Parviraptor

{{short description|Genus of extinct reptiles}} {{automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Bathonian|Berriasian}} | image = Parviraptor estesi (holotype, NHMUK PV OR 48388).png | image_caption = Select cranial bones of the ''Parviraptor'' holotype | taxon = Parviraptor | authority = Evans, 1994 | type_species = {{extinct}}'''''Parviraptor estesi''''' | type_species_authority = Evans, 1994 }}

'''''Parviraptor''''' ({{lit|small robber}}) is a genus of reptiles in the enigmatic family Parviraptoridae. It contains one species, '''''Parviraptor estesi''''', known from the Late Jurassic (Tithonian) or Early Cretaceous (Berriasian) Purbeck Limestone Formation of Dorset, England.<ref name="oldest_snakes">{{Cite journal |last1=Caldwell |first1=M. W. |last2=Nydam |first2=R. L. |last3=Palci |first3=A. |last4=Apesteguía |first4=S. N. |year=2015 |title=The oldest known snakes from the Middle Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous provide insights on snake evolution |url=http://ri.conicet.gov.ar/bitstream/11336/37995/2/CONICET_Digital_Nro.51537fce-183a-4a88-8831-1909195751ab_A.pdf |journal=Nature Communications |volume=6 |page=5996 |bibcode=2015NatCo...6.5996C |doi=10.1038/ncomms6996 |pmid=25625704 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A second species, ''Parviraptor gilmorei'', was described from the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation of Western North America,<ref name="vert-table">Foster, J. (2007). "Table 2.1: Fossil Vertebrates of the Morrison Formation." ''Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World''. Indiana University Press. pp. 58–59.</ref> but it was subsequently transferred to the separate genus ''Diablophis''.<ref name=oldest_snakes /> An indeterminate species is known from the Bathonian aged Kirtlington Mammal Bed (Kilmaluag Formation, Scotland).

== Description == The shape, length, and body form of ''Parviraptor'' is not currently known. ''Parviraptor'' was initially described by Susan E. Evans in 1994, based on disarticulated but associated remains including bones of the skull and vertebrae. It was estimated to be about {{Convert|150|mm|in}} in snout-vent length and assigned to the Anguimorpha.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Susan E. |last=Evans |year=1994 |url=https://www.palass.org/publications/palaeontology-journal/archive/37/1/article_pp33-49 |title=A new anguimorph lizard from the Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous of England |journal=Palaeontology |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=33–49 }}</ref> ''Parviraptor'' was suggested by Caldwell et al. 2015 to be a stem-snake (Ophidia) based on the morphology of its maxilla, and on the claim that the other skeletal remains attributed to the species were not actually attributable to it.<ref name=oldest_snakes /> However, Susan E. Evans, the original describer of the genus, has stated that subsequent study of the other remains attributed to the genus indicates that they can confidently assigned to ''Parviraptor'', and are dissimilar to the skeletons of snakes, making its affinity to them doubtful.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Evans |first=Susan E. |chapter=The Origin and Early Diversification of Squamates |date=2022-08-11 |title=The Origin and Early Evolutionary History of Snakes |pages=7–25 |editor-last=Gower |editor-first=David J. |edition=1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781108938891.004 |isbn=978-1-108-93889-1 |editor2-last=Zaher |editor2-first=Hussam|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Phylogeny == Cladogram based in the phylogenetic analysis by Caldwell et al. (2015):<ref name=oldest_snakes /> {{clade|style=font-size:100%;line-height:100% |label1=Ophidia |1={{clade |1=''Portugalophis'' |2='''''Parviraptor''''' |label3= |3={{clade |1=''Eophis'' |2={{clade |1=Unnamed sp. |2=''Diablophis'' }} }} |label4= |4={{clade |1=''Dinilysia'' |2={{clade |1=Madtsoiidae |2={{clade |1=''Najash'' |2={{clade |1=''Coniophis'' |2=Serpentes (Modern snakes) }} }} }} }} }} }}

In 2025, Benson and colleagues described a new parviraptorid, ''Breugnathair'', known from relatively complete remains. While these authors did not rule out snake affinities for parviraptorids, they proposed other possible placements for the clade, including as stem squamates (in which case they would have convergently evolved their snake-like anatomy) or as early toxicoferans outside of Ophidia.<ref name="Breugnathair">{{Cite journal |last1=Benson |first1=Roger B. J. |last2=Walsh |first2=Stig A. |last3=Griffiths |first3=Elizabeth F. |last4=Kulik |first4=Zoe T. |last5=Botha |first5=Jennifer |last6=Fernandez |first6=Vincent |last7=Head |first7=Jason J. |last8=Evans |first8=Susan E. |date=October 1, 2025 |title=Mosaic anatomy in an early fossil squamate |journal=Nature |language=en |doi=10.1038/s41586-025-09566-y |issn=0028-0836 |doi-access=free|pmc=12629976 }}</ref>

==References== {{Reflist}}

Category:Parviraptoridae Category:Late Jurassic reptiles of Europe Category:Morrison fauna Category:Fossil taxa described in 1994 † Category:Taxa named by Susan E. Evans