PanzerBlitz

{{Short description|World War II board wargame published in 1970}} {{Infobox game | italic title = yes | subject_name = ''PanzerBlitz'' | image_link = 150px | image_caption = Box cover | designer = Jim Dunnigan | publisher = Avalon Hill | players = 2 | ages = 10 and up | setup_time = 15 minutes | playing_time = 45–180 minutes | random_chance = Medium | skills = Strategic thought | footnotes = |}}

'''''PanzerBlitz''''' is a tactical-scale board wargame published by Avalon Hill in 1970 that simulates armored combat set on the Eastern Front of World War II. The game, which was the most popular board wargame of the 1970s, is notable for being the first true board-based tactical-level, commercially available conflict simulation wargame. It also pioneered several concepts that would become industry standards.

==Description== ''PanzerBlitz'' simulates clashes between Soviet and German forces at the level of company-sized infantry for Russian units, and platoon-sized infantry for German units, as well as individual mechanized or motorized vehicles. This scale of simulation was new to wargaming, since previous wargames had focused on larger units such as brigades, regiments, and divisions.

Much of the strategy in ''PanzerBlitz'' derives from the rule allowing units to shoot or move, but not both, in a single turn. Additionally, the difficulty of outright destruction of units encourages players to use combined arms rather than a simple concentration of one unit type to defeat the opponent.

The game includes technical information on the weight, speed, gun size, and crew complement of every major tank used on the Russian front. Additionally the battles - which were tactical fights - featured the detailed organizations of fairly small units, all the way from mortar teams to the trucks and wagons needed to give the units strategic flexibility. Much of this information had never been published before, outside of Army field manuals and partially classified intelligence reports.

It also pioneered concepts such as isomorphic mapboards and open-ended design, in which multiple unit counters are provided from which players can fashion their own free-form combat situations rather than simply replaying the published scenarios.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/newport-papers/43/ |format=PDF |title=On Wargaming: How Wargames Have Shaped History and how They May Shape the Future |publisher=Naval War College Press |author=Matthew B. Caffrey Jr. |journal=The Newport Papers |year=2019 |page=378 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125165749/https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1043&context=newport-papers&usg=AOvVaw05cUmvNMyrDxrB_h2ZvgB5 |archive-date=2020-01-25 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Gameplay== thumb|200px|One of many situation cards that tell players how to arrange board and which game pieces to use

===Scale=== The game board hexes represent 250 meters, a turn is 6 minutes, the playing pieces represent companies and platoons.

===Innovative features=== ''PanzerBlitz'' introduced a number of innovations to board wargames:<ref name=sim28 />

# Geomorphic mapboards which can be arranged in various combinations to create different battlefields. This became a hallmark of Avalon Hill tactical games such as Squad Leader. Panzer Leader includes a beach board for invasion scenarios, while The Arab-Israeli Wars includes a canal board to represent the Suez Canal. From the release of ''PanzerBlitz'' onward, wargamers started to call any modular game mapboard "geomorphic", adding a new and peculiar meaning to that word.<ref name=Zanichelli>{{cite book | last1=Angiolino | first1=Andrea| authorlink1=Andrea Angiolino | last2=Sidoti | first2=Beniamino | title = Dizionario dei giochi | year = 2010 | publisher = Zanichelli | location = Bologna | language = Italian | isbn = 978-88-08-19349-0 | page = 440}}</ref> # Armor units are represented by vehicle silhouettes rather than standard military symbols, making the game a departure from other operational level games as well as being reminiscent of miniatures games. Combined with bookcase-style packaging, it advanced Avalon Hill's reputation for physical quality. # The game is not limited to the 12 scenarios provided with it, but includes instructions for making a Design-Your-Own (DYO) scenario, or "Situation 13". The Designer's Notes shows players how many counters it will take to make up a complete Soviet Tank Corps, though this would require purchasing additional counter sets from Avalon Hill. (Players were advised against such extravagance, however, and urged to keep "counter density" low.) This open-ended approach made ''PanzerBlitz'' a highly replayable game system, a feature widely emulated by subsequent games. # The wealth of technical detail was unprecedented, as was the detailed description of how this technical data was incorporated into the game. The Designer's Notes state, "A glance at the ''PanzerBlitz'' game components gives you the impression that you can pick up a considerable amount of historical data by just studying the game, much less actually playing it ... Unfortunately, you cannot take this data, as modified in the game design, at face value. Instead you must understand some of the decisions that were made about this game data before it was incorporated into the game."

===Design philosophy=== In spite of the heavy technical payload, the basic system is quite simple, an expression of Avalon Hill's design philosophy in that playability and design elegance were prized above exactitude. The game mechanics are abstract and aimed at giving a realistic "feel" for armored combat rather than a completely accurate simulation.

===Simulation issues=== Although the abstract simplicity of ''PanzerBlitz'' attracted a wide following, certain unrealistic aspects were heavily criticized.

*'''Panzerbush''': A tank that ends its movement in a wooded hex is invisible unless an enemy unit is directly adjacent to it, even though the tank may have moved to that position in full view of the enemy, and fired from that position as well. This ability of units to hop from one woods hex to another without being attacked was called "Panzerbush Syndrome",<ref>{{cite book| last = Freeman| first = Jon| author-link = Jon Freeman (game designer) | title = The Playboy Winner's Guide to Board Games| publisher = Playboy Press| date = 1979| location = Chicago| pages = 242| isbn =0872165620 }}</ref> which became a scornful nickname for the game itself. The game provided a cumbersome optional rule to overcome this, but the later versions of the system (''Panzer Leader'' and ''The Arab-Israeli Wars'') provided much better solutions, such as the optional opportunity fire and more realistic rules for spotting and visibility. In addition in these later games systems, a hidden unit that fires on the enemy becomes visible and can be fired upon in return. *'''Truck burners''': The game provides truck and wagon units to transport infantry and anti-tank guns. However, players used rule "loopholes" to develop other non-historical uses for trucks.: **Spotter: A tank parked in woods is invisible unless an enemy unit is adjacent to it. Nothing in the rules prevents a player from driving a truck into the woods and parking it adjacent to the tank, which removes the tank's invisibility, allowing the player owning the truck to fire with other units at the now-visible tank. **Roadblock: The rules do not allow for tanks to move into hexes already occupied by enemy units unless the enemy units are located on clear terrain, in which case, the tank can use the "overrrun" rule. However, because roads are not considered clear terrain, the overrun rule does not apply, allowing a truck to be parked on a road as a roadblock to stop enemy tanks.

==Publication history== In 1969, Avalon Hill dominated the wargame market, producing on average, one game per year with well-produced but expensive components. At the new wargame publisher Poultron Press, co-founder Jim Dunnigan and his design team decided to go in the opposite direction, marketing a number of very cheaply made "Test Series" games to see if producing many games a year could also be a viable business model. These test games featured typewritten pages with hand-drawn maps and graphics and thin paper counter sheets, packaged in a plain manila envelope. ''Tactical Game 3'', also titled ''Test Series Game 3'', designed by Dunnigan, was sent to playtesters in 1969. Later the same year, a second printing was included as a free pull-out game in Issue 22 of Poultron Press's house magazine ''Strategy & Tactics'', becoming the first tactical wargame in the history of modern board wargaming.<ref name="sim28">{{cite magazine |last=von Sieben|first=Heinz |date=2008|title=PanzerBlitz: End of the Beginning or Beginning of the End? |magazine=Simulacrum |issue=28|pages = 67–75}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Woods |first=Stewart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPdRVOl8fU0C&q=%22game+board%22 |title=Eurogames: The Design, Culture and Play of Modern European Board Games |date=2012-08-30 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-6797-6 |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|page=23}}

In 1970, Dunnigan sold the rights to ''Tactical Game 3'' — retaining royalty rights — to Avalon Hill, who republished the game as ''PanzerBlitz'', with professionally designed components and twelve combat scenarios.<ref name=sim28 />

From 1970 to 1980, ''PanzerBlitz'' was the top-selling board wargame in North America.<ref name=games100 /> Avalon Hill followed ''PanzerBlitz'' with two companion games: ''Panzer Leader'', which focused on the Western Front; and ''The Arab-Israeli Wars'', which covered the 1956, 1967 and 1973 wars in the Middle East. The numerical values used by counters in ''The Arab-Israeli Wars'' conformed to the same scales as the World War II sister games, so that players who wanted to create fanciful scenarios involving modern equipment facing World War II equipment could do so while maintaining the internal consistency and realism of the game system.

Multi-Man Publishing acquired the rights to the game, and released ''PanzerBlitz: Hill of Death'' in 2009.

===Unofficial sequels=== ''PanzerBlitz'' designer Jim Dunnigan created several ''PanzerBlitz''-style games for his own company (which had evolved from Poultron Press to Simulations Publications Inc.): ''Combat Command'', ''Panzer '44'', and ''MechWar '77''. However, as critic Heinz von Sieben noted, "The major disappointment with ''PanzerBlitz'' was the sequential nature of the mechanism, and Dunnigan’s mechanism of simultaneous movement for subsequent tactical games such as ''KampfPanzer'' and ''Desert War'' solved one problem, only to introduce a different problem of playability and bookkeeping."<ref name=sim28 />

==Reception== In Issue 5 of the UK magazine ''Games & Puzzles'', (September 1972), game designer Don Turnbull commented, "''PanzerBlitz'' is the game which I would isolate as a personal favourite ''and'' one which is most suitable for a newcomer to the hobby." Turnbull noted that the game "has variety, flexibility, realism, playability and considerable entertainment value." After a lengthy examination of the game mechanics, Turnbull concluded, "I recommend ''PanzerBlitz'' highly to anyone aspiring to become a board wargamer. [...] This game probably represents the best combination of the features of board wargaming."<ref name=gp>{{cite magazine |last=Turnbull|first=Don | author-link=Don Turnbull (game designer)| date=September 1972|title=Wargaming|magazine=Games and Puzzles|issue=5|pages=10}}</ref> Several issues later, Turnbull added, "At the risk of repeating myself, one of the most flexible and enjoyable games currently available."<ref name=gp11>{{cite magazine |last=Turnbull |first=Don |author-link=Don Turnbull (game designer) | date=February 1973|title=Mini-Wargames|magazine=Games and Puzzles|issue=11 |page=21}}</ref>

In ''A Player's Guide to Table Games'', John Jackson noted the "Panzerbush syndrome", pointing out that "units skulk from woods hex to woods hex, from ravine to protecting slope, without incurring the enemy fire which, in reality, they would have drawn when they exposed themselves on open ground." However, Jackson concluded, "''PanzerBlitz'' is complex; it's got a lot of rules and is definitely not the first wargame a novice should tackle. But it's challenging and a whole lot of fun, and that's what games are all about, isn't it?"<ref>{{cite book| last = Jackson | first = John | title = A Player's Guide to Table Games| publisher = Stackpole Books| date = 1975| location = Harrisburg PA| pages = xxx| isbn = 0-8117-1902-2}}</ref>

In his 1977 book ''The Comprehensive Guide to Board Wargaming'', Nicholas Palmer called it "Perhaps the most frequently played wargame ever produced." He noted ''PanzerBlitz'' was "the first to bring a wealth of tactical detail to the Second World War East Front, and met a delighted reception from the hobby when it came out in 1970." Palmer highlighted some frailties of the aging game design, particularly "somewhat unbalanced scenarios and the 'Panzerbush' syndrome, in which units popping from wood to wood cannot be attacked by non-adjacent units, which is a flaw in realism." He concluded on an upbeat note, saying, "Exciting, high skill level, very complex."<ref name=palmer>{{cite book | last =Palmer | first =Nicholas | authorlink =Nick Palmer | title =The Comprehensive Guide to Board Wargaming | publisher =Sphere Books | date =1977 | location =London | page=166}}</ref>

''Games'' magazine included ''PanzerBlitz'' in their "Top 100 Games of 1980", saying, "Simulating World War Il combat between small units of Germans and Russians, this is the best-selling wargame ever published. Its popular features include a nifty mapboard that fits together in 12 different configurations, and rules that allow players to invent battle situations beyond the 12 provided."<ref name=games100>{{cite magazine | date=November–December 1980 |title=Top 100 Games of 1980 | magazine=Games | issue=20 | page=53 }}</ref>

In the 1980 book ''The Complete Book of Wargames'', game designer Jon Freeman called ''PanzerBlitz'' "a watershed design. It was the first to simulate World War II events at the tactical level, the first to treat the differences between armor and infantry as more than a distinction in attack or movement factors, and the first to develop a real sequence of play, with different events occurring at different stages." He called it "an enormously important game — really the first to break out of the 'classic' Avalon Hill mode." In addition to its historical significance in the hobby, Freeman also noted that "It is also a very good game that is fluid in play, exciting, and colorful." He did admit there were problems with the spotting rules that allowed units "to skulk from woods without being fired on — a pattern known as the 'panzerbush syndrome'", as well as with the effectiveness of indirect high explosive artillery. Despite these issues, he gave the game an Overall Evaluation of "Very Good".<ref name=cbw>{{cite book| last = Freeman| first = Jon| author-link = Jon Freeman (game designer)| title = The Complete Book of Wargames| publisher = Simon & Schuster| date = 1980| location = New York| page = xxx}}</ref>

By August 1996, a quarter century after its publication, ''PanzerBlitz'' had sold 275,000 copies. ''Computer Gaming World'' columnist Terry Coleman claimed that these figures made it the second-best-selling board wargame ever, behind ''Axis & Allies''.<ref name=sales>{{cite magazine| author=Coleman, Terry |title=No Joystick Required |date=August 1996 |issue=145| magazine=Computer Gaming World | pages=179, 180 }}</ref> In his 2000 book ''Wargames Handbook: How to Play and Design Commercial and Professional Wargames'', ''PanzerBlitz'' designer Jim Dunnigan stated that the game had sold the "extraordinary sales figure" of 320,000 units over 25 years, making it the most successful board wargame in the history of the hobby.<ref>{{cite book| last = Dunnigan| first = James F.| author-link = Jim Dunnigan| title = Wargames Handbook: How to Play and Design Commercial and Professional Wargames'| publisher = iUniverse| date = 2000| page = 198}}</ref>

In a retrospective review in Issue 28 of ''Simulacrum'', Heinz von Sieben commented, "The abstract simplicity of ''PanzerBlitz'' combined with its elegant physical presentation and its release at a most opportune moment in the growth of interest in board wargames attracted a wide following. Quite simply, ''PanzerBlitz'' was incredibly popular when it first came out, a fact which encouraged the development of other tactical games and ultimately led to the most successful of the tactical systems, ''Squad Leader'' and ''Advanced Squad Leader''."<ref name=sim28 />

SimCity designer Will Wright cited ''PanzerBlitz'' as one of his influences in designing his later works.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Johnson |first=Bobbie |date=2007-10-26 |title=Q&A: Will Wright, creator of the Sims |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2007/oct/26/willwright |access-date=2023-10-04 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==Other reviews and commentary== * ''Casus Belli'' #12 (Dec 1982)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/casus-belli-012/page/14/mode/2up | title=Casus Belli #012 | date=1982 }}</ref> *''Moves'' #50, p23<ref>{{cite web|url=https://strategyandtacticspress.com/library-files/Moves%20Issue50.pdf|title=Moves Issue 50|website=strategyandtacticspress.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411224214/https://strategyandtacticspress.com/library-files/Moves%20Issue50.pdf|archivedate=April 11, 2023}}</ref> * ''The Playboy Winner's Guide to Board Games''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/playboywinnersgu00free|title=The Playboy winner's guide to board games|first1=Jon|last1=Freeman|first2=John|last2=Jackson|date=21 September 1979|publisher=Chicago : Playboy Press|access-date=21 September 2023|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> *''Panzerfaust'' #55 and 61<ref>https://boardgamegeek.com/wiki/page/Panzerfaust_Article_index#</ref>

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== * {{bgg|2238}} * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070710182836/http://panzergames.info/ Panzerblitz, et al., Community Forums and Files]}} from the owner of the old AOL PB website.

{{Avalon Hill}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panzerblitz}} Category:Avalon Hill games Category:Eastern Front World War II board wargames Category:Jim Dunnigan games Category:Tactical wargames Category:Wargames introduced in 1970