The Paradisus Londinensis

{{Short description|Book of plant illustrations}} {{Use dmy dates|cs1-dates=ly|date=June 2020}} {{Infobox book | italic title = | name = The Paradisus Londonensis : or Coloured Figures of Plants Cultivated in the Vicinity of the Metropolis | image = Paradisus Londinensis (96 Curcuma aromatica).jpg | alt = | caption = Part of 96, ''Curcuma aromatica'' | author = Richard Anthony Salisbury, William Hooker | audio_read_by = | subject = | genre = | set_in = | published = | publisher = | publisher2 = | pub_date = 1805<ref name="Stafleu1979">{{cite book|author=Frans Antonie Stafleu|title=Taxonomic Literature: H-Le|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=08mPOAhoQOUC|year=1979|publisher=Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema|isbn=9789031302246}}</ref> | english_pub_date = | pages = | awards = | isbn = | isbn_note = | dewey = | congress = | native_wikisource = | wikisource = | notes = | oclc = | exclude_cover = | website = }}

'''''The Paradisus Londonensis''''' (full title '''''The Paradisus Londonensis : or Coloured Figures of Plants Cultivated in the Vicinity of the Metropolis''''') is a book dated 1805–1808,<ref name=IPNI_pub/> printed by D.N. Shury, and published by William Hooker.<ref name="SalisburyHooker1805">.{{cite book|author1=Richard Anthony Salisbury|author2=William Hooker|title=The Paradisus Londinensis: Or Coloured Figures of Plants Cultivated in the Vicinity of the Metropolis|url=https://archive.org/details/paradisuslondin00hookgoog|year=1805|publisher=D. N. Shury, and published by William Hooker}}</ref> It consists of coloured illustrations of 117 plants drawn by William Hooker, with explanatory text by Richard Anthony Salisbury.

==Publication== ''The Paradisus Londinensis'' was constructed as two volumes, each of two parts. The plates were in one part, the text in the other. The title page of the first volume and part bears the date 1805 and identifies the illustrator and publisher as Hooker. The title page of the second part identifies the author of the text as Salisbury.<ref name=Note2/> It has often been catalogued as 1805–1807,<ref name=Note1/> although some later plates are dated 1808.<ref name=Note2/> The International Plant Names Index dates the parts as follows:<ref name=IPNI_pub/> {{Div col}} *'''1'''(1): 1 Jun 1805 – 1 May 1806 *'''1'''(2): 1 Jun 1806 – 1 Sep 1808 *'''2'''(1): 1 Jun 1807 – 1 May 1808 *'''2'''(2): 1 Jun 1808 – 1 Sep 1808 {{div col end}}

==Botanical significance==

===New botanical names=== ''The Paradisus Londinensis'' (abbreviated to ''Parad. Lond.'' in botanical citations) is a significant source of botanical names, with around 150 attributed to Salisbury on the basis of this publication. Some have been superseded, but others are still in use. The names include:<ref name=IPNI_adv/> * Two families, Dilleniaceae and Droseraceae * 36 genera, including ''Acis'', ''Calypso'', ''Eustoma'' and ''Phyllodoce'' * 108 species, including ''Byblis liniflora'', ''Curcuma aromatica'', ''Goodia lotifolia'' and ''Lilium concolor''

===Dispute with Smith=== ''The Paradisus Londinensis'' preserves a record of a dispute between Salisbury and James Edward Smith which had (and still has) consequences for the acceptance of botanical names first published by Salisbury, in this work and others. Smith and Salisbury had become friends while studying at the University of Edinburgh. Later in life, in 1802, they quarrelled. Smith was a strong supporter of Linnaeus's ''systema sexuale'' (sexual system) for classifying plants.<ref name=Boul97/> He had bought Linnaeus's entire collection of books, manuscripts and specimens, and founded the Linnean Society in 1788.<ref name=Boul98/> Salisbury on the other hand was a supporter of the natural system of classification,<ref name=Boul97/> in particular that of Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, published in ''Genera Plantarum'' in 1789 – the system used in ''Paradisus Londinensis''.<ref name=Note4/>

In his 1807 work, ''An introduction to physiological and systematical botany'', Smith had used newly discovered plants from the west coast of British Columbia, Canada (plants which he did not name) to support the view that the tepals of lilioid monocots were actually sepals, since their flowers had what Smith regarded as six internal petals.<ref name=Smit07/> In ''The Paradisus Londinensis'', in the notes to number 98, dated 1 March 1808, Salisbury named these plants as the genus ''Hookera'' with two species ''H. coronaria'' and ''H. pulchella''. (The latter is illustrated as number 117.) Salisbury pointed out that the supposed internal petals were actually stamens (three sterile ones and the bases of three normal ones). He also disputed Smith's association of the plant with ''Agapanthus'', placing it instead with ''Allium''. He says "I regret much to dissent so often from the celebrated lecturer [Smith]".{{sfn|ps=|Salisbury|Hooker|1805–1808|loc=no. 98}}

Shortly afterwards in 1808, Smith named a moss genus ''Hookeria'' and read to the Linnean Society a formal description of a new genus, based on the same species as Salisbury's ''Hookera coronaria'', naming the genus ''Brodiaea'' in honour of Scottish botanist James Brodie. (The presentation was not published until 1810.)<ref name=Smit10/> George Boulger, writing in the ''Dictionary of National Biography'', says that Smith's actions were deliberately intended to deprive Salisbury of credit for the genus ''Hookera''.<ref name=Boul97/> In the text for figure 117, dated 1 September 1808, Salisbury says that "Smith, to suit his own purpose, was utterly silent" on the prior naming of the genus by Salisbury, and that Smith's "multiplied acts of injustice to me whether open or concealed, I sincerely forgive."{{sfn|ps=|Salisbury|Hooker|1805–1808|loc=no. 117}}

If it was Smith's deliberate intention to suppress Salisbury's botanical names by giving a moss a confusingly similar name and by renaming ''Hookera'' to ''Brodiaea'', he was, initially at least, successful. James Britten, writing much later in 1886, argued that the then established name ''Brodiaea'' should be replaced by ''Hookera'', which had priority.<ref name=Brit86a/> (He also showed how many of Salisbury's other names had been ignored.<ref name=Brit86b/>) However, Smith's ''Hookeria'' and ''Brodiaea'' had become so widely used that they were made conserved names, and ''Hookera'' was not reinstated. Salisbury's epithet ''coronaria'' in his ''Hookera coronaria'' is still used in the combination ''Brodiaea coronaria''. {{As of|2013|September}}, ''Hookera pulchella'' is considered as a synonym, either in full or in part, for ''Dichelostemma congestum'', and the epithet ''pulchella'' is not used, although Britten had argued for its priority.<ref name=Brit86a/>

==Contents== The 117 plants illustrated in ''The Paradisus Londinensis'' are listed below. Salisbury's original orthography is given in brackets where different from modern usage.<ref name=Note3/> Accepted names {{as of|2013|September|lc=yes}} are taken from The Plant List,<ref name=TPL/> unless otherwise referenced. An asterisk indicates that no accepted name has been found. {{Div col|colwidth=35em}} *''Trillium grandiflorum'' (Michx.) Salisb. *''Protea acuifolia'' * *''Bryophyllum calycinum'' = ''Bryophyllum pinnatum'' (Lam.) Oken *''Vaccinium buxifolium'' * *''Magnolia annonifolia'' [''Magnolia annonaefolia''] = ''Magnolia figo'' (Lour.) DC. var. ''figo'' *''Gompholobium psoraleifolium'' [''Gompholobium psoraleaefolium''] * *''Podalyria argentea'' Salisb. = ''Podalyria racemulosa'' {{small|DC.}} *''Gladiolus concolor'' = ''Gladiolus tristis'' L. *''Aphyllanthes juncea'' = ''Aphyllanthes monspeliensis'' L. *''Moraea odora'' [''Morea odora''] = ''Moraea fugax'' (D.Delaroche) Jacq. subsp. fugax *''Protea glaucophylla'' = ''Protea acaulos'' Reich. *''Crossandra undulifolia'' [''Crossandra undulaefolia''] = ''Crossandra infundibuliformis'' (L.) Nees *''Coronilla viminalis'' Salisb. *''Castalia magnifica'' = ''Nymphaea magnifica'' * *''Eucalyptus obliqua'' L'Hér. *''Dahlia sambucifolia'' = ''Dahlia pinnata'' Cav. *''Dioscorea tamifolia'' = ''Dioscorea bulbifera'' L. *''Reaumuria linifolia'' * *''Dahlia bidentifolia'' = ''Dahlia coccinea'' Cav. *''Convolvulus pannifolius'' * *''Leucojum autumnale'' = ''Acis autumnalis'' (L.) Sweet *''Hibiscus grandiflorus'' * *''Pelargonium nummulifolium'' * *''Protea mucronifolia'' * *''Cacalia bicolor'' = ''Gynura bicolor'' (Roxb. ex Willd.) DC. *''Campanula alliariifolia'' Willd. [''Campanula alliariaefolia''] *''Protea lacticolor'' * *''Swainsona coronillifolia'' [''Swainsona coronillaefolia''] = ''Swainsona galegifolia'' (Andrews) R.Br. *''Columnea rotundifolia'' = ''Columnea scandens'' L. *''Crocus serotinus'' Salisb. *''Yucca recurvifolia'' = ''Yucca gloriosa'' var. ''tristis'' Carrière<ref name=WCSP_Yr/> *''Sabatia gracilis'' [''Sabbatia gracilis''] = ''Sabatia campanulata'' var. ''gracilis'' * *''Hibiscus acerifolius'' = ''Hibiscus syriacus'' L. *''Eustoma silenifolium'' = ''Eustoma exaltatum'' (L.) Salisb. *''Trillium foetidum'' = ''Trillium erectum'' L. var. ''erectum'' *''Phyllodoce taxifolia'' = ''Phyllodoce caerulea'' (L.) Bab. *''Protea longifolia'' * *''Magnolia conspicua'' = ''Magnolia denudata'' Desr. *''Pelargonium pulchellum'' * *''Bromelia aquilega'' = ''Aechmea aquilega'' (Salisb.) Griseb. *''Goodia lotifolia'' Salisb. *''Woodfordia floribunda'' = ''Woodfordia fruticosa'' (L.) Kurz *''Magnolia auricularis'' = ''Magnolia fraseri'' Walter *''Menziesia globularis'' * *''Convolvulus farinosus'' L. *''Gardenia crassicaulis'' = ''Gardenia thunbergia'' Thunb. *''Lilium concolor'' Salisb. *''Billardiera mutabilis'' Salisb. *''Cymburus mutabilis'' = ''Stachytarpheta mutabilis'' (Jacq.) Vahl *''Justicia virgularis'' = ''Anisacanthus quadrifidus'' (Vahl) Nees *''Clitoria calcarigera'' * *''Crinum yucciflorum'' [''Crinum yuccaeflorum''] = ''Crinum zeylanicum'' (L.) L. *''Cymburus urticifolius'' [''Cymburus urticaefolius''] = ''Stachytarpheta urticifolia'' (Salisb.) Sims *''Ornithoglossum glaucum'' = ''Ornithoglossum viride'' (L.f.) Dryand. ex W.T.Aiton *''Hamelia grandiflora'' = ''Hamelia ventricosa'' Sw. *''Lacathea florida'' * *''Dianthus pomeridianus L.'' * *''Chamaenerion halimifolium'' [''Chamaenerium halmifolium''] = ''Epilobium latifolium'' L. *''Tradescantia crassifolia'' Cav. *''Astrantia helleborifolia'' = ''Astrantia maxima'' Pall *''Bignonia grandiflora'' = ''Campsis grandiflora'' (Thunb.) K.Schum. *''Dianthus collinus'' Waldst. & Kit. *''Carpolyza spiralis'' = ''Strumaria spiralis'' (L'Hér.) W.T.Aiton *''Anneslia falcifolia'' = ''Calliandra houstoniana'' Standl. var. ''anomala'' (Kunth) Barneby (The drawing has ''A. grandiflora'', corrected to ''A. falcifolia'' in the text.) *''Rothmannia longiflora'' Salisb. *''Oxalis glandulitega'' * *''Erodendrum amplexicaule'' = ''Protea amplexicaulis'' * *''Castalia pygmaea'' = ''Nymphaea tetragona'' Georgi *''Southwellia nobilis'' * *''Erodendrum tenax'' * *''Claytonia spathulifolia'' [''Claytonia spatulaefolia''] = ''Claytonia caroliniana'' Michx. var. ''lewisii'' McNeill *''Begonia nitida'' = ''Begonia minor'' Jacq. *''Hibbertia grossulariifolia'' [''Hibbertia grossulariaefolia''] * (The drawing has ''Burtonia'', corrected to ''Hibbertia'' in the text.) *''Leucojum pulchellum'' [''Leucoium pulchellum''] = ''Leucojum aestivum'' L. subsp. ''pulchellum'' (Salisb.) Briq. *''Euryspermum salicifolium'' * *''Erodendrum formosum'' = ''Protea formosa'' * *''Stylidium glandulosum'' Salisb.<ref name="POWO_826086-1">{{citation |title=''Stylidium glandulosum'' Salisb. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:826086-1 |accessdate=2019-08-03 }}</ref> *''Paeonia edulis'' = ''Paeonia lactiflora'' Pall. *''Linum hypericifolium'' Salisb. *''Rhododendron officinale'' = ''Rhododendron aureum'' Georgi *''Ipomoea repanda'' = ''Quamoclit repanda'' (Jacq.) Roberty *''Myrobroma fragrans'' = ''Vanilla planifolia'' Jacks. ex Andrews *''Corybas aconitiflorus'' Salisb. *''Pancratium nervifolium'' = ''Proiphys amboinensis'' (L.) Herb. *''Prenanthes suavis'' * *''Pancratium tiariflorum'' [''Pancratium tiaraeflorum''] = ''Pancratium zeylanicum'' L. *''Magnolia gracilis'' = ''Magnolia liliiflora'' Desr. *''Bouvardia triphylla'' = ''Bouvardia ternifolia'' (Cav.) Schltdl. *''Calypso borealis'' = ''Calypso bulbosa'' (L.) Oakes *''Mesembryanthemum acinaciforme'' * *''Jatropha multifida'' L. *''Smithia sensitiva'' Aiton *''Euclinia longiflora'' Salisb. [''Randia longiflora''] *''Hibiscus tiliifolius'' [''Hibiscus tiliaefolius''] = ''Hibiscus tiliaceus'' L. *''Byblis liniflora'' Salisb. *''Curcuma aromatica'' Salisb. *''Anigozanthos grandiflorus'' [''Anigozanthus grandiflora''] = ''Anigozanthos flavidus'' DC *''Hookera coronaria'' = ''Brodiaea coronaria'' (Salisb.) Jeps. *''Cephaëlis peduncularis'' = ''Psychotria peduncularis'' (Salisb.) Steyerm. *''Correa cotinifolia'' = ''Correa alba'' Andrews *''Rosa simplicifolia'' = ''Rosa persica'' Michx. ex J. F. Gmel.<ref name=GRINRs/> *''Abroma fastuosa'' [''Abroma fastuosum''] = ''Abroma augusta'' (L.) L.f. *''Chlamysporum juncifolium'' = ''Thysanotus juncifolius'' (Salisb.) J.H.Willis & Court *''Diapensia obtusifolia'' = ''Diapensia lapponica'' L. *''Euryspermum grandiflorum'' = ''Leucadendron grandiflorum'' * *''Crocus lageniflorus'' [''Crocus lagenaeflorus''] = ''Crocus flavus'' Weston subsp. ''flavus'' *''Primula sedifolia'' = ''Vitaliana primuliflora'' Bertol. *''Erodendrum turbiniflorum'' * *''Lachnaea glauca'' = ''Lachnaea pomposa'' Beyers *''Orchis bracteata'' [''Orchis bractealis''] = ''Dactylorhiza viridis'' (L.) R.M.Bateman, Pridgeon & M.W.Chase var. ''virescens'' (Muhl. ex Willd.) ined. *''Embothrium speciosum'' * *''Dianthus fragrans'' M.Bieb. *''Salvia bicolor'' * *''Podalyria oleifolia'' Salisb. [''Podalyria oleaefolia''] *''Adina globiflora'' = ''Adina pilulifera'' (Lam.) Franch. ex Drake *''Leucadendron grandiflorum'' [''Leucadendrum grandiflorum''] * *''Hookera pulchella'' = ''Dichelostemma congestum'' (Sm.) Kunth<ref name=POWO_536548-1/>

==Notes and references== <references>

<ref name=Note1>See, e.g., the [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/53520#/summary details page] of the Biodiversity Heritage Library scan.</ref>

<ref name=Note2>See the OCLC WorldCat entry [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21413996 21413996]: "Pt. 1 contains 118 leaves of col. plates; pt. 2 contains descriptions of the plates. Pt. 2 has separate t.p.: The paradisus londinensis: containing plants cultivated in the vicinity of the metropolis. The descriptions by Richard Anthony Salisbury, the figures by William Hooker ... vol. 1, pt. 2 ... Printed by D.N. Shury and published by William Hooker. Plates bound at random; some plates dated 1807 or 1808."</ref>

<ref name=Note3>In particular, under Article 60.8 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, the letters "ae" in epithets like ''annonaefolia'' are to be corrected to "i" giving ''annonifolia''.</ref>

<ref name=Note4>The notes to almost every plate begin with the number, the Latin and common name of the plant and then "Ordo Naturalis" followed by the name of the order (now family), "''Juss. Gen. p.''" and the page number in de Jussieu's ''Genera Plantarum''.</ref>

<ref name=Boul97>{{Citation |last=Boulger |first=George Simonds |authorlink=George Simonds Boulger |year=1897 |contribution=Salisbury, Richard Anthony |editor-last=Lee |editor-first=Sidney |title=Dictionary of National Biography |editor-link=Sidney Lee |volume=50 |publisher=Smith, Elder & Co. |location=London |title-link=Dictionary of National Biography }}</ref>

<ref name=Boul98>{{Citation |last=Boulger |first=George Simonds |authorlink=George Simonds Boulger |year=1898 |contribution=Smith, James Edward |editor-last=Lee |editor-first=Sidney |title=Dictionary of National Biography |editor-link=Sidney Lee |volume=53 |publisher=Smith, Elder & Co. |location=London |title-link=Dictionary of National Biography }}</ref>

<ref name=Brit86a>{{Citation |last=Britten |first=James |year=1886 |title=''Hookera'' vs. ''Brodiaea'': with some remarks on nomenclature |journal=Journal of Botany |volume=24 |pages=49–53 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35635871 |accessdate=2013-09-25 }}</ref>

<ref name=Brit86b>{{Citation |last=Britten |first=James |year=1886 |title=On the nomenclature of some Proteaceae |journal=Journal of Botany |volume=24 |pages=296–300 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35636126 |accessdate=2013-09-25 }}</ref>

<ref name=GRINRs>{{GRIN |mode=cs2 | ''Rosa simplicifolia'' | 32171 | accessdate = 2013-09-21}}</ref>

<ref name=IPNI_pub>{{Citation |title=Publication Details: Paradisus Londinensis |work=The International Plant Names Index |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPublicationSearch.do?id=3649-2 |accessdate=2013-09-16}}</ref>

<ref name=IPNI_adv>{{Citation |title=Search for 'Parad. Lond' and 'Salisb.' |work=The International Plant Names Index |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do?&find_publicationTitle=Parad.+Lond.&find_authorAbbrev=Salisb. |accessdate=2013-09-16}}</ref>

<ref name=Smit07>{{citation |first=James Edward |last=Smith |authorlink=James Edward Smith (botanist) |year=1807 |title=An introduction to physiological and systematical botany | page=261}}</ref>

<ref name=Smit10>{{citation |first=James Edward |last=Smith | year=1810 | title=Characters of a new Liliaceous Genus called Brodiæa |journal=Transactions of the Linnean Society of London |volume=10 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1810.tb00010.x|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1447520}}</ref>

<ref name="POWO_536548-1">{{citation |title=''Hookera pulchella'' Salisb. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:536548-1 |access-date=2021-04-23 }}</ref>

<ref name=TPL>{{citation |title=The Plant List |url=http://www.theplantlist.org |accessdate=2013-09-21}}</ref>

<ref name=WCSP_Yr>{{Citation |contribution=Yucca recurvifolia |title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher=The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=291729 |accessdate=2012-09-21}}</ref>

</references>

==Bibliography== * {{Citation |last1=Salisbury |first1=R.A. |last2=Hooker |first2=W. |year=1805–1808 |title=The Paradisus Londonensis : or Coloured Figures of Plants Cultivated in the Vicinity of the Metropolis |location=London |publisher=W. Hooker (printer D.N. Shury) |oclc=1864969 |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.53520 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/113616 |name-list-style=amp|doi-access=free }} (The scan is as a single volume with plates and text interspersed.)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paradisus Londinensis}} Category:Books about gardening Category:Botany books Category:Botany in Europe Category:Flora of Great Britain Category:British books Category:1800s books Category:Works by William Jackson Hooker