{{Short description|Genus of lichen-forming fungi}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}} {{Use Oxford spelling|date=July 2025}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Pannaria conoplea Jymm.jpg | image_caption = ''Pannaria conoplea'' | taxon = Pannaria | authority = Delise ex Bory (1828) | type_species = ''Pannaria rubiginosa'' | type_species_authority = (Thunb.) Delise (1828) | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivisions = | synonyms_ref = <ref name="urlMycoBank: Pannaria"/> | synonyms = *''Amphinomium'' {{au|Nyl. (1888)}} *''Lepidoleptogium'' {{au|A.L.Sm. (1922)}} *''Lepidogium'' {{au|Clem. & Shear (1931)}} *''Pannaria'' subgen. ''Lepidoleptogium'' {{au|(A.L.Sm.) P.M.Jørg. (2004)}} }}
'''''Pannaria''''' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Pannariaceae.<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020"/> These lichens form leaf-like, scaly, or crusty patches that typically arrange themselves in loose rosettes on tree bark in humid forests. Most species partner with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, though some contain green algae instead. The genus was established in 1828 and now includes about 80 recognized species found worldwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions.
==Description==
''Pannaria'' forms a thallus that can be leaf-like (foliose), a mosaic of tiny scales (squamulose), or a thin crust (crustose). Many species arrange their lobes in loose rosettes and, unlike several related genera, they rarely develop the blue-black felt ({{lichengloss|hypothallus}}) seen beneath other cyanobacterial lichens. The upper surface ranges from grey-blue to deep brown-black and may carry a light dusting of frost-like crystals ({{lichengloss|pruina}}). Most species partner with the filamentous cyanobacterium ''Nostoc'', but members of the ''Pannaria sphinctrina'' group instead contain green algal cells.<ref name="Cannon et al. 2021"/>
The lichen's sexual fruiting bodies are sessile apothecia whose red-brown to black {{lichengloss|discs}} are framed by a persistent rim of thallus tissue. That rim has two zones: an outer layer of tightly packed, brick-like cells and an inner layer that is looser and packed with {{lichengloss|photobiont}} cells. A thin, pale {{lichengloss|exciple}} of {{lichengloss|pseudoparenchymatous}} cells surrounds the hymenium. The asci hold eight ascospores, show no blue reaction to potassium–iodide stain (K/I−) and lack the amyloid plug found in many related taxa. Their spores are colourless, single-celled, ellipsoidal and often end in one or two small points; the outer wall is finely warted or ridged.<ref name="Cannon et al. 2021"/>
Asexual reproduction is limited to scattered pycnidia that release straight, rod-shaped conidia. Thin-layer chromatography usually detects no secondary metabolites, though some species contain pannarin, which produces an orange-red colour with the para-phenylenediamine (Pd) spot test.<ref name="Cannon et al. 2021"/>
==Photobiont==
Like most members of the Pannariaceae, species of ''Pannaria'' partner with filamentous, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria belonging to the genus ''Nostoc''. A multilocus survey of 37 thalli representing 21 species showed that these {{lichengloss|cyanobionts}} are drawn from two broad ''Nostoc'' lineages previously known as the "''Nephroma'' guild" and the "''Peltigera'' guild"; the ''Pannaria'' sequences are scattered across both, with a gradual transition between them.<ref name="Elvebakk et al. 2008"/>
Host choice is flexible. {{lichengloss|Bipartite}} (cyanobacteria-only) and {{lichengloss|tripartite}} (cyanobacteria plus green-algal) species do not segregate cleanly by {{lichengloss|photobiont}}: some tripartite southern-hemisphere taxa share identical ''Nostoc'' strains with corticolous (bark-dwelling) bipartite species from both hemispheres, whereas other ''Pannaria'' species show marked selectivity, keeping to a narrow subset of strains. This breadth of associations contrasts with the tighter photobiont fidelity reported for genera such as ''Nephroma'' and ''Peltigera''.<ref name="Elvebakk et al. 2008"/>
==Ecology==
Species of ''Pannaria'' grow mainly as epiphytes on the bark of trees in sheltered, humid forests. They are encountered far less often on shaded rocks or on thin, moss-covered soil, where the micro-climate is similarly cool and moist.<ref name="Cannon et al. 2021"/>
==Species== [[File:Pannaria (3163934220).jpg|thumb|right|''Pannaria'' (not identified to species) on a ''Nothofagus'' trunk in Quetrupillán, Chile]] {{As of|2025|July}}, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accept 78 species of ''Pannaria'':<ref name="CoL_CDVBJ"/> *''Pannaria adpressa'' {{au|Zahlbr. (1930)}} *''Pannaria aenea'' {{au|Müll.Arg. (1896)}}<ref name="Müller 1896"/> *''Pannaria andina'' {{au|P.M.Jørg. & Sipman (2004)}}<ref name="Jørgensen & Sipman 2004"/> *''Pannaria allorhiza'' {{au|(Nyl.) Elvebakk & D.J.Galloway (2003)}} *''Pannaria aotearoana'' {{au|Elvebakk & Elix (2016)}}<ref name="Elvebakk & Elix 2016"/> *''Pannaria applanata'' {{au|Eckfeldt (1894)}}<ref name="Eckfeldt 1894"/> *''Pannaria areolata'' {{au|Delise (1828)}} *''Pannaria asahinae'' {{au|P.M.Jørg. (2001)}}<ref name="Jørgensen & Kashiwadani 2001"/> *''Pannaria athroophylla'' {{au|(Stirt.) Elvebakk & D.J.Galloway (2003)}} *''Pannaria atrofumosa'' {{au|C.Knight (1880)}} *''Pannaria auctorum'' {{au|Bory (1828)}} *''Pannaria brasiliensis'' {{au|Zahlbr. (1909)}} *''Pannaria byssoidea'' {{au|Passo & Calvelo (2011)}}<ref name="Passo & Calvelo 2011"/> *''Pannaria caesiocinerea'' {{au|(Vain.) P.M.Jørg. (2004)}} *''Pannaria caespitosa'' {{au|P.M.Jørg. (2000)}}<ref name="Jørgensen 2000b"/> *''Pannaria calophylla'' {{au|(Müll.Arg.) Passo & Calvelo (2006)}}<ref name="Passo & Calvelo 2006"/> *''Pannaria cameroonensis'' {{au|C.W.Dodge (1964)}} *''Pannaria carneopallens'' {{au|Vain. (1921)}} *''Pannaria cassa'' {{au|Elvebakk (2022)}} *''Pannaria centrifuga'' {{au|P.M.Jørg. (2001)}}<ref name="Jørgensen 2001b"/> *''Pannaria cheirolepis'' {{au|F.Wilson (1889)}} *''Pannaria chilensis'' {{au|Fée (1852)}} *''Pannaria cinerascens'' {{au|(Nyl.) P.M.Jørg. (2004)}} *''Pannaria complanata'' {{au|P.M.Jørg. (2001)}}<ref name="Jørgensen 2001"/> *''Pannaria conoplea'' {{au|(Ach.) Bory (1828)}} *''Pannaria contorta'' {{au|(Müll.Arg.) Passo & Calvelo (2006)}}<ref name="Passo & Calvelo 2006"/> *''Pannaria craspedia'' {{au|Körb. (1859)}} *''Pannaria crenulata'' {{au|P.M.Jørg. (1983)}}<ref name="Galloway et al. 1983"/> *''Pannaria crispella'' {{au|(Nyl.) Elvebakk (2022)}} *''Pannaria crustata'' {{au|Stirt. (1873)}}<ref name="Stirton 1873"/> *''Pannaria decipiens'' {{au|P.M.Jørg. & D.J.Galloway (1992)}} *''Pannaria delicata'' {{au|P.M.Jørg. & D.J.Galloway (1999)}}<ref name="Jørgensen 1999"/> *''Pannaria delisei'' {{au|Bory (1838)}} *''Pannaria dissecta'' {{au|P.M.Jørg. (2001)}}<ref name="Jørgensen 2001b"/> *''Pannaria durietzii'' {{au|(P.James & Henssen) Elvebakk & D.J.Galloway (2003)}} *''Pannaria ekistophylla'' {{au|Colmeiro (1867)}} *''Pannaria elatior'' {{au|Stirt. (1899)}} *''Pannaria elegantior'' {{small|P.M.Jørg. (2003)}}<ref name="Jørgensen 2003b"/> *''Pannaria elixii'' {{au|P.M.Jørg. & D.J.Galloway (1992)}} *''Pannaria emodii'' {{au|P.M.Jørg. (2001)}}<ref name="Jørgensen 2001"/> *''Pannaria euphylla'' {{au|(Nyl.) Elvebakk & D.J.Galloway (2003)}} *''Pannaria exasperata'' {{au|H.Magn. (1944)}} *''Pannaria farinosa'' {{au|Elvebakk & Fritt-Rasm. (2007)}}<ref name="Elvebakk et al. 2007"/> *''Pannaria fimbriata'' {{au|P.M.Jørg. (2001)}}<ref name="Jørgensen 2001b"/> *''Pannaria flabellata'' {{au|P.M.Jørg. (2012)}}<ref name="Jørgensen & Gjerde 2012"/> *''Pannaria formosana'' {{au|P.M.Jørg. (2001)}}<ref name="Jørgensen 2001"/> *''Pannaria fulvescens'' {{au|(Mont.) Nyl. (1857)}} *''Pannaria fumbris'' {{au|Kremp. (1874)}} *''Pannaria funebris'' {{au|Kremp. (1874)}} *''Pannaria gallowayi'' {{au|Elvebakk & Elix (2016)}}<ref name="Elvebakk & Elix 2016"/> *''Pannaria glacialis'' {{au|Anzi (1860)}} *''Pannaria granulifera'' {{au|Müll.Arg. (1896)}} *''Pannaria globigera'' {{au|Hue (1909)}} *''Pannaria holospoda'' {{au|Nyl. (1888)}} *''Pannaria hookeri'' {{au|(Borrer) Nyl. (1857)}} *''Pannaria howeana'' {{au|Elvebakk (2012)}}<ref name="Elvebakk 2012"/> *''Pannaria hypnorum'' {{au|(Vahl) Körb. (1855)}} *''Pannaria immixta'' {{au|Nyl. (1867)}}<ref name="Nylander 1865"/> *''Pannaria implexa'' {{au|(Stirt.) Passo, Calvelo & S.Stenroos (2008)}} *''Pannaria insularis'' {{au|P.M.Jørg. & Kashiw. (2001)}}<ref name="Jørgensen & Kashiwadani 2001"/> *''Pannaria isidiosa'' {{au|Elvebakk & Elix (2006)}}<ref name="Elvebakk & Elix 2006"/> *''Pannaria italica'' {{au|Gyeln. (1940)}} *''Pannaria japonica'' {{au|Räsänen (1940)}} *''Pannaria kantvilasii'' {{au|Elvebakk (2022)}} *''Pannaria kerguelensis'' {{au|C.W.Dodge (1966)}} *''Pannaria laciniata'' {{au|Zahlbr. (1941)}} *''Pannaria laciniosa'' {{au|Hue (1902)}} *''Pannaria lanuginosa'' {{au|(Hoffm.) Szatala (1930)}} *''Pannaria lasiella'' {{au|Stirt. (1878)}} *''Pannaria lepidophora'' {{au|Vain. (1921)}} *''Pannaria leproloma'' {{au|(Nyl.) P.M.Jørg. (2001)}}<ref name="Jørgensen 2001b"/> *''Pannaria limbata'' {{au|Vain. (1921)}} *''Pannaria lobulifera'' {{au|Elvebakk (2007)}}<ref name="Elvebakk 2007"/> *''Pannaria lurida'' {{au|(Mont.) Nyl. (1857)}} *''Pannaria luridula'' {{au|Nyl. (1876)}} *''Pannaria macrocarpa'' {{au|Müll.Arg. (1892)}} *''Pannaria malmei'' {{au|C.W.Dodge (1933)}} *''Pannaria mangroviana'' {{au|P.M.Jørg. (2001)}}<ref name="Jørgensen 2001b"/> *''Pannaria melanesica'' {{au|Elvebakk (2020)}} *''Pannaria melanotricha'' {{au|Müll.Arg. (1885)}} *''Pannaria microphyllizans'' {{au|(Nyl.) P.M.Jørg. (2001)}}<ref name="Jørgensen 2001b"/> *''Pannaria minutiphylla'' {{au|Elvebakk (2013)}}<ref name="Elvebakk 2013"/> *''Pannaria molkenboeri'' {{au|(Mont. & Bosch) Hue (1902)}} *''Pannaria molybdodes'' {{au|F.Wilson (1889)}} *''Pannaria mosenii'' {{au|C.W.Dodge (1933)}} *''Pannaria multifida'' {{au|P.M.Jørg. (2004)}} *''Pannaria myrioloba'' {{au|Müll.Arg. (1896)}} *''Pannaria neocaledonica'' {{au|B.de Lesd. (1910)}} *''Pannaria nilgherriensis'' {{au|P.M.Jørg. & Upreti (2003)}} *''Pannaria obscura'' {{au|Müll.Arg. (1895)}} *''Pannaria oregonensis'' {{au|McCune & M.Schultz (2022)}}<ref name="McCune et al. 2022"/> *''Pannaria pannosa'' {{au|(Sw.) Nyl. (1855)}} *''Pannaria papuana'' {{au|(Aptroot & Diederich) P.M.Jørg. & Sipman (2006)}} *''Pannaria parmeliae'' {{au|F.Wilson (1889)}} *''Pannaria patagonica'' {{au|(Malme) Elvebakk & D.J.Galloway (2003)}} *''Pannaria perfossa'' {{au|Stirt. (1875)}} *''Pannaria phloeodes'' {{au|Stirt. (1877)}} *''Pannaria phyllidiata'' {{au|Elvebakk (2011)}} *''Pannaria placodioides'' {{au|Nyl. ex Cromb. (1875)}} *''Pannaria placodiopsis'' {{au|Nyl. (1875)}} *''Pannaria planiuscula'' {{au|P.M.Jørg. (2003)}}<ref name="Jørgensen 2003"/> *''Pannaria prolifera'' {{au|Müll.Arg. (1882)}} *''Pannaria prolificans'' {{au|Vain. (1896)}} *''Pannaria pruinosa'' {{au|P.M.Jørg. & Timdal (2004)}}<ref name="Jørgensen 2004"/> *''Pannaria pulverulacea'' {{au|Elvebakk (2013)}}<ref name="Elvebakk 2013"/> *''Pannaria pulvinula'' {{au|P.M.Jørg. (2000)}}<ref name="Jørgensen 2000b"/> *''Pannaria pyxinoides'' {{au|(Nyl.) Elvebakk (2018)}} *''Pannaria ramosii'' {{au|Vain. (1921)}}<ref name="Vainio 1921"/> *''Pannaria ramulosa'' {{au|P.M.Jørg. (2001)}}<ref name="Jørgensen 2001"/> *''Pannaria reflectens'' {{au|(Nyl.) P.M.Jørg. (2010)}} *''Pannaria rolfii'' {{au|Elvebakk (2012)}}<ref name="Elvebakk 2012b"/> *''Pannaria romanoana'' {{au|Hue (1915)}} *''Pannaria rubiginea'' {{au|Nyl. (1859)}} *''Pannaria rubiginella'' {{au|P.M.Jørg. & Sipman (2004)}}<ref name="Jørgensen & Sipman 2004"/> *''Pannaria rubiginosa'' {{au|(Thunb. ex Ach.) Delise (1828)}} *''Pannaria squamulosa'' {{au|P.M.Jørg. (2003)}}<ref name="Jørgensen 2003"/> *''Pannaria streimannii'' {{au|Elvebakk (2012)}}<ref name="Elvebakk 2012"/> *''Pannaria subcrustacea'' {{au|(Räsänen) P.M.Jørg. (2001)}}<ref name="Jørgensen 2001b"/> *''Pannaria subfusca'' {{au|P.M.Jørg. (2000)}}<ref name="Jørgensen 2000"/> *''Pannaria subrubiginosa'' {{au|Brodo & McMullin (2025)}}<ref name="Brodo & McMullin 2025"/> *''Pannaria subsimilis'' {{au|C.Knight (1880)}} *''Pannaria superior'' {{au|Nyl. (1868)}} *''Pannaria taylorii'' {{au|Tuck. (1875)}} *''Pannaria tavaresii'' {{au|P.M.Jørg. (1978)}}<ref name="Jørgensen 1978"/> *''Pannaria tenuis'' {{au|P.M.Jørg. & Sipman (2006)}} *''Pannaria tetraspora'' {{au|Maheu & A.Gillet (1926)}} *''Pannaria thoroldii'' {{au|C.W.Dodge (1964)}} *''Pannaria thraustolepis'' {{au|F.Wilson (1889)}} *''Pannaria tjibodensis'' {{au|Zahlbr. (1928)}}<ref name="Zahlbruckner 1928"/> *''Pannaria vischii'' {{au|C.W.Dodge (1971)}} *''Pannaria wrightiorum'' {{au|Elvebakk (2022)}}
==References== {{Reflist|refs=
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<ref name="Cannon et al. 2021">{{cite book |last1=Cannon |first1=P. |last2=Aptroot |first2=A. |last3=Coppins |first3=B. |last4=Sanderson |first4=N. |last5=Simkin |first5=J. |year=2021 |title=Peltigerales: Pannariaceae, including the genera ''Fuscopannaria'', ''Leptogidium'', ''Nevesia'', ''Pannaria'', ''Parmeliella'', ''Pectenia'', ''Protopannaria'' and ''Psoroma'' |series=Revisions of British and Irish Lichens |volume=9 |page=7 |url=https://britishlichensociety.org.uk/sites/default/files/Pannariaceae.pdf}}{{Open access}}</ref>
<ref name="CoL_CDVBJ">{{Catalogue of Life |id=CDVBJ |title=''Pannaria'' |access-date=14 July 2025}}</ref>
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<ref name="Passo & Calvelo 2006">{{cite journal |last1=Passo |first1=Alfredo |last2=Calvelo |first2=Susana |year=2006 |title=New reports and combinations in the family Pannariaceae (Lecanorales, lichenized Ascomycota) |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=549–555 |doi=10.1017/S0024282906005688 |bibcode=2006ThLic..38..549P }}</ref>
<ref name="Passo & Calvelo 2011">{{cite journal |last1=Passo |first1=Alfredo |last2=Calvelo |first2=Susana |title=''Pannaria byssoidea'' (Pannariaceae), a new squamulose species from southern South America |journal=The Bryologist |volume=114 |issue=4 |year=2011 |doi=10.1639/0007-2745-114.4.756 |pages=756–763}}</ref>
<ref name="Stirton 1873">{{cite journal |last=Stirton |first=J. |year=1873 |title=Additions to the lichen flora of New Zealand |journal=Transactions of the Glasgow Society of Field Naturalists |volume=1 |pages=15–23}}</ref>
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<ref name="urlMycoBank: Pannaria">{{cite web |title=''Pannaria'' Delise ex Bory 1828 |url=http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=3686 |publisher=MycoBank. International Mycological Association |access-date=2012-02-25}}</ref>
<ref name="Vainio 1921">{{cite journal |last=Vainio |first=E.A. |year=1921 |title=Lichenes insularum Philippinarum, III |journal=Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae |volume=15 |issue=6 |page=16 |language=la}}</ref>
<ref name="Zahlbruckner 1928">{{cite journal |last1=Zahlbruckner |first1=A. |year=1928 |title=Neue und ungenügend beschriebene javanische Flechten |trans-title=New and insufficiently described Javanese lichens |journal=Annales de Cryptogamie Exotique |volume=1 |pages=109–212 [165] |language=de}}</ref>
}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q7131388}}
* Category:Lichen genera Category:Peltigerales genera Category:Taxa described in 1828