Parasnath

{{Short description|Mountain in Giridih district, Jharkhand, India}} {{About|the mountain|the Jain holy site|Shikharji|the tirthankara|Parshvanatha}} {{Distinguish|Pareshnath}} {{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}} {{Infobox mountain | name = Parasnath | other_name = Sammet Shikhar<ref name="Choudhury1975"/>Marang Buru<ref name="Deogharia25"/><ref name="giridih"/><ref name="SorenSingh2024"/> | image = Views of Shikharji on way to Anantnatha Tonk 3.jpg | image_caption = Parasnath Hill | elevation_m = 1365 | prominence_m = 1017 | map = India Jharkhand | map_caption = Location of Parasnath peak in Jharkhand | location = [[Pirtand]] CD Block, [[Giridih]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]] | range = [[Parasnath Range]] | label_position = left | listing = [[List of Indian states and territories by highest point]] | coordinates = {{coord|23.9634|N|86.129|E|type:mountain_region:IN_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | range_coordinates = | coordinates_ref = <ref>[http://wikimapia.org/13783777/Parasnath-Hill Parasnath Hill]</ref> }} '''Parasnath Hill''' (also '''Sammet Shikhar''', '''Marang Buru''') is a mountain peak in the Parasnath hill range.<ref name="SorenSingh2024"/> It is located towards the eastern end of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] in the [[Giridih district]] ([[Hazaribagh district]] in British India) of the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=Giridih_official>{{cite web|title=Official website of the Giridih district|url=http://giridih.nic.in/|access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref> The hill is named after [[Parshvanatha]], the 23rd [[Jainism|Jain]] [[Tirthankara]], who attained liberation here in 8th century BCE.<ref name="giridih">{{Cite web|url=https://giridih.nic.in/tourist-place/parasnath/|title = Parasnath / Marang Buru | DISTRICT GIRIDIH, GOVERNMENT OF JHARKHAND | India}}</ref> In this connection, there is the holiest [[Jainism|Jain]] pilgrimage, [[Shikharji]] on the top of hill. The hill is also known as Sammet Shikhar ({{Literally|great mountain}}, the supreme deity) by other [[Autochthonous people|autochthonous]] of the region in religious contexts.<ref name="Choudhury1975">{{Cite book |last=Choudhury |first=Pranab Chandra Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=km2gysr9Hv4C |title=Bihar |date=1975 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |pages=60 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzVCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA295 |title=Indian Antiquary |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1893 |pages=295 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |publisher=India Mining, Geological, and Metallurgical Institute of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nnsnAQAAIAAJ |title=Transactions |date=1937 |pages=61 |language=en}}</ref>

==Geography== {{OSM Location map | width = 292 | height = 400 | zoom = 9 | coord = {{coord|24|2|0|N|86|10|0|E}}  | float = left | caption = Parasnath Hill and other locations in the Giridih district in North Chotanagpur Division. Key:<br />M: municipality, C: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious/ tourist centre<br />Click or prolonged tap on icons for detail. Owing to space constraints, the locations on click through to the larger map may vary slightly. | label-colorD = #800000 | label-sizeD = 11 | mark-sizeD = 16 | shapeD = l-circle | shape-colorD = #C40000 | shape-outlineD = white | mark-coord1 = {{coord|24|6|36|N|86|28|51|E}} | label-pos1 = bottom | label1 =  | numbered1 = R | mark-title1 = [[Ahilyapur]] (R) | label-offset-x1 = 2 | mark-coord2 = {{coord|23|55|24|N|86|2|38|E}} | label-pos2 = left | label2 =  | numbered2 = R | mark-title2 = [[Asurbandh]] (R) | mark-coord3 = {{coord|24|5|30|N|85|49|50|E}} | label-pos3 = right | label3 =  | numbered3 = R | mark-title3 = [[Bagodar]] (R) | mark-coord4 = {{coord|24|18|6|N|86|21|39|E}} | label-pos4 = left | label4 =  | numbered4 = R | mark-title4 = [[Bengabad]] (R) | mark-coord5 = {{coord|24|35|39|N|86|13|28|E}} | label-pos5 = top | label5 =  | numbered5 = R | mark-title5 = [[Bhelwaghati]] (R) | mark-coord6 = {{coord|24|16|28|N|85|55|31|E}} | label-pos6 = left | label6 =  | numbered6 = R | mark-title6 = [[Birni, Giridih]] (R) | mark-coord7 = {{coord|24|30|51|N|86|11|40|E}} | label-pos7 = top | label7 =  | numbered7 = R | mark-title7 = [[Deori, Giridih]] (R) | mark-coord8 = {{coord|23|59|20|N|85|59|30|E}} | label-pos8 = left | label8 =  | numbered8 = R | mark-title8 = [[Dumri, Giridih]] (R) | mark-coord9 = {{coord|24|11|30|N|86|26|20|E}} | label-pos9 = right | label9 =  | numbered9 = R | mark-title9 = [[Gandey]] (R) | mark-coord10 = {{coord|24|37|16|N|85|56|47|E}} | label-pos10 = left | label10 =  | numbered10 = R | mark-title10 = [[Gawan, Giridih]] (R) | mark-coord11 = {{coord|24|3|50|N|85|52|48|E}} | label-pos11 = right | label11 =  | numbered11 = R | mark-title11 = [[Hesla]] (R) | mark-coord12 = {{coord|24|22|13|N|86|8|51|E}} | label-pos12 = bottom | label12 =  | numbered12 = R | mark-title12 = [[Jamua]] (R) | mark-coord13 = {{coord|24|27|49|N|86|0|15|E}} | label-pos13 = top | label13 =  | numbered13 = R | mark-title13 = [[Khori Mahua]] (R) | mark-coord14 = {{coord|24|0|26|N|86|13|24|E}} | label-pos14 = right | label14 =  | numbered14 = R | mark-title14 = [[Khukhra]] (R) | mark-coord15 = {{coord|24|27|10|N|86|2|51|E}} | label-pos15 = right | label15 =  | numbered15 = R | mark-title15 = [[Pandedih]] (R) | mark-coord16 = {{coord|24|4|0|N|86|9|47|E}} | label-pos16 = left | label16 =  | numbered16 = R | mark-title16 = [[Pirtand]] (R) | mark-coord17 = {{coord|24|11|13|N|85|53|29|E}} | label-pos17 = left | label17 =  | numbered17 = R | mark-title17 = [[Suriya, Giridih]] (R) | mark-coord18 = {{coord|24|3|4|N|86|26|0|E}} | label-pos18 = left | label18 =  | numbered18 = R | mark-title18 = [[Taratanr]] (R) | mark-coord19 = {{coord|24|34|28|N|86|3|32|E}} | label-pos19 = right | label19 =  | numbered19 = R | mark-title19 = [[Tisri, Giridih]] (R) | mark-coord20 = {{coord|24|12|30|N|86|18|20|E}} | label-pos20 = right | label20 =  | numbered20 = M | mark-title20 = [[Giridih]] (M) | label-size21 = 13 | label-color20 = #800000 | mark-coord21 = {{coord|23|57|40|N|86|8|13|E}} | label-pos21 = left | label21 =  | numbered21 = H | mark-title21 = [[Shikharji]] (H) | shape-color21 = #AA6666 | mark-coord22 = {{coord|23|57|0|N|86|10|0|E}} | label-pos22 = right | label22 = '''Pareshnath Hill''' | numbered22 = H | mark-title22 = Pareshnath Hill (H) | shape22 = l-triangle | shape-color22 = black | label-size22 = 14 | label-color22 = black  | mark-coord23 = {{coord|24|0|25|N|86|8|46|E}} | label-pos23 = top | label23 =  | numbered23 = H | mark-title23 = [[Madhuban, Giridih]] (H) | shape-color23 = #AA6666 | mark-coord24 = {{coord|24|25|24|N|86|9|57|E}} | label-pos24 = right | label24 =  | numbered24 = H | mark-title24 = [[Kharagdiha]] (H) | shape-color24 = #AA6666 | mark-coord25 = {{coord|24|5|47|N|86|22|14|E}} | label-pos25 = left | label25 = [[Usri Falls]] | numbered25 = H | mark-title25 = [[Usri Falls]] (H) | shape-color25 = #AA6666 | mark-coord26 = {{coord|24|8|20|N|86|16|30|E}} | label-pos26 = left | label26 =  | numbered26 = 0 | mark-title26 = [[Giridih Coalfield]] | label-size26 = 12 | shape26 = image | mark26 = Mining symbol.svg | mark-size26 = 15 | shape-outline26 = hard white,0,100,solid | mark-coord27 = {{coord|24|10|13|N|86|16|15|E}} | label-pos27 = left | label27 =  | numbered27 = C | mark-title27 = [[Akdoni Khurd]] (Census Town) | shape-color27 = #A40000 | mark-coord28 = {{coord|24|9|50|N|85|53|25|E}} | label-pos28 = bottom | label28 =  | numbered28 = C | mark-title28 = [[Barki Saraiya]] (Census Town) | shape-color28 = #A40000 | mark-coord29 = {{coord|24|8|50|N|86|18|28|E}} | label-pos29 = right | label29 =  | numbered29 = C | mark-title29 = [[Dandidih]] (Census Town) | shape-color29 = #A40000 | mark-coord30 = {{coord|24|25|12|N|85|58|48|E}} | label-pos30 = left | label30 =  | numbered30 = C | mark-title30 = [[Dhanwar, Giridih]] (Census Town) | shape-color30 = #A40000 | mark-coord31 = {{coord|23|59|14|N|86|1|48|E}} | label-pos31 = right | label31 =  | numbered31 = C | mark-title31 = Isri (Census Town) | shape-color31 = #A40000 | mark-coord32 = {{coord|24|0|50|N|86|0|52|E}} | label-pos32 = left | label32 =  | numbered32 = C | mark-title32 = [[Jamtara, Giridih]] (Census Town) | shape-color32 = #A40000 | mark-coord33 = {{coord|24|14|0|N|86|24|18|E}} | label-pos33 = top | label33 =  | numbered33 = C | mark-title33 = [[Maheshmunda]] (Census Town) | shape-color33 = #A40000 | mark-coord34 = {{coord|24|10|0|N|86|18|27|E}} | label-pos34 = right | label34 =  | numbered34 = C | mark-title34 = [[Paratdih]] (Census Town) | shape-color34 = #A40000 | mark-coord35 = {{coord|24|7|30|N|86|19|10|E}} | label-pos35 = right | label35 =  | numbered35 = C | mark-title35 = [[Pertodih]] (Census Town) | shape-color35 = #A40000 | mark-coord36 = {{coord|24|14|0|N|86|17|35|E}} | label-pos36 = left | label36 =  | numbered36 = C | mark-title36 = [[Sirsia]] (Census Town) | shape-color36 = #A40000 | mark-coord37 = {{coord|24|12|15|N|86|15|27|E}} | label-pos37 = left | label37 =  | numbered37 = C | mark-title37 = [[Telodih]] (Census Town) | shape-color37 = #A40000 | mark-coord38 = {{coord|24|8|30|N|86|1|0|E}} | label38 = Barakar | labela38 = River | label-color38 = #77A1CB | label-angle38 = -10 | label-pos38 = top | label-size38 = 10 | mark-size38 = 0 | mark-title38 = none | mark-coord39 = {{coord|24|0|0|N|85|49|20|E}} | label39 = Jamunia | labela39 = River | label-color39 = #77A1CB | label-angle39 = -50 | label-pos39 = top | label-size39 = 10 | mark-size39 = 0 | mark-title39 = none | mark-coord40 = {{coord|24|33|0|N|86|0|0|E}} | label40 = Sakri River | label-color40 = #77A1CB | label-angle40 = 20 | label-pos40 = top | label-size40 = 10 | mark-size40 = 0 | mark-title40 = none | mark-coord41 = {{coord|24|39|19|N|86|0|17|E}} | label-pos41 = left | label41 =  | numbered41 = R | mark-title41 = [[Lokainayanpur]] (R) | mark-coord42 = {{coord|24|23|25|N|86|10|24|E}} | label-pos42 = right | label42 =  | numbered42 = R | mark-title42 = [[Mirzaganj]] (R) | mark-coord43 = {{coord|24|20|28|N|86|1|4|E}} | label-pos43 = left | label43 =  | numbered43 = H | mark-title43 = [[Jharkhand Dham]] (H) | shape-color43 = #AA6666 | arc-coordA = {{coord|24|48|0|N|85|50|0|E}} | arc-textA = BIHAR | arc-text-colorA = hard grey | arc-angleA = -35 | arc-gapA = 15.0 | arc-radiusA = 0.35 }} At {{cvt|1365|m}} Parasnath is the highest mountain peak in the state of Jharkhand, and is ''theoretically'' inter-visible (by direct line of sight on a perfectly clear day) with Mount Everest over {{cvt|450|km}} away.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://viewfinderpanoramas.org/panoramas/ASIA/EVEREST-SOUTH.gif|title=View from Mt. Everest looking south.|website=ViewfinderPanoramas.org|access-date=2024-06-03}}</ref> The foothills of the [[Himalayas]] are about 180 miles away to the north over the [[Ganges]].<ref name="Annandale1912">{{cite journal|last=Annandale|first=N.|year=1912|title=Notes on the Fauna of Paresnath Hill, Western Bengal|journal=Records of the Zoological Survey of India|pages=3-49}}</ref>

There is a Jain temple on the mountain peak known as "'''Svarna Bhadra koot "''' ("cottage of golden grace").<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-21 |title=Shri Sammed Shikharji - Encyclopedia of Jainism |url=https://encyclopediaofjainism.com/106134-2/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> The temple is made of marble. There is another marble Jain temple on hill, known as Jal Mandir.

It is easily accessible from [[Parasnath railway station]].

== Geology == The underlying rock is [[metamorphosed]] fine-grained [[sedimentary]] rock with [[granodiorite]] [[igneous intrusion]]s through these older formations.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Effect of Granitic Emplacement on Epidiorites of Parasnath Area, (Bihar) India|first1=R.C.|last1=Sinha|first2=V.K.S.|last2=Dave|journal=GSA Bulletin|year=1963|volume=74|issue=9|pages=1143–1154|doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1963)74[1143:EOGEOE]2.0.CO;2}}</ref>

== Fauna == As originally described several landsnails were only found in the Parasnath Hills area but the fauna is otherwise typical for Bengal.<ref name="Annandale1912"/>

==History== {{Jainism}} Historically, Parasnath or Sammet Shikharji has been an ancient Jain pilgrimage site. It is a place where the 23rd tirthankara Parshvanath (also known as Parasnath) attained liberation here in 772 BCE. It is noteworthy that the name of the Parasnath hill derived from the Jain Tirthankar Parshvanath who is also known as Parasnath or Parsva who attained liberation here during the 8th century BCE. After preaching for 70 years, Parshvanath attained [[Moksha (Jainism)|moksha]] at [[Shikharji]] on Parasnath hill. Some Jain texts name the place as Mount Sammeta.{{sfn|Jacobi|1964|p=275}} It is the most revered in Jainism because 20 of its 24 ''tirthankars'' are believed to have attained moksha there.{{Sfn|Cort|2010|pp=130–133}}{{sfn|Wiley|2009|p=148}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=221}} at the age of 100 on Shravana Shukla Saptami according to Lunar Calendar.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=30}} His ''[[Moksha (Jainism)|moksha]]'' (liberation from the cycle of birth and death) in Jain tradition{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=104}} is celebrated as Moksha Saptami. This day is celebrated on large scale at Parasnath tonk of the mountain, in northern [[Jharkhand]], part of the Parasnath Range{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=13}} by offering Nirvana [[Laddu]] (Sugar balls) and reciting of [[Nirvana Kanda]]. Parshvanatha has been called ''{{IAST|purisādāṇīya|italic=yes}}'' (beloved of the people) by Jains.{{sfn|Jacobi|1964|p=271 with footnote 1}}{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|pp=12–13}}{{sfn|Schubring|1964|p=220}}

The earliest literary reference to Shikharji (Parasnath) as a ''tirth'' (place of Jain pilgrimage) is found in the ''[[Jnatrdharmakathah|Jñātṛdhārmakātha]]'', one of the twelve core texts of Jainism compiled in 6th century BCE by chief disciple of [[Mahavira]]. Shikharji is also mentioned in the ''Pārśvanāthacarita'', a twelfth-century biography of Pārśva. A 13th century CE palm-leaf manuscript of ''[[Kalpa Sūtra]]'' and ''Kalakacaryakatha'' has an image of a scene of Parshavanatha's [[nirvana]] at Shikharji.{{sfn|Eastman|1943|p=95}} This all indicates Parasnath was a Jain site since ancient times. Also many historians accept Parasnath as the place of Nirvan Kalyanak of the historical figure and the 23rd [[Tirthankar]], Parshvanath.{{Sfn|Balfour|1885|p=141}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=30}}{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=103}}{{sfn|University of Calcutta|1845|p=256}}

== Jain heritage == {{Main|Shikharji}}

This is one of the most holy and revered sites for the Jain community. They call it Sammed Sikhar. It is a major pilgrimage site. Out of 24 [[Tirthankaras]] of Jains, twenty attained nirvana at Parshvnatha Hills.

On the mountain, there are the [[Shikharji]] [[Jain temple]]s, an important [[Tirtha (Jainism)|tirthakshetra]] or Jain pilgrimage site.<ref>[http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=78102 "Shikharji." Jain V. Herenow4u.net] Accessed 26 May 2012</ref> For each Tirthankara there is a shrine (gumti or Tonk) on the hill.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://giridih.nic.in/tourist-place/parasnath/|title = Parasnath | DISTRICT GIRIDIH, GOVERNMENT OF JHARKHAND | India}}</ref>

The Jain temple is believed to be constructed either by the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] King [[Bimbisara]] or by the Kalinga King Avakinnayo Karakandu.

An ancient idol of Parasnath is located in the valley at Palganj. The idol is believed to be 2500 years old.<ref>{{cite web |title=The forgotten taleti of Shikharji - Palganj |date=15 January 2020 |url=https://www.storiesbyarpit.com/2020/01/the-forgotten-taleti-of-shikharji.html |access-date=2023-05-03 }}</ref>

During 772 BCE at the age of 100 on Shravana Shukla Saptami according to Lunar Calendar.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=30}} Tirthankar Parswanath ''[[Moksha (Jainism)|moksha]]'' (liberation from the cycle of birth and death) in Jaina tradition{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=104}} is celebrated as Moksha Saptami. This day is celebrated on large scale at Parasnath tonk of the mountain, in northern [[Jharkhand]], part of the Parasnath Range{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=13}} by offering Nirvana [[Laddu]] (Sugar balls) and reciting of [[Nirvana Kanda]].

== Santhal heritage ==

The local Santhal community, which comprises 26% of the population of Jharkhand, use the name [[Marang Buru]] to refer to both their deity and the mountain.<ref name="SorenSingh2024">{{cite journal|title=‘Adi-dharam’: Tribal Philosophy about Jharkhand’s Culture and its Struggle for Sustainable Existence |first1=A.A.|last1=Soren|first2=S.|last2=Singh |journal=International Journal of Advance Studies and Growth Evaluation|volume=3|issue=8 |pages=8–13|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/384335166_%27Adi-dharam%27_Tribal_Philosophy_about_Jharkhand%27s_Culture_and_its_Struggle_for_Sustainable_Existence|date=26 September 2024}}</ref> They are in dispute with the Jain community as to certain ancestral worship and other rights, and these have been subject to judicial review historically.<ref name="Deogharia25">{{cite news|last=Deogharia |first=Jaideep|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/santhals-join-hands-to-claim-right-over-marang-buru/articleshow/118095889.cms|title=Santhals join hands to claim right over Marang Buru|date=9 February 2025 |access-date=27 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219230114/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/santhals-join-hands-to-claim-right-over-marang-buru/articleshow/118095889.cms|archive-date=19 February 2025}}</ref> Recent bans on meat and alcohol, upheld by the Jharkhand High Court in 2025, have exacerbated the conflict, curtailing Santal traditions and fueling protests and counter-petitions in the court.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-17 |title=Story of a sacred Jharkhand hill at the centre of old friction between Jains & Santals |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-politics/story-of-a-sacred-jharkhand-hill-at-the-centre-of-old-friction-between-jains-santals-10011403/ |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> However Jains claim that Santhal claim is implausible and illogical and that actually Parasnath is a Jain pilgrimage since ancient times. They also observe that Jains and Adivasis have co-existed at Parasnath Hill since ancient times, and that when the tirthankaras sought nirvana there, Adivasis traditionally carried them to the summit, a practice that continues today.<ref name=":0" />

==See also== <gallery widths="150" heights="150"> File:Lotus Jain Temple.jpg|Shwetambar temple of Parshwanath at foothills of Parasnath hill File:Footprint at Parshwanath Tonk, Shikharji.jpg|Foot idol of Parasnath File:Tonk SHRI 10008 PARASNATH BHAGVAN.jpg|"Swarna Bhadra Koot" Temple of Parasnath on mountain peak File:Shikharji Notice.jpg|Notice board on mountain File:Sitanala at Parasnath Hill.jpg|Waterfall on hill File:Shikharji Jain temple.jpg|"Jal Mandir", a Jain temple over hill File:Valley parasnath temple.jpg|Temples in valley File:Pushpadanta idol, Shikharji.jpg|Idol of Pushpadant </gallery> *[[List of mountains in India]] *[[List of mountains by elevation]] *[[Shikharji movement]]

== References == {{reflist}}

===Sources=== *{{citation |last=Jacobi |first=Hermann |title=Jain Sūtras (Translation) |editor=Max Muller (The Sacred Books of the East Series, Volume XXII) |url=https://archive.org/stream/jainsūtrasparti029233mbp#page/n333/mode/2up |year=1964 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Original: [[Oxford University Press]]) }} * {{citation |last=Cort |first=John E. |title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History |url={{Google books|MDBpq23-0QoC|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-538502-1 }} * {{citation |last=Dundas |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Dundas |title=The Jains |url={{Google books|X8iAAgAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |edition=Second |date=2002 |orig-date=1992 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-26605-5 |location=London and New York }} * {{citation |last=Wiley |first=Kristi L. |title=The A to Z of Jainism |url={{Google books|cIhCCwAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |year=2009 |volume=38 |publisher=Scarecrow |isbn=978-0-8108-6337-8 }} * {{citation |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |title=Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture |url={{Google books|QzEQJHWUwXQC|plainurl=yes}} |date=2001 |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |location=Mumbai |isbn=978-81-7154-839-2 }} {{Jharkhand}} * {{citation |last=Jain |first=Kailash Chand |title=Lord Mahāvīra and His Times |url={{Google books|8-TxcO9dfrcC|plainurl=yes}} |date=1991 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0805-8 |ref={{sfnref|Kailash Chand Jain|1991}} }} * {{citation |last=Schubring |first=Walther |title=''Jinismus'', in: ''Die Religionen Indiens'' |volume=3 |publisher=[[Stuttgart]] |date=1964 }} * {{cite journal | last=Eastman | first=Alvan C. | title=Iranian Influences in Śvetāmbara Jaina Painting in the Early Western Indian Style | journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] | volume=63 | issue=2 | year=1943 | pages=93–113 | doi=10.2307/594116 | jstor=594116 | access-date=6 May 2022 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/594116 | url-access=subscription }} * {{citation | last=Balfour | first=Edward | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCE_AQAAMAAJ | volume=1 | title=The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia | publisher=B. Quartitc | date=1885 }} * {{cite book | author=University of Calcutta |title=Calcutta Review | volume=3 |url={{Google books|Y5YbAQAAIAAJ|pg=RA2-PA256|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |year=1845 }} [[Category:Mountains of Jharkhand]] [[Category:Highest points of Indian states and union territories]] [[Category:Giridih district]] [[Category:Mountains in Jainism]]