Palatalization (phonetics)

{{Short description|Phonetic feature}} {{about|the phonetic feature|the sound change|Palatalization (sound change)}} {{More citations needed|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox IPA | above = Palatalized | ipa symbol = ◌ʲ | ipa number = 421 | decimal1 = 690 | imagefile = IPA Unicode 0x02B2.svg }} In [[phonetics]], '''palatalization''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|æ|l|ə|t|əl|aɪ|ˈ|z|eɪ|ʃ|ən|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-palatalization.wav}}, {{IPAc-en|USalso|-|l|ɪ|-}}) or '''palatization''' is a way of pronouncing a consonant in which part of the tongue is moved close to the [[hard palate]]. Consonants pronounced this way are said to be '''palatalized''' and are transcribed in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] by affixing a superscript ''j'', {{angbr IPA|ʲ}}, to the base letter. Palatalization is not [[Phonemic contrast|phonemic]] in English, but it is in Slavic languages such as [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]; Uralic languages such as [[Estonian language|Estonian]], [[Karelian language|Karelian]], [[Veps language|Veps]], [[Enets language|Enets]] and [[Mansi language|Mansi]]; [[Northwest Caucasian languages]] such as [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]]; and other various languages such as [[Irish language|Irish]], [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]], [[Marshallese language|Marshallese]] and [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]].

==Types== In technical terms, palatalization refers to the [[secondary articulation]] of [[consonant]]s by which the middle (dorsum) of the [[tongue]] is raised toward the [[hard palate]] during the articulation of the consonant. Such consonants are phonetically palatalized. Palatalization may produce a [[laminal consonant|laminal]] articulation of otherwise [[apical consonant|apical]] consonants, such as {{IPA|[t̺]}} and {{IPA|[s̺]}} vs palatalized {{IPA|[t̻ʲ]}} and {{IPA|[s̻ʲ]}}. In general, palatalization of non-dorsal consonants involve a secondary closure of the oral cavity, with the dorsum of the tongue approaching the hard palate in addition to the primary articulation elsewhere. This is clearly the case with [[labial consonant]]s such as {{IPA|[pʲ]}} and {{IPA|[fʲ]}}. However, in [[dorsal consonant]]s such as {{IPA|[kʲ]}} and {{IPA|[xʲ]}}, the tongue can only make a single closure in those two regions, which generally means that the contact is spread over a broader area, from the soft to hard palates, compared to the narrower contact of non-palatalized {{IPA|[k]}} and {{IPA|[x]}}; it's not uncommon therefore to transcribe the palatalized sounds simply as palatal {{IPA|[c]}} and {{IPA|[ç]}}. Palatalized [[coronal consonant]]s such as {{IPA|[t̻ʲ]}} and {{IPA|[n̻ʲ]}} are somewhere in between: although there may be two places of articulation, the tongue tends to be quite flattened, and moves as if it were a single articulation. In Russian the blade of the tongue remains on the [[alveolar ridge]] while the entire front of the tongue is raised, while in Polish the primary articulation (the blade of the tongue) is shifted back toward the palate: {{IPA|[t̠ʲ], [n̠ʲ]}}.<ref>Daniel Jones & Dennis Ward (1969) ''The Phonetics of Russian''. Cambridge University Press. p. 81 ''ff''.</ref><ref>Laura Kafka-Price & Maksymilian Krzak (2025) ''Polish Pronunciation Guide for Singers.'' Oxford University Press. p. 24 ''ff''.</ref>

Phonetically palatalized consonants may vary in their exact realization. Some languages add [[semivowel]]s before or after the palatalized consonant (onglides or offglides). In such cases, the vowel (especially a non-front vowel) following a palatalized consonant typically has a palatal onglide. In [[Russian language|Russian]], both plain and palatalized consonant phonemes are found in words like {{lang|ru|большой}} {{IPA|ru|bɐlʲˈʂoj||Ru-большой.ogg}}, {{lang|ru|царь}} {{IPA|ru|tsarʲ||Ru-царь.ogg}} and {{lang|ru|Катя}} {{IPA|ru|ˈkatʲə||Ru-Катя.ogg}}. In [[Hupa language|Hupa]], on the other hand, the palatalization is heard as both an onglide and an offglide. In some cases, the realization of palatalization may change without any corresponding phonemic change. For example, according to Thurneysen,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thurneysen |first1=Rudolf |title=A Grammar of Old Irish |publisher=Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies |page=55 |edition=Fifth |url=https://archive.org/details/thurneysen-a-grammar-of-old-irish/page/54/mode/2up?q=palatal&view=theater |access-date=28 October 2024}}</ref> palatalized consonants at the end of a syllable in [[Old Irish]] had a corresponding onglide (reflected as {{angbr|i}} in the spelling), which was no longer present in [[Middle Irish]] (based on explicit testimony of grammarians of the time).

In a few languages, including [[Skolt Sami language|Skolt Sami]] and many of the [[Central Chadic languages]], palatalization is a [[suprasegmental feature]] that affects the pronunciation of an entire syllable, and it may cause certain vowels to be pronounced [[front vowel|more front]] and consonants to be slightly palatalized. In [[Skolt Sami]] and its relatives ([[Kildin Sami language|Kildin Sami]] and [[Ter Sami language|Ter Sami]]), suprasegmental palatalization contrasts with segmental palatal articulation (palatal consonants).

==Transcription== In the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA), palatalized consonants are marked by the [[Phonetic symbols in Unicode#Spacing Modifier Letters (U+02B0–02FF)|modifier letter]] {{angbr|ʲ}}, a [[subscript and superscript|superscript version]] of the symbol for the [[palatal approximant]] {{angbr IPA|j}}. For instance, {{angbr IPA|tʲ}} represents the palatalized form of the [[voiceless alveolar stop]] {{IPA|[t]}}. [[Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet|Prior to 1989]], a subscript diacritic was used in the IPA: {{angbr IPA|ᶀ ᶈ ᶆ ᶂ ᶌ ƫ ᶁ ᶇ ᶊ ᶎ ᶅ 𝼓 ᶉ 𝼖 𝼕 ᶄ ᶃ 𝼔 ᶍ ꞕ}}, apart from two palatalized fricatives which were written instead with curly-tailed variants, namely {{angbr IPA|ʆ}} for {{IPA|[ʃʲ]}} and {{angbr IPA|ʓ}} for {{IPA|[ʒʲ]}}. (See [[palatal hook]].) The [[Uralic Phonetic Alphabet]] marks palatalized consonants by an [[acute accent]], as do the orthographies of some Finnic languages using Latin-based alphabets, as in [[Võro language|Võro]] {{angbr|[[ś]]}}. Other orthographies use an apostrophe, as in [[Karelian language|Karelian]] {{angbr|sʼ}}, or digraphs with ''j'', as in the [[Savonian dialects]] of [[Finnish language|Finnish]], {{angbr|sj}}.

==Phonology== Palatalization has varying [[phonological]] significance in different languages. It is [[allophonic]] in English, but [[phonemic]] in others. In English, consonants are palatalized when they occur before front vowels or the palatal approximant (and in a few other cases), but no words are distinguished by palatalization ([[complementary distribution]]), whereas in some of the other languages, the difference between palatalized consonants and plain unpalatalized consonants distinguishes between words, appearing in a [[contrastive distribution]] (where one of the two versions, palatalized or not, appears in the same environment as the other).

=== Allophonic palatalization === In some languages, like Hindustani, palatalization is [[allophonic]]. Some [[phoneme]]s have palatalized allophones in certain contexts, typically before [[front vowel]]s and unpalatalized allophones elsewhere. Because it is allophonic, palatalization of this type does not [[distinctive feature|distinguish]] words and often goes unnoticed by native speakers. Phonetic palatalization occurs in American English. Stops are palatalized before the front vowel {{IPA|/i/}} and not palatalized in other cases.<!-- Palatalization might occur after /eɪ/ as well. -->

=== Phonemic palatalization === In some languages, palatalization is a [[distinctive feature]] that distinguishes two consonant [[phoneme]]s. This feature occurs in [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Irish language|Irish]], and [[Scottish Gaelic]], among others.

Phonemic palatalization may be contrasted with either plain or [[velarization|velarized]] articulation. In many of the [[Slavic languages]], and some of the [[Baltic languages|Baltic]] and [[Finnic languages]], palatalized consonants contrast with plain consonants, but in [[Irish language|Irish]] they contrast with velarized consonants. * Russian {{wikt-lang|ru|нос}} {{audio-IPA|Ru-нос.ogg|/nos/|help=no}} "nose" (unpalatalized {{IPA|/n/}}) : {{wikt-lang|ru|нести|нёс}} {{audio-IPA|Ru-нёс.ogg|/nʲos/|help=no}} [nʲɵs] "(he) carried" (palatalized {{IPA|/nʲ/}}) * Irish {{wikt-lang|ga|bó}} {{audio-IPA|ga-bó.ogg|/bˠoː/|help=no}} "cow" (velarized ''b'') : {{wikt-lang|ga|beo}} {{audio-IPA|ga-beo.ogg|/bʲoː/|help=no}} "alive" (palatalized ''b'')

Some palatalized phonemes undergo change beyond phonetic palatalization. For instance, the unpalatalized sibilant (Irish {{IPA|/sˠ/}}, Scottish {{IPA|/s̪/}}) has a palatalized counterpart that is actually [[postalveolar]] {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, not phonetically palatalized {{IPA|[sʲ]}}, and the velar fricative {{IPA|/x/}} in both languages has a palatalized counterpart that is actually palatal {{IPA|[ç]}} rather than palatalized velar {{IPA|[xʲ]}}. These shifts in primary [[place of articulation]] are examples of the sound change of [[Palatalization (sound change)|palatalization]].

===Morphophonemic=== {{listen|type=speech|filename=Ro-ban-bani.ogg|title=Romanian ''ban'', ''bani'' ("coin, coins")|description={{IPA|[ban banʲ]}}}} In some languages, palatalization is used as a [[morpheme]] or part of a morpheme. In some cases, a vowel caused a consonant to become palatalized, and then this vowel was lost by [[elision]]. Here, there appears to be a [[phonemic contrast]] when analysis of the [[deep structure]] shows it to be allophonic.

In [[Romanian language|Romanian]], consonants are palatalized before {{IPA|/i/}}. Palatalized consonants appear at the end of the word, and mark the plural in nouns and adjectives, and the second person singular in verbs.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Chițoran|2001|p=11}}</ref> On the surface, it would appear then that {{lang|ro|ban}} {{IPA|[ban]}} "coin" forms a [[minimal pair]] with {{lang|ro|bani}} {{IPA|[banʲ]}}. The interpretation commonly taken, however, is that an underlying morpheme {{IPA|{{!}}-i{{!}}}} palatalizes the consonant and is subsequently deleted.

Palatalization may also occur as a [[morphology (linguistics)|morphological]] feature. For example, although Russian makes phonemic contrasts between palatalized and unpalatalized consonants, alternations across morpheme boundaries are normal:<ref>See {{Harvcoltxt|Lightner|1972|pp=9–11, 12–13}} for a fuller list of examples.</ref> * {{lang|ru|ответ}} {{audio-IPA|Ru-ответ.ogg|[ɐˈtvʲe'''t''']|help=no}} ('answer') vs. {{lang|ru|ответить}} {{audio-IPA|Ru-ответить.ogg|[ɐˈtvʲe'''tʲ'''ɪtʲ]|help=no}} ('to answer') * {{lang|ru|несу}} {{audio-IPA|Ru-я несу.ogg|[nʲɪˈ'''s'''u]|help=no}} ('[I] carry') vs. {{lang|ru|несёт}} {{audio-IPA|Ru-несёт.ogg|[nʲɪˈ'''sʲ'''ɵt]|help=no}} ('carries') * {{lang|ru|голод}} {{audio-IPA|Ru-голод.ogg|[ˈɡolə'''t''']|help=no}} ('hunger') vs. {{lang|ru|голоден}} {{IPA|[ˈɡolə'''dʲ'''ɪn]}} ('hungry' masc.)

==Sound changes== {{main|Palatalization (sound change)}} In some languages, allophonic palatalization developed into phonemic palatalization by [[phonemic split]]. In other languages, phonemes that were originally phonetically palatalized changed further: palatal secondary place of articulation developed into changes in manner of articulation or primary place of articulation.

Phonetic palatalization of a consonant sometimes causes surrounding vowels to change by [[coarticulation]] or [[assimilation (linguistics)|assimilation]]. In Russian, "soft" (palatalized) consonants are usually followed by vowels that are relatively more [[front vowel|front]] (that is, closer to {{IPA|[i]}} or {{IPA|[y]}}), and vowels following "hard" (unpalatalized) consonants are further [[back vowel|back]]. See {{section link|Russian phonology|Allophony}} for more information.

==Examples== ===Slavic languages=== In many [[Slavic languages]], palatal or palatalized consonants are called '''soft''', and others are called '''hard'''. Some of them, like [[Russian phonology|Russian]], have numerous pairs of palatalized (soft) and unpalatalized (hard) consonant phonemes.

[[Russian Cyrillic]] has pairs of vowel letters that mark whether the consonant preceding them is hard/soft: {{angbr|{{lang|ru|[[а]]}}}}/{{angbr|{{lang|ru|[[я]]}}}}, {{angbr|{{lang|ru|[[э]]}}}}/{{angbr|{{lang|ru|[[е]]}}}}, {{angbr|{{lang|ru|[[ы]]}}}}/{{angbr|{{lang|ru|[[и]]}}}}, {{angbr|{{lang|ru|[[о]]}}}}/{{angbr|{{lang|ru|[[ё]]}}}}, and {{angbr|{{lang|ru|[[у]]}}}}/{{angbr|{{lang|ru|[[ю]]}}}}. The otherwise [[silent letter|silent]] [[soft sign]] {{angbr|{{lang|ru|ь}}}} also indicates that the previous consonant is soft.

===Goidelic=== {{main|Irish phonology#Consonants|Scottish Gaelic phonology#Consonants}} [[Irish language|Irish]] and [[Scottish Gaelic]] have pairs of palatalized (''slender'') and unpalatalized (''broad'') consonant phonemes. In Irish, most broad consonants are [[velarized]]. In Scottish Gaelic, the only velarized consonants are {{IPA|[n̪ˠ]}} and {{IPA|[l̪ˠ]}}; {{IPA|[r]}} is sometimes described as velarized as well.<ref>Bauer, Michael. ''Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation.'' Glasgow: Akerbeltz, 2011.</ref><ref>Nance, C., McLeod, W., [[Bernadette O'Rourke|O'Rourke, B.]] and Dunmore, S. (2016), Identity, accent aim, and motivation in second language users: New Scottish Gaelic speakers' use of phonetic variation. J Sociolinguistics, 20: 164–191. {{doi|10.1111/josl.12173}}</ref>

===Marshallese=== In the [[Marshallese language#Phonology|Marshallese language]], each consonant has some type of secondary articulation (palatalization, velarization, or [[Labialization|labiovelarization]]). The palatalized consonants are regarded as "light", and the velarized and rounded consonants are regarded as "heavy", with the rounded consonants being both velarized and labialized.

===Norwegian=== Many [[Norwegian dialects]] have phonemic palatalized consonants. In many parts of Northern Norway and many areas of Møre og Romsdal, for example, the words {{IPA|/hɑnː/}} ('hand') and /hɑnʲː/ ('he') are differentiated only by the palatalization of the final consonant. Palatalization is generally realised only on stressed syllables, but speakers of the Sør-Trøndelag dialects will generally palatalize the coda of a determined plural as well: e.g. {{IPA|/hunʲː.ɑnʲ/}} or, in other areas, {{IPA|/hʉnʲː.ɑn/}} ('the dogs'), rather than *{{IPA|/hunʲː.ɑn/}}. Norwegian dialects utilizing palatalization will generally palatalize {{IPA|/d/}}, {{IPA|/l/}}, {{IPA|/n/}} and {{IPA|/t/}}.

===Malayalam=== Malayalam uses palatalization/velarization to distinguish some of its coronals, {{IPA|/n, t, ɾ, l, ɻ/}} are palatalized and have an advanced tongue root while {{IPA|/n̪, r, ɭ/}} are clear or velarized and have a retracted tongue root, particularly noticeable in geminates. {{IPA|/ɾ/}} and {{IPA|/r/}} can vary between {{IPA|⟦ɹ̟ʲ ~ ɾ̟ʲ ~ r̟ʲ⟧}} and {{IPA|⟦ɾ̠ˠ ~ r̠ˠ⟧}}, respectively.{{sfnp|Namboodiripad|2016}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Palatalization and velarization in Malayalam nasals: a preliminary acoustic study of the dental–alveolar contrast |last=Dowla Khan |first=Sameer ud |year=2021 |publisher=Reed College |url=https://www.reed.edu/linguistics/khan/assets/Khan%202021%20Palatalization%20and%20velarization%20in%20Malayalam%20nasals%20-%20a%20preliminary%20acoustic%20study%20of%20the%20dental-alveolar%20contrast.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Phonetic implementation of geminates in Malayalam nouns | url=https://www.phon.ox.ac.uk/jcoleman/Local&Simpson1999.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415145403/http://www.phon.ox.ac.uk/jcoleman/Local&Simpson1999.pdf | archive-date=2012-04-15}}</ref>

==List of palatalized consonants== All places and manners of [[pulmonic consonant]]s are attested with palatalization, with the possible exception of the [[epiglottal]]s. Palatalized ejectives also occur. A palatalized click {{angbr|mqya}} {{IPA|[m̩ǃʲa]}} is provided for by the [[Mwangwego script]] for [[Malawian Ngoni]].

The list below does not include palatalized post-alveolar sonorants. For those, see [[palatal consonant]].

{| class="wikitable" |+ ! type ! [[Phone (phonetics)|Phone]] ! IPA ! Languages |- | rowspan="14" | Stops | pal^zd [[voiceless bilabial stop]] | <big>{{IPA|[pʲ]}}</big> |[[Russian phonology|Russian]], [[Ukrainian phonology|Ukrainian]], [[Irish phonology|Irish]], [[Võro language#Consonants|Võro]], [[Kashmiri language#Consonants|Kashmiri]] (may also be aspirated), [[Siberian Ingrian Finnish]] (may also be labio-palatalized; may be geminate), [[Forest Nenets]], [[Kildin Sámi#Phonology|Kildin Sámi]] (may also be preaspirated or geminate) |- | pal^zd [[voiced bilabial stop]] | <big>{{IPA|[bʲ]}}</big> |[[Russian phonology|Russian]], [[Ukrainian phonology|Ukrainian]], [[Irish phonology|Irish]], [[Kashmiri language#Consonants|Kashmiri]], [[Siberian Ingrian Finnish]] (may also be labio-palatalized), [[Kildin Sámi#Phonology|Kildin Sámi]] (may also be geminate) |- | pal^zd [[voiceless dental stop]] | <big>{{IPA|[t̪ʲ]}}</big> |[[Kashmiri language#Consonants|Kashmiri]] (may also be aspirated; contrasts with retroflex) |- | pal^zd [[voiced dental stop]] | <big>{{IPA|[d̪ʲ]}}</big> |[[Ukrainian phonology|Ukrainian]], [[Kashmiri language#Consonants|Kashmiri]] (contrasts with retroflex), [[Soga language#Phonology|Soga]] (contrasts with alveolar) |- | pal^zd [[voiceless alveolar stop]] | <big>{{IPA|[tʲ]}}</big> |[[Russian phonology|Russian]], [[Ukrainian phonology|Ukrainian]], [[Irish phonology|Irish]], [[Võro language#Consonants|Võro]], [[Chʼol language#Phonology|Chʼol]], [[Siberian Ingrian Finnish]] (may also be labio-palatalized; may be geminate), [[Moksha_language#Consonants|Moksha]], [[Forest Nenets]], [[Kildin Sámi#Phonology|Kildin Sámi]] (may also be preaspirated or geminate), [[Soga language#Phonology|Soga]] |- | pal^zd [[voiced alveolar stop]] | <big>{{IPA|[dʲ]}}</big> |[[Russian phonology|Russian]], [[Irish phonology|Irish]], [[Siberian Ingrian Finnish]] (may also be labio-palatalized), [[Moksha_language#Consonants|Moksha]], [[Kildin Sámi#Phonology|Kildin Sámi]] (may also be geminate), [[Soga language#Phonology|Soga]] (contrasts with dental) |- | pal^zd [[voiceless retroflex stop]] | <big>{{IPA|[ʈʲ]}}</big> |[[Kashmiri language#Consonants|Kashmiri]] (may also be aspirated) |- | pal^zd [[voiced retroflex stop]] | <big>{{IPA|[ɖʲ]}}</big> |[[Kashmiri language#Consonants|Kashmiri]] |- | pal^zd [[voiceless velar stop]] | <big>{{IPA|[kʲ]}}</big> |[[Russian phonology|Russian]], [[Võro language#Consonants|Võro]], [[Kashmiri language#Consonants|Kashmiri]] (may also be aspirated), [[Tsakhur language#Consonants|Tsakhur]], [[Abaza language#Phonology|Abaza]], [[Ubykh phonology|Ubykh]], [[Siberian Ingrian Finnish]] (may also be labio-palatalized; may be geminate), [[Forest Nenets]], [[Kildin Sámi#Phonology|Kildin Sámi]] (may also be preaspirated or geminate) |- | pal^zd [[voiced velar stop]] | <big>{{IPA|[ɡʲ]}}</big> |[[Russian phonology|Russian]], [[Kashmiri language#Consonants|Kashmiri]], [[Tsakhur language#Consonants|Tsakhur]], [[Abaza language#Phonology|Abaza]], [[Ubykh phonology|Ubykh]], [[Siberian Ingrian Finnish]] (may also be labio-palatalized), [[Kildin Sámi#Phonology|Kildin Sámi]] (may also be geminate) |- |pal^zd [[voiceless labial–velar stop]] |<big>{{IPA|[k͜pʲ]}}</big> |[[Anufo language#Phonology|Anufo]] (allophone before front vowels){{fix|text=verify once refs in article are confirmed}} |- |pal^zd [[voiced labial–velar stop]] |<big>{{IPA|[ɡ͡bʲ]}}</big> |[[Anufo language#Phonology|Anufo]] (allophone before front vowels){{fix|text=verify once refs in article are confirmed}} |- | pal^zd [[voiceless uvular stop]] | <big>{{IPA|[qʲ]}}</big> |[[Ubykh phonology|Ubykh]] |- | pal^zd [[glottal stop]] | <big>{{IPA|[ʔʲ]}}</big> |[[Abzakh dialect|Abzakh Adyghe]] |- | rowspan="5" | Affricates | pal^zd [[voiceless alveolar affricate]] | <big>{{IPA|[tsʲ]}}</big> |[[Russian phonology|Russian]] (dental), [[Ukrainian phonology|Ukrainian]] (dental), [[Võro language#Consonants|Võro]], [[Kashmiri language#Consonants|Kashmiri]] (may also be aspirated), [[Tsakhur language#Consonants|Tsakhur]], [[Moksha_language#Consonants|Moksha]], [[Kildin Sámi#Phonology|Kildin Sámi]] (may also be preaspirated or geminate) |- | pal^zd [[voiced alveolar affricate]] | <big>{{IPA|[dzʲ]}}</big> |[[Ukrainian phonology|Ukrainian]] (dental), [[Kashmiri language#Consonants|Kashmiri]], [[Kildin Sámi#Phonology|Kildin Sámi]] (may also be geminate) |- | pal^zd [[voiceless alveolar lateral affricate]] | <big>{{IPA|[tɬʲ]}}</big> | |- | pal^zd [[voiceless palato-alveolar affricate]] | <big>{{IPA|[tʃʲ]}}</big> |[[Kildin Sámi#Phonology|Kildin Sámi]] (may also be preaspirated or geminate), [[North Teke language|North Teke]] (prenasalized {{IPA|[ntʃʲ]}}). |- | pal^zd [[voiced palato-alveolar affricate]] | <big>{{IPA|[dʒʲ]}}</big> |[[Kildin Sámi#Phonology|Kildin Sámi]] (may also be geminate) |- | rowspan="16" |Fricatives | pal^zd [[voiceless bilabial fricative]] | <big>{{IPA|[ɸʲ]}}</big> |[[Irish phonology|Irish]] (conservative dialects), [[Páez language|Páez]] |- | pal^zd [[voiced bilabial fricative]] | <big>{{IPA|[βʲ]}}</big> |[[Irish phonology|Irish]] (conservative dialects), [[Páez language|Páez]], [[Soga language#Phonology|Soga]] |- | pal^zd [[voiceless labiodental fricative]] | <big>{{IPA|[fʲ]}}</big> |[[Russian phonology|Russian]], [[Irish phonology|Irish]], [[Võro language#Consonants|Võro]], [[Siberian Ingrian Finnish]], [[Kildin Sámi#Phonology|Kildin Sámi]] (may also be geminate) |- | pal^zd [[voiced labiodental fricative]] | <big>{{IPA|[vʲ]}}</big> |[[Russian phonology|Russian]], [[Irish phonology|Irish]], [[Võro language#Consonants|Võro]], [[Siberian Ingrian Finnish]] (may also be labio-palatalized; may be geminate), [[Kildin Sámi#Phonology|Kildin Sámi]] (may also be geminate) |- | pal^zd [[voiceless dental fricative]] | <big>{{IPA|[θʲ]}}</big> | |- | pal^zd [[voiced dental fricative]] | <big>{{IPA|[ðʲ]}}</big> |[[Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography|Scottish Gaelic]] (Outer Hebrides) |- | pal^zd [[Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilant|voiceless alveolar sibilant]] | <big>{{IPA|[sʲ]}}</big> |[[Russian phonology|Russian]] (dental), [[Ukrainian phonology|Ukrainian]] (dental), [[Võro language#Consonants|Võro]], [[Kashmiri language#Consonants|Kashmiri]], [[Tsakhur language#Consonants|Tsakhur]], [[Siberian Ingrian Finnish]] (may also be labio-palatalized; may be geminate), [[Moksha_language#Consonants|Moksha]], [[Forest Nenets]], [[Kildin Sámi#Phonology|Kildin Sámi]] (may also be geminate) |- | pal^zd [[Voiced alveolar fricative#voiced alveolar sibilant|voiced alveolar sibilant]] | <big>{{IPA|[zʲ]}}</big> |[[Russian phonology|Russian]] (dental), [[Ukrainian phonology|Ukrainian]] (dental), [[Kashmiri language#Consonants|Kashmiri]], [[Tsakhur language#Consonants|Tsakhur]], [[Siberian Ingrian Finnish]] (may also be geminate), [[Moksha_language#Consonants|Moksha]], [[Kildin Sámi#Phonology|Kildin Sámi]] |- |pal^zd [[voiceless alveolar lateral fricative]] |<big>{{IPA|[ɬʲ]}}</big> |[[Surgut Khanty]], [[Forest Nenets]], [[Quechan language|Quechan]] |- | pal^zd [[voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant]] | <big>{{IPA|[ʃʲ]}}</big> |[[Kildin Sámi#Phonology|Kildin Sámi]] (may also be geminate) |- | pal^zd [[voiced palato-alveolar sibilant]] | <big>{{IPA|[ʒʲ]}}</big> |[[Kildin Sámi#Phonology|Kildin Sámi]] |- | pal^zd [[voiceless velar fricative]] | <big>{{IPA|[xʲ]}}</big> |[[Russian phonology|Russian]], [[Tsakhur language#Consonants|Tsakhur]], [[Forest Nenets]], [[Kildin Sámi#Phonology|Kildin Sámi]] (may also be geminate), [[Siberian Ingrian Finnish]] (may also be labio-palatalized) |- | pal^zd [[voiced velar fricative]] | <big>{{IPA|[ɣʲ]}}</big> |[[Russian phonology|Russian]], [[Lithuanian phonology|Lithuanian]] |- | pal^zd [[voiceless uvular fricative]] | <big>{{IPA|[χʲ]}}</big> |[[Abaza language#Phonology|Abaza]], [[Ubykh phonology|Ubykh]] |- | pal^zd [[voiced uvular fricative]] | <big>{{IPA|[ʁʲ]}}</big> |[[Abaza language#Phonology|Abaza]], [[Ubykh phonology|Ubykh]] |- | pal^zd [[voiceless glottal fricative]] | <big>{{IPA|[hʲ]}}</big> |[[Võro language#Consonants|Võro]], [[Kashmiri language#Consonants|Kashmiri]] |- | rowspan="13" | Nasals | pal^zd [[bilabial nasal]] | <big>{{IPA|[mʲ]}}</big> |[[Russian phonology|Russian]], [[Ukrainian phonology|Ukrainian]], [[Irish phonology|Irish]], [[Võro language#Consonants|Võro]], [[Kashmiri language#Consonants|Kashmiri]], [[Siberian Ingrian Finnish]] (may also be labio-palatalized; may be geminate), [[Forest Nenets]], [[Kildin Sámi#Phonology|Kildin Sámi]] (may also be geminate), [[Soga language#Phonology|Soga]] |- | pal^zd [[voiceless bilabial nasal]] | <big>{{IPA|[m̥ʲ]}}</big> |[[Kildin Sámi#Phonology|Kildin Sámi]] (may also be geminate) |- |prenasal | <big>{{IPA|[ᵐbʲ]}}</big> |[[Páez language|Páez]], [[Soga language#Phonology|Soga]] (marginal) |- |prenasal |<big>{{IPA|[ᵐpʲ]}}</big> |[[Soga language#Phonology|Soga]] |- | pal^zd [[dental nasal]] | <big>{{IPA|[n̪ʲ]}}</big> |[[Ukrainian phonology|Ukrainian]], [[Kashmiri language#Consonants|Kashmiri]] [confirm it is dental], [[Siberian Ingrian Finnish]] (may also be labio-palatalized; may be geminate), [[Soga language#Phonology|Soga]] (contrasts with alveolar) |- |prenasal |<big>{{IPA|[ⁿd̪ʲ]}}</big> |[[Soga language#Phonology|Soga]] (contrasts with alveolar) |- | pal^zd [[alveolar nasal]] | <big>{{IPA|[nʲ]}}</big> |[[Russian phonology|Russian]], [[Irish phonology|Irish]], [[Võro language#Consonants|Võro]], [[Moksha_language#Consonants|Moksha]], [[Forest Nenets]], [[Kildin Sámi#Phonology|Kildin Sámi]] (may also be geminate; contrasts with palatal), [[Soga language#Phonology|Soga]] (contrasts with dental) |- | pal^zd [[voiceless alveolar nasal]] | <big>{{IPA|[n̥ʲ]}}</big> |[[Kildin Sámi#Phonology|Kildin Sámi]] (may also be geminate) |- |prenasal | <big>{{IPA|[ⁿdʲ]}}</big> |[[Páez language|Páez]], [[Soga language#Phonology|Soga]] (contrasts with dental) |- |prenasal |<big>{{IPA|[ⁿtʲ]}}</big> |[[Soga language#Phonology|Soga]] |- | pal^zd [[velar nasal]] | <big>{{IPA|[ŋʲ]}}</big> |[[Võro language#Consonants|Võro]], [[Forest Nenets]], [[Kildin Sámi#Phonology|Kildin Sámi]] (may also be geminate) |- |prenasal | <big>{{IPA|[ᵑɡʲ]}}</big> |[[Páez language|Páez]] |- |pal^zd [[labial–velar nasal]] |<big>{{IPA|[ŋ͡mʲ]}}</big> |[[Anufo language#Phonology|Anufo]] (allophone before front vowels){{fix|text=verify once refs in article are confirmed}} |- | rowspan="4" |Taps/flaps | pal^zd [[dental tap]] | <big>{{IPA|[ɾ̪ʲ]}}</big> | |- |pal^zd [[alveolar tap]] |<big>{{IPA|[ɾʲ]}}</big> |[[Irish phonology|Irish]], Malayalam |- |pal^zd [[alveolar lateral flap]] |<big>{{IPA|[ɺʲ]}}</big> | [[Páez language|Páez]], [[Ilgar language|Ilgar]], [[Soga language#Phonology|Soga]] |- | pal^zd [[retroflex flap]] | <big>{{IPA|[ɽʲ]}}</big> |possibly [[Tumbuka language|Tumbuka]] |- | rowspan="4" |Trills | pal^zd [[dental trill]] | <big>{{IPA|[r̪ʲ]}}</big> |[[Russian phonology|Russian]] |- |pal^zd [[alveolar trill]] |<big>{{IPA|[rʲ]}}</big> |[[Ukrainian phonology|Ukrainian]], [[Võro language#Consonants|Võro]], [[Kashmiri language#Consonants|Kashmiri]], [[Moksha_language#Consonants|Moksha]], [[Kildin Sámi#Phonology|Kildin Sámi]] (may also be geminate) |- |pal^zd [[voiceless alveolar trill]] |<big>{{IPA|[r̥ʲ]}}</big> |[[Moksha_language#Consonants|Moksha]], [[Kildin Sámi#Phonology|Kildin Sámi]] (may also be geminate) |- | pal^zd [[uvular trill]] | <big>{{IPA|[ʀʲ]}}</big> | |- | rowspan="7" |Approximants |pal^zd [[bilabial approximant]] | <big>{{IPA|[β̞ʲ]}}</big> |[[Turkish language|Turkish]] (allophone of {{IPA|/v/}}) |- | pal^zd [[labiodental approximant]] | <big>{{IPA|[ʋʲ]}}</big> |[[Ukrainian phonology|Ukrainian]], [[Kashmiri language#Consonants|Kashmiri]] [confirm place; may be bilabial or {{IPA|[wʲ]}}.] |- | pal^zd [[dental lateral approximant]] | <big>{{IPA|[l̪ʲ]}}</big> |[[Kashmiri language#Consonants|Kashmiri]] [confirm it is dental], [[Tsakhur language#Consonants|Tsakhur]] |- | pal^zd [[alveolar lateral approximant]] | <big>{{IPA|[lʲ]}}</big> |[[Russian phonology|Russian]] (dental or alveolar), [[Ukrainian phonology|Ukrainian]], [[Irish phonology|Irish]], [[Võro language#Consonants|Võro]], [[Siberian Ingrian Finnish]] (may also be labio-palatalized; may be geminate), [[Moksha_language#Consonants|Moksha]], [[Forest Nenets]], [[Kildin Sámi#Phonology|Kildin Sámi]] (may also be geminate; contrasts with palatal) |- | pal^zd [[voiceless alveolar lateral approximant]] | <big>{{IPA|[l̥ʲ]}}</big> |[[Moksha_language#Consonants|Moksha]], [[Kildin Sámi#Phonology|Kildin Sámi]] (may also be geminate) |- | pal^zd [[alveolar approximant]] | <big>{{IPA|[ɹʲ]}}</big> |[[Siberian Ingrian Finnish]] (may also be labio-palatalized; may be geminate) |- | pal^zd [[retroflex approximant]] | <big>{{IPA|[ɻʲ]}}</big> |Malayalam |- | rowspan="7" |Ejectives | pal^zd [[alveolar ejective]] | <big>{{IPA|[tʲʼ]}}</big> |[[Chʼol language#Phonology|Chʼol]] |- | pal^zd [[alveolar ejective affricate]] | <big>{{IPA|[tsʲʼ]}}</big> |[[Tsakhur language#Consonants|Tsakhur]] |- | pal^zd [[velar ejective]] | <big>{{IPA|[kʲʼ]}}</big> |[[Tsakhur language#Consonants|Tsakhur]], [[Abaza language#Phonology|Abaza]], [[Ubykh phonology|Ubykh]] |- | pal^zd [[uvular ejective]] | <big>{{IPA|[qʲʼ]}}</big> |[[Ubykh phonology|Ubykh]] |- | pal^zd [[uvular ejective affricate]] | <big>{{IPA|[qχʲʼ]}}</big> |[[Abaza language#Phonology|Abaza]] |}

{{IPA|[wʲ]}} is claimed for [[Forest Nenets]]; this is most likely {{IPAblink|ɥ}}. Some reported palatalized velars may actually be pre-velar or even palatal, rather than phonetically palatalized.

Any difference between e.g. {{IPA|[ʃʲ]}} and {{IPA|[ɕ]}} or {{IPA|[ʔʲ]}} and {{IPA|[jˀ]}} may be as much analysis as phonetics.

== See also == * [[Iotation]], a related process in [[Slavic languages]] * [[Manner of articulation]] * [[Labialization]] * [[Labio-palatalization]] * [[List of phonetics topics]] * [[Palatal hook]] * [[Palatalization in the Romance languages]] * [[Soft sign]], a [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] grapheme indicating palatalization * [[Yōon]]

==References== {{reflist}}

==Bibliography== * Bynon, Theodora. ''Historical Linguistics''. Cambridge University Press, 1977. {{ISBN|0-521-21582-X}} (hardback) or {{ISBN|978-0-521-29188-0}} (paperback). * {{citation |last=Bhat |first=D.N.S. |year=1978 |title=A General Study of Palatalization |journal=Universals of Human Language |volume=2 |pages=47–92 }} * {{citation |first=Savithry |last=Namboodiripad |year=2016 |title=Malayalam (Namboodiri Dialect) |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/article/malayalam-namboodiri-dialect/19CBF6E9E1CE65A84928F7C9C2286A9B |access-date=22 December 2020 |archive-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302184525/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/article/malayalam-namboodiri-dialect/19CBF6E9E1CE65A84928F7C9C2286A9B |url-status=live }} * {{citation |last=Buckley |first=E. |year=2003 |chapter=The Phonetic Origin and Phonological Extension of Gallo-Roman Palatalization |title=Proceedings of the North American Phonology Conferences 1 and 2 |citeseerx = 10.1.1.81.4003 }} * {{citation |last=Chițoran |first=Ioana |year=2001 |title=The Phonology of Romanian: A Constraint-based Approach |place=Berlin & New York |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter |isbn=3-11-016766-2 }} * Crowley, Terry. (1997) ''An Introduction to Historical Linguistics.'' 3rd edition. Oxford University Press. * {{citation |last =Lightner |first= Theodore M. |year= 1972 |title= Problems in the Theory of Phonology, I: Russian phonology and Turkish phonology |place=Edmonton |publisher=Linguistic Research, inc }} * {{cite book |last=Pullum |first=Geoffrey K. |author-link=Geoffrey K. Pullum |last2=Ladusaw |first2=William A. |year=1996 |title=[[Phonetic Symbol Guide]] |publisher=University of Chicago Press }}

==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050415185822/http://www.internetix.ofw.fi/opinnot/opintojaksot/8kieletkirjallisuus/aidinkieli/murteet/koprina.html Erkki Savolainen, Internetix 1998. ''Suomen murteet – Koprinan murretta''.] (with a sound sample with palatalized t') * [http://www.oocities.org/ekfrysk/ASHYP5b2.htm Frisian assibilation as a hypercorrect effect due to a substrate language]

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[[Category:Phonetics]] [[Category:Palatal consonants]] [[Category:Secondary articulation]]