Pakistan National Congress

{{Short description|Political party in East Pakistan and Bangladesh}} {{Redirect-distinguish|Bangladesh National Congress|Bangladesh Congress}} {{Infobox political party | name = Pakistan National Congress | logo = | colorcode = {{party color|National Congress (Pakistan and Bangladesh)}} | abbreviation = PNC | founder = | leader = Kiran Shankar Roy (1947–1948) Sris Chandra Chattopadhyaya (1948–1954) Manoranjan Dhar (1971)<ref>{{cite news |title=From the Archives (September 10, 1971): Bangla Desh parties demand independence |url=https://www.thehindu.com/archives/from-the-archives-september-10-1971-bangla-desh-parties-demand-independence/article36387467.ece |work=The Hindu |date=10 September 2021}}</ref> | ppchairman = | foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1947}} | headquarters = | publication = | students = | youth = | women = | labour = | wing4_title = | wing4 = | membership = | ideology = Gandhian socialism Secularism Minority interests | international = | dissolved = {{end date and age|df=yes|p=y|1975}} | colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}} Sky blue | native_name_lang = bn | split = Indian National Congress | position = Centre-left | alliance = | seats1_title = 1st Constituent Assembly of Pakistan | seats1 = {{Composition bar|11|69|{{party color|National Congress (Pakistan and Bangladesh)}}}} | seats2_title = East Bengal Legislative Assembly (1954) | seats2 = {{Composition bar|28|309|{{party color|National Congress (Pakistan and Bangladesh)}}}} | successor = Bangladesh National Congress (1971–1975) | symbol = BJC party symbol|125px ''Pitcher'' | country = Bangladesh | country2 = }} The '''Pakistan National Congress''' was a Pakistani and later short-lived Bangladeshi political party that primarily represented Hindus and comprised members formerly associated with the Indian National Congress at the time of Partition.<ref name="A">{{cite book |title=Major governments of Asia |author=George McTurnan Kahin, Harold C. Hinton |publisher=Cornell University Press |pages=439 |year=1958}}</ref><ref name="B">{{cite book |title=Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations: Asia and Australasia |author=Moshe Y. Sachs |publisher=Worldmark Press |year=1967}}</ref> The party championed secularism in the Muslim-dominated state, and its electoral and organisational strength was mainly based in East Bengal, later East Pakistan, now Bangladesh.<ref name="A"/><ref name="C">{{cite book |title=War and Secession: Pakistan, India and the Creation of Bangladesh |author=Richard Sisson, Leo E. Rose |publisher=University of California Press |pages=1–15 |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-520-07665-5}}</ref>

The PNC played the role of the principal opposition in the first Constituent Assembly of Pakistan; party leader Kiran Shankar Roy served as its first Leader of the Opposition before departing for West Bengal, India, in 1948. He was succeeded by Sris Chandra Chattopadhyaya, who remains the longest-serving Leader of the Opposition in the national legislature, stepping down after the assembly was dissolved in 1954.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rahim Khan |first1=Asad |title=The two partitions: Polemics, purges and Pakistan’s first opposition party |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1852072 |website=Dawn |publisher=Dawn Group |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref>

The PNC sought a secular Constitution, joint electorates, and Bengali as the national language of Pakistan. It won 28 seats in the 1954 East Bengal Legislative Assembly election, forming a coalition government with the United Front; the ministry was sacked and replaced by governor's rule under Iskander Mirza three weeks later.

The party was banned after martial law was imposed by Mirza and army chief Ayub Khan in 1958, resurfaced as the Bangladesh National Congress in 1971, and was dissolved permanently by Prime Minister Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in 1975, following the Fourth Amendment to Bangladesh's Constitution outlawing all political parties except Mujib's BAKSAL.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ahmed|first=Moudud|author-link=Moudud Ahmed|year=1984|orig-year=First published 1983|title=Bangladesh: Era of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|location=Wiesbaden|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag|page=245|isbn=3-515-04266-0}}</ref>

==History== The Pakistan National Congress traces its roots to the Indian National Congress, which was the largest national political party in India.<ref name="A"/><ref name="B"/> The Indian National Congress, led by Mahatma Gandhi, Vallabhbhai Patel and Jawaharlal Nehru championed secularism, composite nationalism, religious tolerance and opposed the Pakistan movement led by the Muslim League. However, ensuing communal conflict led to the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan from Muslim-majority provinces. The religious violence and mass migration as a result of partition significantly reduced the Hindu, Sikh and non-Muslim population of Pakistan. The leaders and activists of the Indian National Congress who continued to live in Pakistan joined with the representatives of Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist and Christian communities to form a new political party, the Pakistan National Congress.<ref name="A"/><ref name="B"/> Although most of them had opposed the partition of India, the members of the new party accepted the state of Pakistan and did not maintain any organisational links with the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Role of Pakistan National Congress in the constitutional development in Pakistan, 1947-1958 |first1=Kausar |first2=Samina |last1=Parveen |last2=Awan |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=75–101 |date=Apr–Jun 2022 |place=Karachi |journal=Pakistan Historical Society}}</ref>

It stood for secularism, equality of all religions and citizens and protection of religious and ethnic minorities.<ref name="A"/><ref name="B"/> The party sought peaceful and friendly relations between Pakistan and India. The party was one of many that opposed the suppression of democracy and civil rights by successive military regimes. The Pakistan National Congress also stood against the growth of Islamic fundamentalism in Pakistani society, politics and government. The party also supported the Bengali language movement in East Bengal.

National Congress was the only party at the opposition side of the house during the movement. In both Legislative Assembly and in Constituent Assembly they exposed of the logical position of the language demand. In doing so some of the members were called Indian agents and were harassed by the government. Some leaders were also arrested and one of them was killed inside the jail.<ref>{{Harv|Umar|1979|p=617}}</ref>

While partition riots and mass migration had significantly reduced the Hindu and Sikh population in West Pakistan, Hindus still constituted twenty percent of the population of East Bengal (also East Pakistan).<ref name="C"/> Consequently, the PNC's base and organisation were concentrated in that province of Pakistan. In the 1954 elections held for the East Bengal Legislative Assembly, the Pakistan National Congress won 28 seats.<ref name="C"/> Basanta Kumar Das, Bhupendra Kumar Datta, Konteswar Barman and Peter Paul Gomez were the assembly members in 1955 from the party that time.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Rahman |editor-first=Hasan Hafizur |year=1992 |script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশের স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধ দলিলপত্র |trans-title=Bangladesh Independence War Documents |url=https://bn.wikisource.org/wiki/পাতা:বাংলাদেশের_স্বাধীনতা_যুদ্ধ_দলিলপত্র_(প্রথম_খণ্ড).pdf/৪৪২ |volume=1 |publisher=Ministry of Information |page=442}}</ref>

===Bangladesh and dissolution=== After the Bangladeshi War of Independence, the party briefly survived as the Bangladesh National Congress.<ref name=i/> The party stood one candidate, Sree Peter Paul Gomez in the 1973 election for Dacca-25,<ref>http://www.ecs.gov.bd/English/PrintElection.php?&electionid=1&party=13&PartyName=Bagladesh%20Jatiya%20Congress&id=partywise {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> but did not win the seat. The party was dissolved in 1975 after the formation of the Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League as the sole political party of Bangladesh.<ref name=i>{{cite news |script-title=bn:অন্যান্য দলের অবলুপ্তি |trans-title=Extinction of other parties |language=bn |page=1 |date=25 February 1975 |newspaper=The Daily Ittefaq}}</ref> It is unknown how long the party survived in West Pakistan.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

==Members in the 1st Constituent Assembly== ===East Bengal=== #Bhupendra Kumar Datta #Kiran Shankar Roy #Prem Hari Barma #Raj Kumar Chakraverty #Sris Chandra Chattopadhyaya #Akshay Kumar Das #Dhirendra Nath Datta #Jnanendra Chandra Majumdar #Birat Chandra Mandal #Sri Dhananjoy M.A. B.L. Roy #Maudi Bhakesh Chanda #Harendra Kumar Sur #Kawivi Kerwar Datta

===West Punjab=== # Ganga Saran # Rai Bahadur Lala

==References== {{reflist}}

==Sources== * {{Cite book |last=Umar |first=Badruddin |author-link=Badruddin Umar |year=1979 |script-title=bn:পূর্ব বাংলার ভাষা আন্দোলন ও তৎকালীন রজনীতি |title=Purbo-Banglar Bhasha Andolon O Totkalin Rajniti |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.265835 |location=Dhaka |publisher=Agamee Prakashani |language=bn}}

Category:Bangladesh National Congress Category:Politics of East Pakistan Category:Hinduism in Pakistan Category:Secularism in Pakistan Category:Socialist parties in Pakistan Category:Nationalist parties in Pakistan Category:Defunct political parties in Pakistan Category:Defunct political parties in Bangladesh Category:1947 establishments in Pakistan Category:1971 disestablishments in Pakistan Category:1971 establishments in Bangladesh Category:1975 establishments in Bangladesh Category:Political parties established in 1947 Category:Political parties disestablished in 1975