Hypsigenyinae

{{Short description|Subfamily of ray-finned fishes}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{fossil range|50|0|Early Eocene to present}} | image = A hogfish is a large wrasse, Lachnolaimus maximus.jpg | image_caption = Hogfish (''Lachnolaimus maximus'') | image2 = Odax pullus (Greenbone).jpg | image2_caption = Greenbone (''Odax pullus'') | taxon = Hypsigenyini | authority = Günther, 1861 | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = 15-17, see text }}

The '''hypsigenyine wrasses''' or '''tuskfishes''' are saltwater fish of the subfamily '''Hypsigenyinae''', a subgroup of the wrasse family (Labridae).<ref name="ECoF">{{cite web |title=Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes Classification - California Academy of Sciences |url=https://www.calacademy.org/scientists/catalog-of-fishes-classification/ |website=www.calacademy.org |access-date=18 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The group is circumglobal, being found in almost all the of world's shallow tropical marine waters, although some species are also found in temperate zones.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Westneat |first1=Mark W. |last2=Alfaro |first2=Michael E. |date=August 2005 |title=Phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of the reef fish family Labridae |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1055790305000400 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |language=en |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=370–390 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2005.02.001|pmid=15955516 |bibcode=2005MolPE..36..370W |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The former family Odacidae, containing the '''cales''' and '''weed whitings''', is also now known to be nested within this subfamily.<ref name=":3" />

== Taxonomy == Hypsigenyinae is the sister group to all other wrasse subfamilies. The group was first proposed in 1997. Since then, molecular phylogenetics has found that it also includes odacines and the genus ''Pseudodax''. Odacines were once considered to be their own taxonomic family, but have been found nested deep within the hypsigenyine wrasses, and are the sister group to the hypsigenyine genus ''Choerodon''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Odacines remain a monophyletic group however.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Hughes |first1=Lily C |last2=Nash |first2=Chloe M |last3=White |first3=William T |last4=Westneat |first4=Mark W |date=2023-05-01 |title=Concordance and Discordance in the Phylogenomics of the Wrasses and Parrotfishes (Teleostei: Labridae) |url=https://academic.oup.com/sysbio/article/72/3/530/6798871 |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=530–543 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syac072 |pmid=36331534 |issn=1063-5157}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Clements |first1=Kendall D |last2=Alfaro |first2=Michael E |last3=Fessler |first3=Jennifer L |last4=Westneat |first4=Mark W |date=August 2004 |title=Relationships of the temperate Australasian labrid fish tribe Odacini (Perciformes; Teleostei) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1055790304000533 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |language=en |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=575–587 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2004.02.003|pmid=15223039 |bibcode=2004MolPE..32..575C |url-access=subscription }}</ref> ''Pseudodax'' was once considered to be the closest relative to parrotfish (tribe Scarini), but is now considered a basal hypsigenyine.<ref name=":0" />

Westneat & Alfaro (2005) and Hughes et al (2022) found that the hogfish (''Lachnolaimus maximus'') is the sister group to all other hypsigenyine wrasses. However, neither study examined the natal wrasse (''Anchichoerops natalensis''),<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> which was recovered as the actual sister group to all other hypsigenyine wrasses by Balwin et al (2023).<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Baldwin |first1=Carole C. |last2=Arcila |first2=Dahiana |last3=Robertson |first3=D. Ross |last4=Tornabene |first4=Luke |date=2023-04-13 |title=Description of the First Species of Polylepion (Teleostei: Labridae) from the Atlantic Ocean with Analysis of Evolutionary Relationships of the New Species |journal=Ichthyology & Herpetology |volume=111 |issue=2 |pages=182–190 |doi=10.1643/i2022075 |issn=2766-1512|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[File:Phyllopharyngodon longipinnis.jpg|thumb|†''Phyllopharyngodon longipinnis''|left]] Hypsigenyine wrasses exhibit several ancestral features shared with perciforms, but were subsequently lost in more derived wrasses. One example is the presence of vomerine teeth.<ref name=":0" /> Hypsigenyine wrasses also have a derived trait, which is phyllodont dentition of the pharyngeal teeth, ie, these teeth develop stacked on top of each other, with only the uppermost teeth in the stack emerging.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Bellwood |first1=David R. |last2=Schultz |first2=Ortwin |last3=Siqueira |first3=Alexandre C. |last4=Cowman |first4=Peter F. |date=2019 |title=A review of the fossil record of the Labridae |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26595690 |journal=Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie A für Mineralogie und Petrographie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Anthropologie und Prähistorie |volume=121 |pages=125–194 |jstor=26595690 |issn=0255-0091}}</ref>

Unlike most wrasse groups, hypsigenyines are well-represented in the fossil record. The Italian fossil wrasse †''Phyllopharyngodon'' is strongly supported to be a hypsigenyine because it exhibits phyllodont pharyngeal teeth like other members of the tribe,<ref name=":2" /> and is about 50 million years old, dating to the Eocene.<ref name=":0" /> The fossil genera ''Labrodon'' and ''Trigonodon'' are abundant in the Miocene of Europe.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Bellwood |first1=David R. |last2=Schultz |first2=Ortwin |last3=Siqueira |first3=Alexandre C. |last4=Cowman |first4=Peter F. |date=2019 |title=A review of the fossil record of the Labridae |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26595690 |journal=Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie A für Mineralogie und Petrographie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Anthropologie und Prähistorie |volume=121 |pages=125–194 |jstor=26595690 |issn=0255-0091}}</ref>

Odacine wrasses are found in coastal waters off Southern Australia and New Zealand. They include species that feed on small invertebrates, as well as herbivorous grazers, some of which are able to feed on chemically unpleasant varieties of kelp otherwise unpalatable to fish.<ref name="EoF">{{cite book |author1=Choat, J.W. |title=Encyclopedia of Fishes |author2=Bellwood, D.R. |publisher=Academic Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-12-547665-5 |editor=Paxton, J.R. |location=San Diego |page=xxx |editor2=Eschmeyer, W.N. |name-list-style=amp |no-pp=true}}</ref>

== Genera == As per ''Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes'' (2026):<ref name="CofF2">{{Cof family|family=Hypsigenyinae|access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ ! colspan="2" |Genus !Image |- | colspan="2" |''Achoerodus'' T. N. Gill, 1863 |frameless ''A. viridis'' |- | colspan="2" |''Anchichoerops'' Barnard, 1927 | |- | colspan="2" |''Bodianus'' Bloch, 1790 |frameless ''B. pulchellus'' |- | colspan="2" |''Choerodon'' Bleeker, 1840 |frameless ''C. cauteroma'' |- | colspan="2" |''Decodon'' Günther, 1861 |frameless ''D. puellaris'' |- | colspan="2" |''Lachnolaimus'' G. Cuvier, 1829 |frameless ''L. maximus'' |- | colspan="2" |''Polylepion'' M. F. Gomon, 1977 |frameless ''P. cruentum'' |- | colspan="2" |''Pseudodax'' Bleeker, 1861 |frameless ''P. moluccanus'' |- | colspan="2" |''Terelabrus'' J. E. Randall & Fourmanoir, 1998 |frameless ''T. rubrovittatus'' |- | rowspan="8" |Odacine clade |''Haletta'' Whitley, 1947 |frameless ''H. semifasciata'' |- |''Heteroscarus'' Castelnau, 1872 |frameless ''H. acroptilus'' |- |''Neoodax'' Castelnau, 1875 |frameless ''N. balteatus'' |- |''Odax'' Valenciennes, 1840 |frameless ''O. pullus'' |- |''Olisthops'' Richardson, 1850 |frameless ''O. cyanomelas'' |- |''Sheardichthys'' Whitley, 1947 |frameless ''S. beddomei'' |- |''Siphonognathus'' Richardson, 1858 |frameless ''S. argyrophanes'' |}

== References == {{Reflist}}

Category:Labridae Category:Actinopterygii subfamilies Category:Taxa named by Albert Günther