{{short description|Species of bird}} {{Speciesbox | name = Palm warbler | image = Palm warbler (41597).jpg | image_caption = "Yellow" palm warbler in breeding plumage | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Setophaga palmarum'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T22721731A132147116 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22721731A132147116.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> | genus = Setophaga | species = palmarum | authority = (Gmelin, 1789) | synonyms = ''Dendroica palmarum'' | range_map = Dendroica_palmarum_map.svg | range_map_caption = {{leftlegend|#FFFF00|Breeding range|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#0000FF|Wintering range|outline=gray}} Note: map is missing distribution in New York State and New England }}
The '''palm warbler''' ('''''Setophaga palmarum''''') is a small songbird in the New World warbler family.
== Description == '''Measurements''':<ref>{{Cite web|title=Palm Warbler Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology|url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Palm_Warbler/id|access-date=2020-09-30|website=www.allaboutbirds.org|language=en}}</ref>
* '''Length''': {{cvt|12|-|14|cm|in}} * '''Wingspan''': {{cvt|20|-|21|cm|in}} * '''Weight''': {{cvt|8.5|–|14.2|g|oz}}
== Taxonomy == The species comprises two subspecies,<ref name="IOC">{{cite web | title=New World warblers, mitrospingid tanagers – IOC World Bird List | website=IOC World Bird List – Version 14.2 | date=2025-02-20 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/warblers/ | access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref> with fairly extensive intergradation and mixing where they meet.<ref name="Yoo">{{cite journal | last1=Yoo | first1=Gihyun | last2=Weir | first2=Jason T. | title=Population Divergence in the Eastern North American Boreal Forests: Extensive Gene Flow Characterises a Hybrid Zone Between Palm Warbler Subspecies (Parulidae: Setophaga palmarum ) | journal=Molecular Ecology | volume=34 | issue=16 | date=2025 | issn=0962-1083 | pmid=40678896 | pmc=12329643 | doi=10.1111/mec.70032 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mec.70032 | access-date=2025-11-20 | page=}}</ref> * ''S. p. palmarum'' ("brown palm warbler" or "western palm warbler") inhabits the western two-thirds of the breeding range, and migrates ''southeast'' to winter on the Atlantic coast from Delaware to Florida (with a few on the Gulf coast west to Louisiana). It has much less yellow below, with less colorful streaking, and cold grayish-brown upper parts. * ''S. p. hypochrysea'' ("yellow palm warbler" or "eastern palm warbler") of the eastern third of the breeding range, and migrates ''southwest'' to winter on the Gulf coast from western Florida to Texas; it migrates later in the fall than its western counterpart.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palm Warbler {{!}} Audubon Field Guide |url=https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/palm-warbler |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=Audubon |publisher=National Audubon Society |language=en}}</ref> It has brownish-olive upper parts and thoroughly yellow underparts with bold rufous breast and flank streaking.
==Distribution== Palm warblers breed in open coniferous bogs and edge east of the Continental Divide, across Canada and the northeastern United States.
These birds migrate to the southeastern United States, the Yucatán Peninsula, islands of the Caribbean, and eastern Nicaragua south to Panama to winter.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Palm_Warbler.html |title=Palm Warbler |work=All About Birds |publisher=Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology |access-date=2008-10-12}}</ref> They are one of the earlier migrants to return to their breeding grounds in the spring, often completing their migration almost two months before most other warblers. Unlike most ''Setophaga'' species, the palm warbler's winter range includes much of the Atlantic coast of North America, extending as far north as southern Nova Scotia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Palm warbler ''Dendroica palmarum''|url=https://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/bbs/htm96/cbc622/ra6720.html|publisher=Patuxent Wildlife Research Center|access-date=2017-03-01}}</ref> Every year since 1900 the palm warbler has been observed during Christmas Bird Count activities in Massachusetts, and consistently since 1958 in Nova Scotia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Results by Species|url=http://netapp.audubon.org/CBCObservation/Historical/ResultsBySpecies.aspx?1|publisher=National Audubon Society|access-date=2017-03-01}}</ref> For the interval 1966–2015 the palm warbler population increased throughout much of its northernmost breeding range.<ref>{{cite web|title=BBS Trend Maps - Palm Warbler ''Setophaga palmarum''|url=https://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/bbs/tr2015/trend2015_v3.html|publisher=Patuxent Wildlife Research Center|access-date=2018-12-06}}</ref>
The palm warbler has been recorded as a vagrant to Iceland.<ref>Þráinsson, Gunnlaugur (1997) Palm Warbler and Cerulean Warbler in Iceland - new to the Western Palearctic ''Birding World'' 10(10): 392–393</ref>
== Behavior == [[File:Palm Warbler, Homestead, FL 33030, USA imported from iNaturalist photo 62675077.jpg|right|thumb|Eating a Halloween pennant]]
Palm warbler nests take the form of an open cup, usually situated on or near the ground in an open area.
Palm warblers forage on the ground much more than other warblers, sometimes flying to catch insects. These birds mainly eat insects and berries. Their constant tail bobbing is an identifying characteristic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palm Warbler {{!}} Audubon Field Guide |url=https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/palm-warbler |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=www.audubon.org |language=en}}</ref> Kirtland's, prairie, and palm warblers are the only Setophaga species that incessantly bob their tails.
The song of this bird is a monotonous buzzy trill. The call is a sharp ''chek''.<ref>{{cite web | title=Palm Warbler Sounds, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology | url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Palm_Warbler/sounds# }}</ref>
==Gallery== <gallery widths=200 heights=180> File:Western Palm Warbler.jpg|Western subspecies, in non-breeding plumage File:Palm Warbler JG.jpg|Nonbreeding plumage-Florida, USA File:A palm warbler.jpg|alt=A Palm Warbler photographed during its Spring migration|A palm warbler during its spring migration File:20240209 Palmenwaldsänger am Stand.jpg|Palm Warbler at Cayo Jutias (Cuba) in February Palm warbler in a meadow (81589).jpg|Palm warbler in a meadow in New York File: Palm warbler on Lake Michigan shore Chicago.jpg|About to take flight, at Montrose Point Bird Sanctuary, Chicago </gallery>
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== {{Commons category|Setophaga palmarum|Palm warbler}} {{Wikispecies|Setophaga palmarum}} * [https://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i6720id.html Palm warbler - ''Dendroica palmarum''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531204021/http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i6720id.html |date=2010-05-31 }} - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter * [https://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Palm_Warbler.html Palm warbler species account] - Cornell Lab of Ornithology * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060618204916/http://www.bird-stamps.org/cspecies/19903400.htm Stamps]}} (for British Virgin Islands) at bird-stamps.org * {{InternetBirdCollection|palm-warbler-dendroica-palmarum|Palm warbler}} * {{VIREO|palm+warbler|Palm Warbler}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q27075928}}
Category:Birds described in 1789 Category:Birds of Canada Category:Meso-American wintering birds Category:Native birds of the Northeastern United States Category:Setophaga Category:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin