" /> | N<ref name="Lippincott2007" /><ref name="deVilliers2004" /> |- |''Polyomaviridae'' |I<ref name="Lippincott2007" /><ref name="viralzone-adenovirus">{{cite web|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/58.html|title=Polyomavirus|website=ViralZone|access-date=2015-10-03|publisher=SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics}}</ref> |BK virus, JC virus<ref name="Lippincott2007" /><ref name="viralzone-adenovirus" /> | N<ref name="Lippincott2007" /><ref name="viralzone-adenovirus" /> |- |''Poxviridae'' |I<ref name="Lippincott2007" /><ref name="Dimitrov2004" /> |Smallpox<ref name="Lippincott2007" /><ref name="Dimitrov2004" /> | Y<ref name="Lippincott2007" /><ref name="Dimitrov2004" /> |- |''Parvoviridae'' |II<ref name="Lippincott2007" /><ref name="Dimitrov2004" /> |Parvovirus B19<ref name="Lippincott2007" /><ref name="Dimitrov2004" /> | N<ref name="Lippincott2007" /><ref name="Dimitrov2004" /> |- |''Reoviridae'' |III<ref name="lennette2010" /> |Rotavirus,<ref name="lennette2010" /> Orbivirus, Coltivirus, Banna virus | N<ref name="Dimitrov2004" /> |- |''Astroviridae'' |IV<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Murillo A, Vera-Estrella R, Barkla BJ, Méndez E, Arias CF |title=Identification of Host Cell Factors Associated with Astrovirus Replication in Caco-2 Cells |journal=J. Virol. |volume=89 |issue=20 |pages=10359–70 |year=2015 |pmid=26246569 |doi=10.1128/JVI.01225-15 |pmc=4580174}}</ref> |Human astrovirus<ref name="Dimitrov2004" /> | N<ref name="Dimitrov2004" /> |- |''Caliciviridae'' |IV<ref name="lennette2010">[https://books.google.com/books?id=l2PMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA273 Page 273] in: {{cite book|title=Lennette's Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infections|edition=Fourth|publisher=CRC Press|year=2010|isbn=978-1420084962}}</ref> |Norwalk virus<ref name="Dimitrov2004" /> | N<ref name="Dimitrov2004" /> |- |''Coronaviridae'' |IV<ref name="StaplefordMiller2010">{{cite journal|last1=Stapleford|first1=Kenneth A.|last2=Miller|first2=David J.|title=Role of Cellular Lipids in Positive-Sense RNA Virus Replication Complex Assembly and Function|journal=Viruses|volume=2|issue=5|year=2010|pages=1055–68|issn=1999-4915|doi=10.3390/v2051055|pmc=3187604|pmid=21994671|doi-access=free}}</ref> |Human coronavirus 229E, Human coronavirus NL63, Human coronavirus OC43, Human coronavirus HKU1, Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus,<ref name="Dimitrov2004" /> Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | Y<ref name="Dimitrov2004" /> |- |''Flaviviridae'' |IV<ref name="Lippincott2007" /><ref name="Dimitrov2004" /><ref name="CookMoureau2009">{{cite journal|last1=Cook|first1=S.|last2=Moureau|first2=G.|last3=Harbach|first3=R. E.|last4=Mukwaya|first4=L.|last5=Goodger|first5=K.|last6=Ssenfuka|first6=F.|last7=Gould|first7=E.|last8=Holmes|first8=E. C.|last9=de Lamballerie|first9=X.|title=Isolation of a novel species of flavivirus and a new strain of Culex flavivirus (Flaviviridae) from a natural mosquito population in Uganda|journal=Journal of General Virology|volume=90|issue=11|year=2009|pages=2669–78|issn=0022-1317|doi=10.1099/vir.0.014183-0|pmc=2885038|pmid=19656970}}</ref> |Hepatitis C virus,<ref name="Lippincott2007" /> yellow fever virus,<ref name="Lippincott2007" /> dengue virus,<ref name="Lippincott2007" /> West Nile virus,<ref name="Lippincott2007" /> TBE virus,<ref name="Dimitrov2004" /> Zika virus | Y<ref name="Lippincott2007" /><ref name="Dimitrov2004" /> |- |''Hepeviridae'' |IV<ref name="viralzone-hepe">{{cite web|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/714.html|title=Hepeviridae|website=ViralZone|publisher=SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics |access-date=2015-10-03}}</ref> |Hepatitis E virus<ref name="Dimitrov2004" /> | N<ref name="Dimitrov2004" /><ref name="viralzone-hepe" /> |- |''Matonaviridae'' |IV<ref name="Lippincott2007" /><ref name="Dimitrov2004" /><ref name="Simon-LoriereHolmes2011">{{cite journal|last1=Simon-Loriere|first1=Etienne|last2=Holmes|first2=Edward C.|title=Why do RNA viruses recombine?|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|volume=9|issue=8|year=2011|pages=617–26|issn=1740-1526|doi=10.1038/nrmicro2614|pmid=21725337|pmc=3324781}}</ref> |Rubella virus<ref name="Lippincott2007" /><ref>{{cite web|title=2018.013S.R.Matonaviridae|url=https://talk.ictvonline.org/files/ictv_official_taxonomy_updates_since_the_8th_report/m/animal-ssrna-viruses/8087|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029221401/https://talk.ictvonline.org/files/ictv_official_taxonomy_updates_since_the_8th_report/m/animal-ssrna-viruses/8087|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 29, 2019|website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)|language=en|access-date=2020-05-28}}</ref> | Y<ref name="Lippincott2007" /><ref name="Dimitrov2004" /> |- |''Picornaviridae'' |IV<ref name="TuthillGroppelli2010">{{cite book|last1=Tuthill|first1=Tobias J.|last2=Groppelli|first2=Elisabetta|last3=Hogle|first3=James M.|last4=Rowlands|first4=David J.|title=Picornaviruses|volume=343|year=2010|pages=43–89|issn=0070-217X|doi=10.1007/82_2010_37|series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology|pmc=3018333|pmid=20397067|isbn=978-3-642-13331-2}}</ref> |coxsackievirus, hepatitis A virus, poliovirus,<ref name="Dimitrov2004" /> rhinovirus | N<ref name="Dimitrov2004" /> |- |''Arenaviridae'' |V<ref name="viralzone-arena">{{cite web|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/501.html|title=Arenaviridae|website=ViralZone|publisher=SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics|access-date=2015-10-03|archive-date=2015-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004065947/http://viralzone.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/501.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Lassa virus<ref name="Dimitrov2004" /><ref name="viralzone-arena" /> | Y<ref name="Dimitrov2004" /><ref name="viralzone-arena" /> |- |''Bunyaviridae'' |V<ref name="viralzone-bunya">{{cite web|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/82.html|title=Bunyaviridae|website=ViralZone|publisher=SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics|access-date=2015-10-03|archive-date=2015-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004062727/http://viralzone.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/82.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Hantaan virus<ref name="Dimitrov2004" /> | Y<ref name="Dimitrov2004" /><ref name="viralzone-bunya" /> |- |''Filoviridae'' |V<ref name="viralzone-filo">{{cite web|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/23.html|title=Filoviridae|website=ViralZone|publisher=SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics|access-date=2015-10-03|archive-date=2015-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004110039/http://viralzone.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/23.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Ebola virus,<ref name="viralzone-filo" /> Marburg virus<ref name="viralzone-filo" /> | Y<ref name="Dimitrov2004" /> |- |''Orthomyxoviridae'' |V<ref name="Lippincott2007" /><ref name="viralzone-orthomyxo">{{cite web|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_protein/223.html|title=Orthomyxoviridae|website=ViralZone|publisher=SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics |access-date=2015-10-03}}</ref> |Influenza virus<ref name="Lippincott2007" /><ref name="viralzone-orthomyxo" /> | Y<ref name="Lippincott2007" /><ref name="viralzone-orthomyxo" /> |- |''Paramyxoviridae'' |V<ref name="viralzone-paramyxo" /> |Measles virus,<ref name="Lippincott2007" /> Mumps virus,<ref name="Lippincott2007" /> Parainfluenza virus<ref name="Lippincott2007" /><ref name="Dimitrov2004" /> | Y<ref name="Lippincott2007" /><ref name="viralzone-paramyxo" /> |- |''Pneumoviridae'' |V <ref>{{cite web|title=Pneumoviridae ~ ViralZone page|url=https://viralzone.expasy.org/7877?outline=complete_by_species|access-date=2020-08-17|website=viralzone.expasy.org}}</ref> |Respiratory syncytial virus<ref name="Lippincott2007" /> |Y<ref name="Lippincott2007" /> |- |''Rhabdoviridae'' |V<ref name="viralzone-rhabdo">{{cite web|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/2.html|title=Rhabdoviridae|website=ViralZone|publisher=SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics|access-date=2015-10-03|archive-date=2015-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004073838/http://viralzone.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/2.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Rabies virus<ref name="Lippincott2007" /><ref name="Dimitrov2004" /> | Y<ref name="Lippincott2007" /><ref name="Dimitrov2004" /> |- | Unassigned<ref name="viralzone-delta">{{cite web|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/175.html|title=Deltavirus|website=ViralZone|publisher=SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics |access-date=2015-10-03}}</ref> |V<ref name="viralzone-delta" /> |Hepatitis D<ref name="viralzone-delta" /> | Y<ref name="viralzone-delta" /> |- |''Retroviridae'' |VI<ref name="Lippincott2007" /><ref name="viralzone-retro">{{cite web|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/71.html|title=Retroviridae|website=ViralZone|publisher=SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics|access-date=2015-10-03|archive-date=2015-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004105334/http://viralzone.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/71.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |HIV<ref name="Lippincott2007" /><ref name="Dimitrov2004" /> | Y<ref name="Lippincott2007" /><ref name="Dimitrov2004" /> |- |''Hepadnaviridae'' |VII<ref name="Lippincott2007" /> |Hepatitis B virus<ref name="Lippincott2007" /><ref name="Dimitrov2004" /> | Y<ref name="Lippincott2007" /><ref name="Dimitrov2004" /> |}

===Clinical characteristics===

The clinical characteristics of viruses may differ substantially among species within the same family:

{| class="wikitable sortable" ! Type ! Family ! Transmission ! Diseases ! Treatment ! Prevention |- | Adenovirus | ''Adenoviridae'' | * droplet contact<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * fecal-oral<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * venereal<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * direct eye contact<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | * gastroenteritis<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * keratoconjunctivitis<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * pharyngitis<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * pharyngoconjunctival fever<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | None<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | * Adenovirus vaccine * hand washing * covering mouth when coughing or sneezing * avoiding close contact with the sick |- | Coxsackievirus | ''Picornaviridae'' | * fecal-oral<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-coxsackie>{{cite web|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/97.html|title=Enterovirus|website=ViralZone|access-date=2015-10-12|publisher=SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics}}</ref> * respiratory<ref name=viralzone-coxsackie/> droplet contact<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | * Hand, foot and mouth disease<ref name="Repass2014">{{cite journal|vauthors=Repass GL, Palmer WC, Stancampiano FF |title=Hand, foot, and mouth disease: Identifying and managing an acute viral syndrome |journal=Cleve Clin J Med |volume=81 |issue=9 |pages=537–43|date=September 2014|pmid=25183845|url=http://www.ccjm.org/content/81/9/537.long |doi=10.3949/ccjm.81a.13132|doi-access=free }}</ref> * pleurodynia<ref name=viralzone-coxsackie/> * aseptic meningitis<ref name=viralzone-coxsackie/> * pericarditis * myocarditis | None<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | * hand washing * covering mouth when coughing/sneezing * avoiding contaminated food/water * improved sanitation |- | Cytomegalovirus | ''Herpesviridae'' | * vertical transmission<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-herpesviridae/><ref name = cdcmeg2017/> * bodily fluids<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | * infectious mononucleosis<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * Cytomegalic inclusion disease<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * Premature birth<ref name="cdcmeg2017">{{cite web | publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | date = April 13, 2017 | access-date = June 17, 2017 | url = https://www.cdc.gov/cmv/congenital-infection.html | title = Babies Born with CMV (Congenital CMV Infection) }}{{CDC}}</ref> * liver, lung and spleen diseases in the newborn<ref name = cdcmeg2017/> * Small size at birth<ref name = cdcmeg2017/> * Small head size<ref name = cdcmeg2017/> * congenital seizures in the newborn<ref name = cdcmeg2017/> | * ganciclovir<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * cidofovir<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * foscarnet<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | * hand washing * avoid sharing food and drinks with others * safe sex |- | Epstein–Barr virus | ''Herpesviridae'' | * saliva<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | * infectious mononucleosis<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * Burkitt's lymphoma<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * Hodgkin's lymphoma * nasopharyngeal carcinoma | None<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | * avoiding close contact with the sick |- | Hepatitis A virus | ''Picornaviridae'' | * fecal-oral<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-hepatitisA>{{cite web|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/33.html|title=Picornaviridae|website=ViralZone|access-date=2015-10-10|publisher=SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics|archive-date=2015-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220105508/http://viralzone.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/33.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | * acute hepatitis<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-hepatitisA/> | Immunoglobulin (post-exposure prophylaxis)<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | * Hepatitis A vaccine<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-hepatitisA/> * avoiding contaminated food/water<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * improved sanitation |- | Hepatitis B virus | ''Hepadnaviridae'' | * bodily fluids<ref name=Lippincott2007/> Vertical and sexual<ref name=viralzone-hepatitisB/> | * acute hepatitis<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-hepatitisB/> * chronic hepatitis<ref name=viralzone-hepatitisB/> * hepatic cirrhosis<ref name=viralzone-hepatitisB/> * hepatocellular carcinoma<ref name=viralzone-hepatitisB/> | * Lamivudine<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-hepatitisB/> * immunoglobulin<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * Adefovir<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * Entecavir<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * Pegylated interferon alfa-2<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | * Hepatitis B vaccine<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-hepatitisB>{{cite web|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/9.html|title=Hepadnaviridae|website=ViralZone|access-date=2015-10-10|publisher=SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112829/http://viralzone.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/9.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * immunoglobulin (perinatal and post-exposure prophylaxis)<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * avoiding shared needles/syringes * safe sex |- | Hepatitis C virus | ''Flaviviridae'' | * blood<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * sexual contact<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | * acute hepatitis<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-hepatitisC>{{cite web|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/43.html|title=Flaviviridae|website=ViralZone|access-date=2015-10-10|publisher=SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics|archive-date=2016-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217185620/http://viralzone.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/43.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * chronic hepatitis<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * hepatic cirrhosis<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * hepatocellular carcinoma<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | * Ribavirin<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-hepatitisC/> * Pegylated interferon alfa-2<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | * avoiding shared needles/syringes * safe sex |- | Herpes simplex virus, type 1 | ''Herpesviridae'' | * direct contact<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-herpesviridae>{{cite web|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/176.html|title=Herpesviridae|website=ViralZone|access-date=2015-10-10|publisher=SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics|archive-date=2016-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202194635/http://viralzone.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/176.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * saliva<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-herpesviridae/> | * herpes labialis,<ref name=Lippincott2007/> cold sores<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-herpesviridae/> – can recur by latency<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * gingivostomatitis in children<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * tonsillitis & pharyngitis in adults<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * keratoconjunctivitis<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | * acyclovir<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-herpesviridae/> * famciclovir<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-herpesviridae/> * foscarnet<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * penciclovir<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | * avoiding close contact with lesions * safe sex |- | Herpes simplex virus, type 2 | ''Herpesviridae'' | * sexual contact<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-herpesviridae/> * vertical transmission<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-herpesviridae/> | * Skin vesicles, mucosal ulcers,<ref name=viralzone-herpesviridae/> Oral and/or genital<ref name=viralzone-herpesviridae/> <br>Can be latent<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * Aseptic meningitis<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | * acyclovir<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-herpesviridae/> * famciclovir<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-herpesviridae/> * foscarnet<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * penciclovir<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * cidofovir<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | * avoiding close contact with lesions<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * safe sex<ref name=Lippincott2007/> |- | HIV | ''Retroviridae'' | * sexual contact<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-hiv>{{cite web|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_protein/7.html|title=Human immunodeficiency virus 1|website=ViralZone|access-date=2015-10-10|publisher=SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics}}</ref> * blood<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-hiv/> * breast milk<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-hiv/> * vertical transmission | * AIDS<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | HAART,<ref name=Lippincott2007/> such as protease inhibitors<ref name=viralzone-hiv/> and reverse-transcriptase inhibitors<ref name=viralzone-hiv/> | * zidovudine (perinatally)<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * blood product screening<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * safe sex<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * avoiding shared needles/syringes |- | Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) | ''Coronaviridae'' | * droplet contact * fomites | * common cold * pneumonia * bronchiolitis | | |- | Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) | ''Coronaviridae'' | * droplet contact | * common cold * rhinitis * bronchitis * bronchiolitis * pneumonia * croup | | |- | Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) | ''Coronaviridae'' | | * common cold * pneumonia | | |- | Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) | ''Coronaviridae'' | | * common cold * pneumonia * bronchiolitis | | |- | Human herpesvirus, type 8 | ''Herpesviridae'' | * Saliva<ref name=viralzone-herpesviridae/> * Sexual<ref name=viralzone-herpesviridae/> | * Kaposi sarcoma<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * multicentric Castleman disease<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * primary effusion lymphoma<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | many in evaluation-stage<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | * avoid close contact with lesions * safe sex |- | Human papillomavirus | ''Papillomaviridae'' | * direct contact<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-papilloma>{{cite web|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/5.html|title=Papillomaviridae|website=ViralZone|access-date=2015-10-10|publisher=SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics|archive-date=2015-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305205831/http://viralzone.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/5.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * sexual contact<ref name=viralzone-papilloma/> * vertical transmission | * (common, flat, plantar and anogenital warts, laryngeal papillomas, epidermodysplasia verruciformis)<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * Malignancies for some species (cervical carcinoma,<ref name=viralzone-papilloma/> squamous cell carcinomas)<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | * liquid nitrogen<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * laser vaporization<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * cytotoxic chemicals<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * interferon<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * cidofovir<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | * HPV vaccine<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-papilloma/> * avoiding close contact with lesions<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * safe sex<ref name=Lippincott2007/> |- | Influenza virus | ''Orthomyxoviridae'' | * droplet contact<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | * influenza<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * (Reye syndrome)<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | * amantadine<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-orthomyxo/> * rimantadine<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-orthomyxo/> * zanamivir<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-orthomyxo/> * oseltamivir<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-orthomyxo/> | * influenza vaccine<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-orthomyxo/> * amantadine<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * rimantadine<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * hand washing * covering mouth when coughing/sneezing * avoiding close contact with the sick |- | Measles virus | ''Paramyxoviridae'' | * droplet contact<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-paramyxo>{{cite web|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/556.html|title=Paramyxoviridae|website=ViralZone|access-date=2015-10-10|publisher=SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics|archive-date=2015-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004092214/http://viralzone.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/556.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | * measles<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-paramyxo/> * postinfectious encephalomyelitis<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | None<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | * MMR vaccine<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-paramyxo/> * quarantining the sick * avoiding contact with the sick |- | Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) | ''Coronaviridae'' | * close human contact | * Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) | | |- | Mumps virus | ''Paramyxoviridae'' | * droplet contact<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-paramyxo/> | * mumps<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-paramyxo/> | None<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | * MMR vaccine<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-paramyxo/> * avoiding close contact with the sick |- | Parainfluenza virus | ''Paramyxoviridae'' | * droplet contact<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-paramyxo/> | * croup<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * pneumonia<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * bronchiolitis<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * common cold<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | None<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | * hand washing * covering mouth when coughing/sneezing |- | Poliovirus | ''Picornaviridae'' | * fecal-oral<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | * poliomyelitis<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | None<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | * Polio vaccine<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name="viralzone-hepatitisA"/> * avoiding contaminated food and water * improved sanitation |- | Rabies virus | ''Rhabdoviridae'' | * animal bite<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-rhabdo/> * droplet contact<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | * rabies<ref name=Lippincott2007/> (fatal encephalitis)<ref name=viralzone-rhabdo/> | Post-exposure prophylaxis<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | * rabies vaccine<ref name=viralzone-rhabdo/> * avoiding rabid animals |- | Respiratory syncytial virus | ''Pneumoviridae'' | * droplet contact<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-paramyxo/> * hand to mouth<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | * bronchiolitis<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * pneumonia<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * influenza-like syndrome<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * severe bronchiolitis with pneumonia<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | (ribavirin)<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | * hand washing<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * avoiding close contact with the sick<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * palivizumab in high risk individuals<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * covering mouth when coughing/sneezing |- | Rubella virus | ''Togaviridae'' | * Respiratory<ref name=viralzone-toga>{{cite web|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/3.html|title=Togaviridae|website=ViralZone|access-date=2015-10-10|publisher=SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics|archive-date=2016-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220111137/http://viralzone.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/3.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> droplet contact<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | * congenital rubella<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-toga/> * German measles<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | None<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | * MMR vaccine<ref name=Lippincott2007/><ref name=viralzone-toga/> * avoiding close contact with the sick |- | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) | ''Coronaviridae'' | * droplet contact | * severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | | |- | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) | ''Coronaviridae'' | * droplet contact | * coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) | * Molnupiravir, * Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir | * hand washing * covering mouth when coughing or sneezing * social distancing |- | Varicella-zoster virus | ''Herpesviridae'' | * droplet contact<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * direct contact | * chickenpox<ref name=viralzone-herpesviridae/> * herpes zoster<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * Congenital varicella syndrome<ref name=viralzone-herpesviridae/> | '''Varicella''': * acyclovir<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * famciclovir<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * valacyclovir<ref name=Lippincott2007/> '''Zoster''': * acyclovir<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * famciclovir<ref name=Lippincott2007/> | '''Varicella''': * varicella vaccine<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * varicella-zoster immunoglobulin<ref name=Lippincott2007/> * avoiding close contact with the sick '''Zoster''': * vaccine * varicella-zoster immunoglobulin |}

==References== {{Reflist}}

== External links == {{Medical resources | DiseasesDB = | ICD10 = | ICD9 = | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = | eMedicineTopic = | MeshID = D014777 }} {{Viral systemic diseases}} {{viral cutaneous conditions}} {{Baltimore classification}} {{Infectious disease}} {{Portal bar|Viruses}} {{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Virus Disease}} Category:Pathogenic microbes Category:Viral diseases