{{Short description|Korean military leader (1534–1593)}} {{family name hatnote|Pak|lang=Korean}} {{Infobox military person | honorific_prefix = | name = Pak Hong | native_name = 박홍 | native_name_lang = ko | birth_date = 1534 | death_date = 1593 | birth_place = {{ill|Taehŭng County (Chungcheong)|lt=Taehŭng|ko|대흥군 (충청남도)}}, Joseon | death_place = | death_cause = Illness | burial_place = Yesan, South Korea | allegiance = Joseon | battles = {{tree list}} *Imjin War **Siege of Dongnae **Battle of Sosan **Battle of Imjin River {{tree list/end}} | awards = | width_style = person | module = {{Infobox Korean name/auto |hangul=%박홍 |hanja=朴泓 |hangulja=%_청원 |hanjaja=淸源 |hangulho= |hanjaho= |hangulph= |hanjaph= |child=yes }} }}
'''Pak Hong''' ({{Korean|hangul=박홍|hanja=朴泓}}; 1534—1593) was a Korean military leader of the mid-Joseon period. Born in 1534, Pak Hong passed the military examination in 1556 and was appointed as a Military Inspector. He held a series of provincial posts, including Assistant Magistrate of Kanggye, Chongpyong, and Chongsŏng. By 1592, he had risen to the position of Provincial Naval Commander of Left Gyeongsang just as the Imjin War erupted.
When the Japanese invaded, he confronted the enemy's vanguard but, faced with overwhelming odds, burned his main camp and retreated to Chungnyŏng. Upon learning that Choryŏng had also fallen, he withdrew toward the capital. On his way to the royal court-in-exile, he encountered Supreme Commander Kim Myŏngwŏn, who appointed him Left Division Commander. Pak then participated in the defense of the Imjin River and engaged the Japanese force at Paju, but was defeated and fled to Pyongyang.
After arriving in Pyongyang, he was impeached by officials for abandoning his post and violating military discipline. However, the charges were dropped in light of the wartime situation and his continued service during the retreat. When Pyongyang fell, he joined Yi Il in Pyongsan to rally troops. Soon after, he was assigned to escort the Crown Prince Gwanghae from Icheon to Songchon and was appointed Right Division Commander and Commander of the Volunteer Forces.
He returned to the Pyongyang front and fought in several engagements, though without notable distinction. After the city was retaken in early 1593, he continued operations as far as Paju with Kim Myŏngwŏn. His chronic illness recurred during the campaign, and he died on his way home for treatment. He was posthumously granted Vice Minister of War and further elevated to Minister of War.
== Early life and career == Pak Hong was born in 1534 in Taehŭng-hyŏn ({{Korean/auto|hangul=대흥|hanja=大興|hanjaref=<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |author= |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0015273 |access-date=2025-07-31 |lang=ko |trans-title=Taehŭng |script-title=ko:대흥 (大興)}}</ref>|labels=no}}), Chungcheong Province.<ref name=":4">{{Cite encyclopedia |title= |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Korean Local Culture Yesan edition |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |url=https://yesan.grandculture.net/yesan/toc/GC06600718 |access-date=2025-07-31 |author=조민희 |lang=ko |trans-title=Pak Hong |script-title=ko:박홍}}</ref> His father, Pak Yŏngmu, had served as an Assistant Administrator ({{Korean/auto|hangul=별제|hanja=別提|hanjaref=<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |author=김성준 |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0023056 |access-date=2025-07-31 |lang=ko |trans-title=Pyŏlche |script-title=ko:별제 (別提)}}</ref>|labels=no}}), and his mother was a daughter of Chŏng In'gŏl.<ref name=":4" /> In 1556, Pak passed the military service examination and was subsequently appointed Military Inspector ({{Korean/auto|hangul=선전관|hanja=宣傳官|hanjaref=<ref>{{Cite dictionary |script-title=ko:선전관 (宣傳官) |author=민현구 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0028901 |lang=ko |trans-title=Sŏnjŏn'gwan |access-date=2025-07-31}}</ref>|labels=no}}).<ref name=":42">{{Cite encyclopedia |title= |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Korean Local Culture Busan edition |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |url=https://www.grandculture.net/busan/toc/GC04201243 |access-date=2025-07-31 |author=박화진 |lang=ko |trans-title=Bak Hong |script-title=ko:박홍}}</ref> He later held various posts, including Assistant Magistrate ({{Korean/auto|hangul=판관|hanja=判官|hanjaref=<ref name=":3">{{Cite encyclopedia |title= |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |author=한충희 |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0059638 |access-date=2025-07-18 |lang=ko |trans-title=P'an'gwan |script-title=ko:판관 (判官)}}</ref>|labels=no}}) of Kanggye, Administrative Assistant ({{Korean/auto|hangul=판관|hanja=判官|hanjaref=<ref name=":3" />|labels=no}}) of the Office of Palace Procurement ({{Korean/auto|hangul=내자시|hanja=內資寺|hanjaref=<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |author=전형택 |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0012551 |access-date=2025-07-31 |lang=ko |trans-title=Naejasi |script-title=ko:내자시 (內資寺)}}</ref>|labels=no}}), Magistrate of Isan ({{Korean/auto|hangul=이산|hanja=理山|hanjaref=<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |author= |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0044545 |access-date=2025-07-31 |lang=ko |trans-title=Isan |script-title=ko:이산 (理山)}}</ref>|labels=no}}), and Inspector ({{Korean/auto|hangul=도사|hanja=都事|hanjaref=<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |script-title=ko:도사 (都事) |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |author=나영훈 |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0015665 |lang=ko |trans-title=Tosa |access-date=2025-06-26}}</ref>|labels=no}}) of the Office of the Royal Sons-in-Law ({{Korean/auto|hangul=의빈부|hanja=儀賓府|hanjaref=<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |author= |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0043242 |access-date=2025-07-31 |lang=ko |trans-title=Ŭibinbu |script-title=ko:의빈부 (儀賓府)}}</ref>|labels=no}}).<ref name=":1">{{Cite encyclopedia |title= |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |url=http://waks.aks.ac.kr/rsh/dir/rview.aspx?rshID=AKS-2013-CKD-1240001&callType=srch&dataID=AKS-2013-CKD-1240001_DIC@10000618 |access-date=2025-07-31 |author=박은화 |lang=ko |trans-title=Pak Hong |script-title=ko:박홍(朴泓)}}</ref> During his tenure as Magistrate of Chongpyong, he received multiple commendations, though he was dismissed after five years.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |author=김정헌 |date=March 7, 2017 |title=내포길 주변의 숨겨진 이야기/ 예산군 광시면 마사리 작은대흥산 장수묘와 말무덤 |url=https://www.hsnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=79142 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=Hongseong News·Naepo Times}}</ref>
In 1572, when banditry erupted in the Haeseo region, Pak was recommended for appointment as Magistrate of Pyongsan to oversee the path of an incoming Ming diplomatic mission.<ref name=":22" /> Following his mother's death, he temporarily withdrew from public service to observe the mourning period.<ref name=":1" /> He later served as Magistrate of Yeongam, staff officer ({{Korean/auto|hangul=낭청|hanja=郎廳|hanjaref=<ref>{{Cite dictionary |script-title=ko:낭청 (郎廳) |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |author=나영훈 |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0012387 |lang=ko |trans-title=Nangch'ŏng |access-date=2025-07-31}}</ref>|labels=no}}) of the Border Defense Council, Subarea Commander ({{Korean/auto|hangul=만호|hanja=萬戶|hanjaref=<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |author=차문섭 |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0017772 |access-date=2025-07-31 |lang=ko |trans-title=Manho |script-title=ko:만호 (萬戶)}}</ref>|labels=no}}) of Ch'ŏnsŏng ({{Korean/auto|hangul=천성|hanja=天城|hanjaref=<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title= |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Korean Local Culture Busan edition |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |url=https://www.grandculture.net/busan/toc/GC04213103 |access-date=2025-07-31 |author=김성환 |lang=ko |trans-title=Cheonseonman Bay |script-title=ko:천성만}}</ref>|labels=no}}), and then Garrison Commander ({{Korean/auto|hangul=첨사|hanja=僉使|hanjaref=|labels=no}}) of Busan.<ref name=":1" />
After a posting as Garrison Commander of Manpo in 1580, he was appointed Magistrate of {{Interlanguage link|Chongsong County|lt=Chongsong|ko|종성군}} in 1583. When unrest broke out among Jurchen groups in the northern region, he promptly assumed his post, suppressed the revolt, and rescued local inhabitants.<ref name=":22" /> He further strengthened the region's defenses by repairing the fortress, equipping weaponry, and training troops.<ref name=":1" /> He subsequently served as Military Protector ({{Korean/auto|hangul=호군|hanja=護軍|hanjaref=<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |script-title=ko:호군 (護軍) |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |author=장필기 |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0063681 |lang=ko |trans-title=Hogun|access-date=2025-06-27}}</ref>|labels=no}}), as well as Magistrate of {{Interlanguage link|Tŏgwŏn County|lt=Tŏgwŏn|ko|덕원군 (함경남도)}}. In 1587, following the death of his father, he retired from office.<ref name=":1" />
== Imjin War == === Outbreak of the Imjin War === After completing his mourning period, Pak Hong was appointed Provincial Naval Commander ({{Korean/auto|hangul=수군절도사|hanja=水軍節度使|hanjaref=<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |author=조성도 |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0031239 |access-date=2025-07-28 |lang=ko |trans-title=Sugunjŏltosa |script-title=ko:수군절도사 (水軍節度使)}}</ref>|labels=no}}) of Left Gyeongsang.<ref name=":1" /> On the 14th day of the 4th month in 1592, the Imjin War began with the Japanese assault on Busan.{{Sfn|최효식|2005|p=406}} Pak promptly submitted a formal dispatch to the royal court, becoming the first to report the outbreak of hostilities.{{Sfn|제장명|2018|p=293}}
Although tasked with leading naval operations against the Japanese forces, Pak was unable to mount effective resistance and ultimately retreated in the face of overwhelming opposition.{{Sfn|정진술|2000|p=109}} Several factors contributed to this outcome: the naval forces under his command had not been placed on proper defensive alert, and the Japanese invasion—far exceeding the scale of previous ''waegu'' (Japanese pirates) incursions—was launched as a surprise attack.{{Sfn|이민웅|2007|p=128}} These conditions rendered organized resistance highly difficult.{{Sfn|이민웅|2007|p=128}}
As the Japanese forces advanced from the captured stronghold of Busanjin toward Dongnae and the Naval Headquarters of Left Gyeongsang, Pak ordered the destruction of naval vessels, provisions, and military supplies at the base to prevent their capture.{{Sfn|이호준|2010|p=133}} Pak Hong's initial actions were subject to criticism.{{Sfn|제장명|2018|p=293}} Kim Sŏngil, serving as ''Ch'oyusa'' ({{Korean/auto|hangul=초유사|hanja=招諭使|hanjaref=|labels=no}}) of Right Gyeongang Province, remarked that "Left Naval Commander Pak Hong abandoned the fortress without discharging even a single arrow."<ref>{{Cite web |title= |script-title=ko:선조실록27권, 선조 25년 6월 28일 병진 4번째기사 |trans-title=Veritable Records of Seonjo 28th day, 6th month of 1592, 4th article |url=https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kna_12506028_004 |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty |publisher=National Institute of Korean History |language=ko}}</ref> Likewise, the Office of the Inspector-General recommended that Pak Hong be punished according to the law.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |script-title=ko:선조실록32권, 선조 25년 11월 15일 신미 3번째기사 |trans-title=Veritable Records of Seonjo 15th day, 11th month of 1592, 3rd article |url=https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kna_12511015_003 |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty |publisher=National Institute of Korean History |language=ko}}</ref>{{Sfn|제장명|2018|p=293}}
Pak preserved the remaining troops in the vicinity and transitioned to land-based operations.{{Sfn|이호준|2010|p=133}} Leading these forces, Pak departed from the Naval Headquarters and arrived at Sosan Post Station ({{Korean/auto|hangul=소산역|hanja=蘇山驛|hanjaref=<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title= |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |author=원경렬 |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0030105 |access-date=2025-07-19 |lang=ko |trans-title=Sosan |script-title=ko:소산 (蘇山)}}</ref>|labels=no}}), where Yi Kak had already established a defensive encampment.{{Sfn|이호준|2010|pp=133-134}} The two commanders advanced together to the immediate rear of Dongnae Fortress but were repelled by Japanese reserve forces and forced to fall back to Sosan.{{Sfn|이호준|2010|p=|pp=133-134}} On the afternoon of the 15th, Pak Chin, the Magistrate of Miryang, arrived with reinforcements, intending to relieve the fortress.{{Sfn|이호준|2010|p=135}} However, their combined attempt to confront the Japanese vanguard—now occupying Dongnae—was unsuccessful, and Pak Hong withdrew once more.{{Sfn|이호준|2010|p=135}} He later regrouped with Yi Kak in Eonyang, but as the Japanese continued their advance, Pak retreated further to Gyeongju.{{Sfn|이호준|2010|p=135}}
=== Advance northward === At Gyeongju, Pak Hong disbanded the remaining naval forces of the Left Gyeongsang Naval Command and withdrew with Song Ŭnggil ({{Korean/auto|hangul=성응길|hanja=成應吉|hanjaref=<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |author=문수홍 |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0029491 |access-date=2025-07-31 |lang=ko |trans-title=Song Ŭnggil |script-title=ko:성응길 (成應吉)}}</ref>|labels=no}}) and Pak Chongnam ({{Korean/auto|hangul=박종남|hanja=朴宗男|hanjaref=<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title= |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |author=이정일 |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0021162 |access-date=2025-07-31 |lang=ko |trans-title=Pak Chongnam |script-title=ko:박종남 (朴宗男)}}</ref>|labels=no}}) to defend Chungnyŏng Pass ({{Korean/auto|hangul=죽령|hanja=竹嶺|hanjaref=<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title= |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |author=이광률 |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0053503 |access-date=2025-07-31 |lang=ko |trans-title=Chungnyŏng Pass |script-title=ko:죽령 (竹嶺)}}</ref>|labels=no}}).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |author=이근우 |date=February 11, 2025 |title=임진왜란의 서전과 경상좌수사 박홍 - 박홍의 행적에 대한 재평가 |url=https://oldcastle.or.kr/30/?q=YToyOntzOjEyOiJrZXl3b3JkX3R5cGUiO3M6MzoiYWxsIjtzOjQ6InBhZ2UiO2k6Mzt9&bmode=view&idx=150298609&t=board |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=Suyeong Old Castle Research and Academic Institute}}</ref> Upon hearing that Choryŏng Pass ({{Korean/auto|hangul=조령|hanja=鳥嶺|hanjaref=<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title= |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |author=김만정 |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0051706 |access-date=2025-07-31 |lang=ko |trans-title=Choryŏng Pass |script-title=ko:조령 (鳥嶺)}}</ref>|labels=no}}) had fallen to the enemy, he proceeded toward Hansŏng.<ref name=":2" /> While en route in search of King Seonjo's temporary court, which had relocated from the capital, Pak encountered Supreme Commander Kim Myŏngwŏn, who appointed him Left Division Commander.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |author=이근우 |date=May 7, 2025 |title=5월 장미보다 더 붉은 |url=https://www.busan.com/view/busan/view.php?code=2025050718024921061 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=Busan Ilbo}}</ref> He subsequently participated in the defense of the Imjin River.{{Sfn|이민웅|2007|p=128}}
At Paju, Pak engaged Japanese forces alongside Sin Hal and Yu Kŭngnyang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=유극량|hanja=劉克良|hanjaref=<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title= |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |author=이재범 |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0041295 |access-date=2025-07-31 |lang=ko |trans-title=Yu Kŭngnyang |script-title=ko:유극량 (劉克良)}}</ref>|labels=no}}). However, their forces were defeated; Sin Hal and Yu Kŭngnyang were killed in action, and only Pak managed to retreat to the Imjin River.<ref name=":222">{{Cite web |author=이근우 |date=May 5, 2025 |title=선조실록과 박홍 |url=https://oldcastle.or.kr/30/?bmode=view&idx=163284210 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=Suyeong Old Castle Research and Academic Institute}}</ref> When the lower Imjin River defenses collapsed, Pak withdrew to Pyongyang with Kim Myŏngwŏn to defend Taedong River and assumed the role of Auxiliary Defense Commander ({{Korean/auto|hangul=조방장|hanja=助防將|hanjaref=<ref name=":55" />|labels=no}}).<ref name=":222" />{{Sfn|정진술|2000|p=112}}
Upon arrival, he was impeached by the Office of Inspector-General and other officials on charges of dereliction of duty and breach of military discipline, citing his failure to hold territory and unauthorized withdrawal.{{Sfn|정진술|2000|p=112}} Nevertheless, in view of the wartime circumstances and his continuous presence on the battlefield during the retreat, he was ultimately not punished.<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia |title= |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |author=김진봉 |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0021374 |access-date=2025-07-31 |lang=ko |trans-title=Pak Hong |script-title=ko:박홍 (朴泓)}}</ref> This cycle—receiving appointments only to be impeached and demoted to the rank of a common soldier—repeated three times over the course of the war.<ref name=":23" />
=== Death === Following the fall of Pyongyang, Pak regrouped with Yi Il at Pyongsan to recruit troops.<ref name=":0" /> He was then summoned by Crown Prince Gwanghae, who was stationed in Icheon, and entered Songchon escorting him as Right Division Commander.<ref name=":2" /> Pak also served as Commander of the Volunteer Corps ({{Korean/auto|hangul=의용도대장|hanja=義勇都大將|hanjaref=<ref name=":0" />|labels=no}}), participating in various military operations around the Pyongyang area.<ref name=":2" /> After the recapture of Hansŏng by Joseon forces in the first month of 1593, he continued to accompany Kim Myŏngwŏn to Paju.<ref name=":0" /> However, while returning home for medical treatment due to a relapse of a chronic illness, Pak died en route.<ref name=":23" />
== Legacy == Pak Hong's tomb is located in Yesan County.<ref name=":4" /> His epitaph was composed by {{Interlanguage link|Kim Sanghŏn|ko|김상헌}}.<ref name=":55">{{Cite web |title= |script-title=ko:국조인물고 권56 왜난시 정토인(倭難時征討人) 박홍의 비명(碑銘) |trans-title=Pak Hong |url=https://terms.naver.com/entry.naver?docId=946186&cid=62132&categoryId=62132 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=GukjoInmulgo |publisher={{ill|King Sejong the Great Memorial Society|ko|세종대왕기념사업회}} |language=ko |via=Naver Encyclopedia}}</ref> He was posthumously promoted to Vice Minister ({{Korean/auto|hangul=참판|hanja=參判|hanjaref=<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |author=김성준 |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0055306 |access-date=2025-06-27 |lang=ko |trans-title=Ch'amp'an |script-title=ko:참판 (參判)}}</ref>|labels=no}}) of War.<ref name=":0" /> Later, following the meritorious service of his eldest son, Pak Chinnam ({{Korean/auto|hangul=박진남|hanja=朴震男|hanjaref={{sfn|박문열|2004|p=129}}|labels=no}}), who was recommended for recognition as a Ch'ŏngnan Kongsin ({{Korean/auto|hangul=청난공신|hanja=淸難功臣|hanjaref=<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |author=이장희 |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0056296 |access-date=2025-07-31 |lang=ko |trans-title=Ch'ŏngnan Kongsin |script-title=ko:청난공신 (淸難功臣)}}</ref>|labels=no}}), Pak Hong was further posthumously elevated to Minister of War and concurrently Deputy Director ({{Korean/auto|hangul=지사|hanja=知事|hanjaref=<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |author=김성준 |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0054226 |access-date=2025-07-31 |lang=ko |trans-title=Chisa |script-title=ko:지사 (知事)}}</ref>|labels=no}}) of the State Tribunal.<ref name=":222" />
==References== {{Reflist}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Pak, Hong}} Category:1534 births Category:1592 deaths Category:16th-century Korean people Category:Joseon generals Category:People of the Imjin War