Parabacteroides

{{Short description|Genus of bacteria}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Parabacteroides distasonis.jpg | image_caption = ''Parabacteroides distasonis,'' a species of ''Parabacteroides'' within the human gut microbiome | taxon = Parabacteroides | authority = Sakamoto and Benno 2006<ref name=Parabacteroides>{{cite journal|last1=Parte|first1=A.C.|title=Parabacteroides|website=LPSN|url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/parabacteroides}}</ref> | type_species = ''Parabacteroides distasonis''<ref name=Parabacteroides/> | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision_ref = <ref name=Parabacteroides/> | subdivision = ''P. acidifaciens'' ''P. bouchesdurhonensis''> ''P. chartae'' ''P. chinchillae'' ''P. chongii'' ''P. distasonis'' ''P. faecavium'' ''P. faecis'' ''P. goldsteinii'' ''P. gordonii'' ''P. hominis'' ''P. intestinavium'' ''P. intestinigallinarum'' ''P. intestinipullorum'' ''P. johnsonii'' ''P. massiliensis'' ''P. merdae'' ''P. pacaensis'' ''P. pekinense'' ''P. provencensis'' ''P. timonensis'' }}

'''''Parabacteroides''''' is a Gram-negative, anaerobic, non-spore-forming genus from the family Tannerellaceae.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Genus: Parabacteroides |url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/parabacteroides |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=lpsn.dsmz.de |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=UniProt |url=https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/375288 |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=www.uniprot.org}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology |date=2011 |publisher=Springer |others=David R. Boone, Richard W. Castenholz, George M. Garrity |isbn=978-0-387-98771-2 |edition=2nd |location=New York |oclc=45951601}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |title=Schaechter's mechanisms of microbial disease |date=2013 |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |others=Moselio Schaechter, N. Cary Engleberg, Victor J. DiRita, Terence Dermody |isbn=978-0-7817-8744-4 |edition=5th |location=Philadelphia |oclc=769141612}}</ref>

First isolated from fecal specimen in 1933, type strain ''Parabacteroides distasonis'' was originally classified under the name ''Bacteroides distasonis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eggerth |first1=A. H. |last2=Gagnon |first2=B. H. |date=1933 |title=The Bacteroides of Human Feces |journal=Journal of Bacteriology |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=389–413 |doi=10.1128/jb.25.4.389-413.1933 |issn=0021-9193 |pmid=16559622|pmc=533498 }}</ref>'' The strain was re-classified to form the new genus ''Parabacteroides'' in 2006.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Sakamoto |first1=Mitsuo |last2=Benno |first2=YoshimiYR 2006 |title=Reclassification of Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides goldsteinii and Bacteroides merdae as Parabacteroides distasonis gen. nov., comb. nov., Parabacteroides goldsteinii comb. nov. and Parabacteroides merdae comb. nov. |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |year=2006 |volume=56 |issue=7 |pages=1599–1605 |doi=10.1099/ijs.0.64192-0 |pmid=16825636 |issn=1466-5034|doi-access=free }}</ref> ''Parabacteroides'' currently comprise 21 phylogenetically, ecologically, and metabolically diverse species, 11 of which are listed in the taxonomic database List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) as validly published.<ref name=":02" />

Within the ''Parabacteroides'' genus, species ''P. distasonis and P. goldsteinii'' have been associated with beneficial effects in human health, relating to their integral role in gut microbiota along the digestive tract.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Kai |last2=Liao |first2=Mingfang |last3=Zhou |first3=Nan |last4=Bao |first4=Li |last5=Ma |first5=Ke |last6=Zheng |first6=Zhongyong |last7=Wang |first7=Yujing |last8=Liu |first8=Chang |last9=Wang |first9=Wenzhao |last10=Wang |first10=Jun |last11=Liu |first11=Shuang-Jiang |last12=Liu |first12=Hongwei |date=2019-01-02 |title=Parabacteroides distasonis Alleviates Obesity and Metabolic Dysfunctions via Production of Succinate and Secondary Bile Acids |journal=Cell Reports |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=222–235.e5 |doi=10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.028 |pmid=30605678 |s2cid=58618693 |issn=2211-1247|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Qiang |last2=Li |first2=Dongfang |last3=He |first3=Yuan |last4=Li |first4=Yinhu |last5=Yang |first5=Zhenyu |last6=Zhao |first6=Xiaolan |last7=Liu |first7=Yanhong |last8=Wang |first8=Yu |last9=Sun |first9=Jing |last10=Feng |first10=Xin |last11=Wang |first11=Fei |last12=Chen |first12=Jiaxing |last13=Zheng |first13=Yuejie |last14=Yang |first14=Yonghong |last15=Sun |first15=Xuelin |date=2019-09-17 |title=Discrepant gut microbiota markers for the classification of obesity-related metabolic abnormalities |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=13424 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-49462-w |pmid=31530820 |pmc=6748942 |bibcode=2019NatSR...913424Z |s2cid=202580919 |issn=2045-2322}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Tsung-Ru |last2=Lin |first2=Chuan-Sheng |last3=Chang |first3=Chih-Jung |last4=Lin |first4=Tzu-Lung |last5=Martel |first5=Jan |last6=Ko |first6=Yun-Fei |last7=Ojcius |first7=David M. |last8=Lu |first8=Chia-Chen |last9=Young |first9=John D. |last10=Lai |first10=Hsin-Chih |date=2019-02-01 |title=Gut commensal Parabacteroides goldsteinii plays a predominant role in the anti-obesity effects of polysaccharides isolated from Hirsutella sinensis |url=https://gut.bmj.com/content/68/2/248 |journal=Gut |language=en |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=248–262 |doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315458 |issn=0017-5749 |pmid=30007918|s2cid=51628274 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Taxonomy == The taxon ID number used for prokaryotic genus ''Parabacteroides'' is 516255.<ref name=":02" /> Parent taxon comes from bacterial family ''Tannerellaceae,'' identified by number 29533 in the online LPSN database.<ref name=":02" />

== Genomics == The genomes of ''Parabacteroides'' are highly variable, both across species and within a single strain. For example, genomes isolated from type strain ''P. distasonis'' range in size from approximately 4.5 to 5.2 Mb (megabases) and encode over 2,000 functional proteins, signifying substantial variation within the species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Falong |last2=Kumar |first2=Anand |last3=Davenport |first3=Karen Walston |last4=Kelliher |first4=Julia Mae |last5=Ezeji |first5=Jessica C. |last6=Good |first6=Caryn E. |last7=Jacobs |first7=Michael R. |last8=Conger |first8=Mathew |last9=West |first9=Gail |last10=Fiocchi |first10=Claudio |last11=Cominelli |first11=Fabio |last12=Dichosa |first12=Armand Earl Ko |last13=Rodriguez-Palacios |first13=Alexander |date=2019-09-05 |title=Complete Genome Sequence of a Parabacteroides distasonis Strain (CavFT hAR46) Isolated from a Gut Wall-Cavitating Microlesion in a Patient with Severe Crohn's Disease |journal=Microbiology Resource Announcements |volume=8 |issue=36 |pages=e00585–19 |doi=10.1128/MRA.00585-19 |doi-access=free|issn=2576-098X |pmc=6728636 |pmid=31488526}}</ref>

== Species == The genus ''Parabacteroides'' comprises the following species, 11 of which are listed by the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) as validly published: <ref name=":02" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Listed as validly published<ref name=":02" /> !Not listed as validly published<ref name=":02" /> |- | * ''P. acidifaciens'' Wang ''et al.'' 2019 * ''P. chartae'' Tan ''et al.'' 2012 * ''P. chinchillae'' Kitahara ''et al.'' 2013 * ''P. chongii'' Kim ''et al.'' 2019 * ''P. distasonis'' (Eggerth and Gagnon 1933) Sakamoto and Benno 2006 * ''P. faecis'' Sakamoto ''et al.'' 2015 * ''P. goldsteinii'' (Song ''et al.'' 2006) Sakamoto and Benno 2006 * ''P. gordonii'' Sakamoto ''et al.'' 2009 * ''P. hominis'' Liu ''et al.'' 2022 * ''P. johnsonii'' Sakamoto ''et al.'' 2007 * ''P. merdae'' (Johnson ''et al.'' 1986) Sakamoto and Benno 2006 | * ''P. bouchesdurhonensis'' Dione ''et al.'' 2018 * ''P. faecavium'' Gilroy ''et. al'' 2021

* ''P. intestinavium'' Gilroy ''et al.'' 2021 * ''P. intestinigallinarum'' Gilroy ''et al.'' 2021 * ''P. intestinipullorum'' Gilroy ''et al.'' 2021 * ''P. massiliensis'' Bellali ''et al.'' 2019 * ''P. pacaensis'' Benabdelkader ''et al.'' 2020 * ''P. pekinense'' Li ''et al.'' 2022 * ''P. provencensis'' Benabdelkader ''et al.'' 2020 * ''P. timonensis'' Bilen ''et al.'' 2019 |}

== Role in the human gut microenvironment == Part of the bacterial order ''Bacteroidales'' present in the human gut''',''' ''Parabacteroides'' are commonly found within the gut microenvironment. ''Parabacteroides'' species constitute a significant component of microbiota along the digestive tract, benefitting from a commensal relationship with the human body. Intestinal microbiota also benefit the human host, modulating essential metabolism-related processes within the gut microenvironment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rolls |first=Edmund T. |date=2016 |title=Reward Systems in the Brain and Nutrition |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/toc/nutr/36/1 |journal=Annual Review of Nutrition |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=435–470|doi=10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-050725 |pmid=27146018 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

''Parabacteroides distasonis'' and ''P. goldsteinii'' in particular form biofilms in the gut microbiota, allowing these species to survive under harsh conditions and maintain ample populations in extreme pH environments.<ref name=":0" /> Recent studies elucidate new applications of ''Parabacteroides'' as probiotics, supporting balanced microbiota composition as a benefit to human digestive health.<ref name=":0" /> Both ''P. distasonis'' and ''P. goldsteinii'' exhibit anti-obesity effects via production of secondary bile acids and succinate within the gut microenvironment.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /> Studies on ''Parabacteroides'' species ''P. distasonis'' reveal metabolic benefits of this mechanism, including control of weight gain, decrease in hyperglycemia, and amelioration of hepatic steatosis and other metabolic diseases. <ref name=":5" />

== References == {{Reflist}}

== Further reading == * {{cite journal|last1=Krogh|first1=Thøger Jensen|last2=Agergaard|first2=Charlotte Nielsen|last3=Møller-Jensen|first3=Jakob|last4=Justesen|first4=Ulrik Stenz|title=Draft Genome Sequence of Parabacteroides goldsteinii with Putative Novel Metallo-β-Lactamases Isolated from a Blood Culture from a Human Patient|journal=Genome Announcements|date=20 August 2015|volume=3|issue=4|pages=e00937-15|doi=10.1128/genomeA.00937-15|pmid=26294633|pmc=4543511}} * {{cite journal|last1=Sakamoto|first1=M|last2=Benno|first2=Y|title=Reclassification of Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides goldsteinii and Bacteroides merdae as Parabacteroides distasonis gen. nov., comb. nov., Parabacteroides goldsteinii comb. nov. and Parabacteroides merdae comb. nov.|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|date=July 2006|volume=56|issue=Pt 7|pages=1599–605|doi=10.1099/ijs.0.64192-0|pmid=16825636|doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal|last1=Bilen|first1=Melhem|last2=Cadoret|first2=Frederic|last3=Daoud|first3=Ziad|last4=Fournier|first4=Pierre-Edouard|last5=Raoult|first5=Didier|title=Parabacteroides timonensis sp. nov., identified in human stool|journal=Human Microbiome Journal|date=December 2016|volume=2|pages=1–2|doi=10.1016/j.humic.2016.10.002|doi-access=free}}

Category:Bacteroidia Category:Bacteria genera Category:Taxa described in 2006