{{Short description| Lycian Archer}} {{for-multi|the asteroid|2674 Pandarus|the shark parasites|Pandarus (crustacean)|the butterfly|Hypolimnas pandarus}} {{distinguish|Pandareus|Pandaros (sponge)}} thumb|Pandarus, centre, with Cressida, illustration to Troilus and Cressida by Thomas Kirk. '''Pandarus''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|æ|n|d|ə|r|ə|s}} or '''Pandar''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|æ|n|d|ər}} (Ancient Greek: Πάνδαρος ''Pándaros''), son of Lycaon, is a skilled Lycian archer who lived in the Troad city of Zeleia. In the Iliad, he is allied with Troy and appears in stories about the Trojan War. He is infamous for breaking the truce between the Trojans and the Achaeans in Homer's Iliad, Book 4.
In Homer's ''Iliad'', Book 4, he is portrayed as a skilled archer, but in medieval literature he becomes a witty and licentious figure who facilitates the affair between Troilus and Cressida. {{citation needed|date=July 2025}}
In Shakespeare's play ''Troilus and Cressida'', he is portrayed as an aged degenerate and coward<ref name="shmoop">{{cite web |title=Pandarus in Troilus and Cressida |url=https://www.shmoop.com/troilus-cressida/pandarus.html |website=www.shmoop.com |access-date=12 December 2018}}</ref> who ends the play by telling the audience he will bequeath them his "diseases".<ref>{{cite web |title=Troilus and Cressida. Act V. Scene X. William Shakespeare. 1914. The Oxford Shakespeare |url=https://www.bartleby.com/70/35510.html |website=www.bartleby.com |access-date=12 December 2018}}</ref>
==Classical literature== In Homer's ''Iliad'', Pandarus is a renowned archer and the son of Lycaon. Pandarus, who fought on the side of Troy in the Trojan War<ref>{{cite web |last1=Belknap |first1=Jacob |title=Pandarus in The Iliad: Character Analysis |url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/pandarus-in-the-iliad-character-analysis.html |website=Study.com |access-date=12 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref> and led a contingent from Zeleia, first appeared in Book Two of the ''Iliad''. In Book Four, he is tricked by Athena, who wishes for the destruction of Troy and assumes the form of Laodocus, son of Antenor, to shoot and wound Menelaus with an arrow, sabotaging a truce that could potentially have led to the peaceful return of Helen of Troy. He then attempts to kill Diomedes at close range, since Athena is protecting him from his deadly arrows, while Aeneas acts as his charioteer. Diomedes narrowly survives the attack, though, retaliating with a deadly blow that knocks Pandarus out of the chariot. Diomedes then pursues Aeneas, who is saved by his mother Aphrodite.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kline |first1=A. S. |title=Homer (c.750 BC): The Iliad Book V |url=https://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Greek/Iliad5.php |website=www.poetryintranslation.com |access-date=12 December 2018 |date=2009}}</ref>
In the ''Aeneid'', he has a brother called Eurytion who is also a skilled archer.<ref>Virgil. Aeneid 5.495ff</ref> A different Pandarus accompanies Aeneas to Italy. His skull is cut in half by Turnus' sword, ending his life and causing a panic among the other Trojans.<ref>Virgil. Aeneid 9.735ff</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nehrkorn |first1=Helga |title=A Homeric Episode in Vergil's Aeneid |journal=The American Journal of Philology |date=October 1971 |volume=92 |issue=4 |pages=566–584 |doi=10.2307/292664 |language=en|jstor=292664 }}</ref>
==Later literature== thumb|Pandarus and Bitias Fight the Rutuli Before the Trojan Camp (Aeneid, Book IX) Pandarus appears in ''Il Filostrato'' by Giovanni Boccaccio,<ref>{{cite web |title=Il Filostrato Critical Essays |url=https://www.enotes.com/topics/il-filostrato |website=eNotes |access-date=12 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref> in which he plays the role of a go-between in the relationship of his cousin Criseyde and the Trojan prince Troilus, the younger brother of Paris and Hector. Boccaccio himself derived the story from ''Le Roman De Troie'', by 12th-century poet Benoît de Sainte-Maure. This story is not part of classical Greek mythology. Both Pandarus and other characters in the medieval narrative who carry names from the ''Iliad'' are quite different from Homer's characters of the same name.
In Geoffrey Chaucer’s poem ''Troilus and Criseyde'' (1370), Pandarus plays the same role, though Chaucer's Pandarus is Criseyde's uncle, not her cousin.<ref name="crane" /> Chaucer's Pandarus is of special interest because he is constructed as an expert rhetorician, who uses dozens of proverbs and proverbial sayings to bring the lovers Troilus and Criseyde together. When his linguistic fireworks fail at the end of the story, the proverb and human rhetoric in general are questioned as reliable means of communication.<ref>Richard Utz, "''Sic et Non'': Zu Funktion und Epistemologie des Sprichwortes bei Geoffrey Chaucer,” ''Das Mittelalter: Perspektiven mediävistischer Forschung'' 2.2 (1997), 31-43.</ref>
William Shakespeare used the medieval story again in his play ''Troilus and Cressida'' (1609). Shakespeare's Pandarus is more of a bawd than Chaucer's, as well as being lecherous and degenerate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pandarus |url=https://www.playshakespeare.com/troilus-and-cressida/characters/3411-pandarus |website=www.playshakespeare.com |access-date=12 December 2018 |language=en-gb}}</ref>
In ''The Duke's Children'' by Anthony Trollope, when the Duke of Omnium suspects Mrs. Finn of encouraging his daughter's romance, he refers to her as a 'she-Pandarus'.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trollope |first1=Anthony |title=The Duke's Children |date=2011 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=9780199578382 |pages=40, 522 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5z0N1sc6JQC&q=she-Pandarus&pg=PA522 |language=en}}</ref>
In "The Sailor Who Fell From Grace With The Sea" by Yukio Mishima, Pandarus is mentioned briefly during an internal contemplation by the character Ryuji Tsukazaki.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Sailor Who Fell From Grace With The Sea |url=https://archive.org/stream/TheSailorWhoFellFromGraceWithTheSea_201607/The-Sailor-Who-Fell-From-Grace-with-the-Sea-Full-Text_djvu.txt |via=archive.org |access-date=12 December 2018 |date=1963}}</ref>
==Pandering== The plot function of the aging lecher Pandarus in Chaucer's and Shakespeare's famous works has given rise to the English terms ''a pander'' (in later usage ''a panderer''), from Chaucer, meaning a person who furthers other people's illicit sexual amours;<ref name="crane">{{cite web |last1=Crane |first1=Samantha |title=The Pandering of Pandarus |url=https://www.mckendree.edu/academics/scholars/issue18/crane.htm |website=www.mckendree.edu |publisher=McKendree University |access-date=12 December 2018}}</ref> and ''to pander'', from Shakespeare, as a verb denoting the same activity.<ref name="shmoop" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oed.com/view/Entry/136753|url-access=subscription|title=Oxford English Dictionary|website=oed.com|language=en|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref> ''A panderer'' is, specifically, a bawd — a male who arranges access to female sexual favors: the manager of prostitutes. Thus, in law, the charge of ''pandering'' is an accusation that an individual has sold the sexual services of another. The verb "to pander" is also used in a more general sense to suggest active or implicit encouragement of someone's weaknesses.
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Sources== *{{owl}}
{{Characters in the Iliad}}
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Category:Trojan Leaders Category:Male Shakespearean characters Category:Middle English literature Category:Prostitution Category:Characters in the Aeneid Category:Troilus and Cressida