{{Short description|Soviet anti-personnel fragmentation mine}} thumb|191x191px|POM-2 mine
The '''POM-2''' ({{Langx|ru|Противопехотная Осколочная Мина-2|links=yes|lit=Infantry Fragmentation Mine-2|translit=Protivopekhotnaya Oskolochnaya Mina}}) is a Soviet scatterable self-liquidating fragmentation anti-personnel mine.<ref name=":3">{{cite book |title=Инженерные Боеприпасы. Руководство по материальной части и применению. Книга шестая. |date=1988 |publisher=Военное издательство министерства обороны СССР |location=г.Москва |pages=28–36 |language=ru}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |date=2022 |title=EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE GUIDE FOR UKRAINE |edition=2 |page=19 |url=https://www.gichd.org/fileadmin/GICHD-resources/rec-documents/GICHD_Ukraine_Guide_2022_Second_Edition_web.pdf |publisher=Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining |archive-date=2023-04-06 |access-date=2023-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406121029/https://www.gichd.org/fileadmin/GICHD-resources/rec-documents/GICHD_Ukraine_Guide_2022_Second_Edition_web.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> It has a mechanical fuze with tension-type target sensors '''BP-09S (Russian: БП-09С).'''
The mine can be delivered using the BM-27 Uragan (9M59), BM-21 Grad (9M18) MLRS, helicopter-mounted minelaying system VSM-1,<ref name=":3" /> remote mining machine UMZ (Russian: УМЗ)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=January 1996 |title=INSTANT OBSTACLES: RUSSIAN REMOTELY DELIVERED MINES |url=https://community.apan.org/cfs-file/__key/docpreview-s/00-00-08-12-95/1996_2D00_01_2D00_01-Instant-Obstacles_2D00_-Russian-Remotely-Delivered-Mines-_2800_D_2D00_Aria-and-Grau_2900_.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=Противопехотная осколочная мина ПОМ-2. Кассета КПОМ-2 с противопехотными осколочными минами ПОМ-2. Инструкция по материальной части и применению. Управление начальника инженерных войск. |publisher=Министерство Обороны СССР |year=1986 |language=Ru}}</ref> or portable mining kit PKM ({{Langx|ru|Переносной Комплект Минирования|links=yes|lit=Portable Mining Kit|translit=Perenosnoy Komplekt Minirovaniya}}).<ref name=":3" />
In its armed position, it is presented as a steel cylinder with six spring-loaded fins at the bottom of the mine. It shoots out string that attach to nearby objects, which is used as a tripwire. The POM-2 mines must be delivered using remote mining systems, with the exception of '''POM-2R'''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />
== Function == thumb|271x271px|A deployed POM-2 mine.|right The mine is made up of a cylindrical cast-steel cup, which contains the explosive charge. Upon detonation, the steel cylinder naturally fragments.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" />
* Upon the ejection of ''four<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />'' mines from the '''KPOM-2''' cassette, a pyroshock sensor activates, which ignites the pyrotechnic retarder '''[1]''' (delay mechanism, until another stage is ready). At the same time, the caps of the stabilizing legs bounce out of the mine body, and the nylon ribbons unfold to ensure that the mine lands straight up. * Upon the burn-up of the pyrotechnic retarder '''[1]''', the stabilizing legs are thrown out, and another set of pyrotechnic retarders is ignited '''[2]'''. '''[2]''' is a landing-delay mechanism, which gives the mine just enough time to land before starting any further processes. * As pyrotechnic retarders '''[2]''' burn up, they activate the expelling charges which expose the spring-loaded legs that hold the body of the mine upright. * Due to the activation of the expelling charges that released the spring-loaded legs, another set of pyrotechnic retarders '''[3]''' is activated by means of a pyroshock sensor. As '''[3]''' finishes burning, the target sensors are ejected (pyrotechnic pull cord) out of the mine, spreading the cords 10 meters apart from the mine in 4 opposite directions. Following that, a spring moves the detonator into its armed position.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />
At the point where the pull cords are ejected, the mechanism of self-liquidation{{Clarification needed|date=August 2023}} starts working. Generally, the mine takes 50–60 seconds to deploy.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> Pulling on the cord with anything more than {{cvt|300|-|400|gf|lk=on|N|0}}, causes the detonator to detonate the mine, dispersing fragments semi-spherically.<ref name=":2" />
== Deployment == Before use, the KPOM-2 cassettes are carefully checked for cracks. If any cracks deeper than 0.3 mm are present, then the cassette must be withdrawn, as it must be hermetically sealed. Faulty cassettes are destroyed with 0.2–0.4 kg of explosives.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />
=== UMZ === If the mining is performed with the usage of UMZ, then the machine must be moving at the speed in the range of 10–40 km/h. The interval between every launch is set in the control remote PUM-1V '''({{Langx|ru|ПУМ-1В}})'''. A full load (180 cassettes - 720 mines) can create a minefield that is 4,100–4,200 meters long and 50–60 meters wide, with a density of 0.1-0.2 mines/meter.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />
=== VSM-1 === If the mining is performed with the usage of the helicopter-mounted minelaying system VSM-1, then the machine must be moving at a speed in the range of 160–220 km/h, at an altitude of 50–100 meters, with an interval between every cassette launch being 0.8 seconds. A full load (116 cassettes - 464 mines) can create a minefield that is 4,100–4,200 meters long and 35–65 meters wide, with an average density of 0.11 mines/meter.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":34">{{cite book |title=Средства Механизации Минирования |date=1980 |publisher=Министерство Обороны СССР |pages=194–229 |language=ru}}</ref>
=== PKM === If the mining is performed using the portable mining kit, then it must be performed by two or more people, supported by a sapper group.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />
=== 9M59 Rockets === If the mining is performed using the BM-27 Uragan MLRS, then a full salvo (16 rockets) can create a minefield consisting of 144 mines.<ref name=":0" />
== Variants ==
; UI-POM-2-1 ({{Langx|ru|УИ-ПОМ-2-1}}) or UI-POM-2 : ''Inert'' mine for ''training'' purposes. It contains all elements as in the POM-2, except for the detonator and detonator cap. The naming convention comes from Russian words Uchebnaya (U - Rus. '''''У'''чебная'') - training, and Inertnaya (I - Rus. '''''И'''нертная'') - inert. Utilizes the UI-KPOM-2 cassette.<ref name=":3" /> ; UI-POM-2-2 or UI-POM-2A : ''Inert'' mine for ''training'' purposes. It is no different from the UI-POM-2-1, except that it has all the pyrotechnic elements. Utilizes the UI-KPOM-2A cassette.<ref name=":3" /> ; UI-POM-2-3 or UI-POM-2D : ''Inert'' mine for ''training'' purposes. It contains all elements as in the POM-2, except that the explosive charge is replaced with a smoke-generating substance, the explosive cap is replaced with an igniter element, and the detonator is removed. Two holes are drilled in the frame of the mine for the escape of the smoke. Utilizes the UI-KPOM-2D cassette.<ref name=":3" /> ; POM-2R ({{Langx|ru|ПОМ-2Р}}) : Primarily issued to special forces. Used as a pursuit deterrent and can be delivered in the same ways as the POM-2, but can also be deployed manually without the usage of cassettes.<ref name=":0" /> The naming convention comes from the Russian words Ruchnaya (R - Rus. '''''Р'''учная'') - hand [mine]. The rocket-propelled version, with the attached motor from a PG-7 rocket, was also observed in Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web|title=62MM POM-2R Rocket|url=https://cat-uxo.com/explosive-hazards/rockets/62mm-pom-2r-rocket|website=CAT-UXO}}</ref>
== Specifications (POM-2) ==
* '''Mass'''<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /> ** Charge: 140 g of TNT ** Full assembly: 1.6 kg ** KPOM-2 cassette:<ref name=":1" /> 48 kg * '''Diameter''':<ref name=":0" /> 63 mm * '''Height''':<ref name=":0" /> 180 mm * '''Target sensors'''<ref name=":3" /> ** Number: 4 ** Length (of all four): 10 m * '''Activation pressure''':<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> {{cvt|0.1-0.3|kgf|N|lk=in}} * '''Fragmentation radius''':<ref name=":3" /> 16 m * '''Temperature range of use''':<ref name=":3" /> -40 to +50 °С * '''Shelf life''':<ref name=":3" /> 10 years * '''Self-liquidation time'''<ref name=":1" /> {| class="wikitable" !Temperature Range, °С !Liquidation Timeframe, hours |- | +40 to +50 |4 to 14 |- | +20 to +40 |6 to 16 |- |0 to +20 |9 to 30 |- | -20 to 0 |13 to 39 |- | -30 to -20 |15 to 70 |- | -40 to -30 |25 to 114 |}
== See also ==
* {{lwc|PFM-1}} * {{lwc|PMN mine}} * {{lwc|POM-3 mine}} * {{lwc|PTM-3 mine}}
== Notes == {{reflist}}
Category:Anti-personnel mines Category:Cold War weapons of the Soviet Union