Placenta-specific protein 1

{{Short description|Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens}} {{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=6}} {{Infobox_gene}}

'''Placenta-specific protein 1''' is a small (212 amino acid), secreted cell surface protein encoded on the X-chromosome by the ''PLAC1'' gene. Since its discovery in 1999, PLAC1 has been found to play a role in placental development and maintenance, several gestational disorders including [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/preeclampsia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355745 preeclampsia], fetal development and a large number of cancers.

== Genomics == ''PLAC1'' is located on the long arm of the X-chromosome at Xq26.3. The gene consists of six exons spanning nearly 200Kb (GRCh38/hgs38; X:134,565,838 - 134,764,322). The entire coding sequence plus the 3' UTR and part of the 5' UTR constitute exon 6 while exons 1 – 5 contain variously spliced elements of the rest of the 5'UTR including two independently regulated promoters.

These two promoters, termed P1 (or distal) and P2 (or proximal) are located in exons 1 and 4 respectively. They have been shown to produce transcripts simultaneously though P1 transcription predominates in cancers and P2 transcription predominates in placentae.<ref name="Chen_2011" />

== Phylogenetics == From its initial description, the consensus is that ''PLAC1'' is highly conserved and that this conservation reflects an important role in the establishment and maintenance of the placenta.<ref name="Jackman_2012" /> A detailed study of the PLAC1 gene and protein among 54 placental mammal species representing twelve crown orders confirms a high level of conservation under the control of strict purifying selection.<ref name="Devor_2014" />

== Function == Discovery of PLAC1 resulted from an examination of the region around the human hypoxanthine ribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT) gene aimed at determining whether or not a placenta-specific protein was encoded there. This question was raised because the region was believed to be involved in both placental and fetal pathologies. Once identified, PLAC1 and its mouse ortholog Plac1 were found to be expressed throughout gestation.<ref name="Chang_2016" /><ref name="Massabbal_2005b"/> It was quickly established that PLAC1 expression is specific to trophoblast cells and that it is a critical element in establishing and maintaining a normal placenta. Expression was further localised to the apical region of the syncytiotrophoblast, the leading, invasive part of the developing embryo.<ref name="Chang_2014" /> PLAC1 expression terminates at the onset of labor and PLAC1 mRNAs clear the peripheral maternal circulatory system soon after delivery.<ref name="Fant_2002" /><ref name="Rawn_2008" /><ref name="Concu_2005" />

The PLAC1 gene is protein-coding and involved in the development of the placenta from trophoblast cells. This gene is specifically found on the X chromosome in an area that controls placenta development. It has been suggested that large deletions from this area of the X chromosome leads to retardation in the fetal growth process as well as early fetal death. PLAC1 is believed to be a mainly regulatory gene and is expressed the most between the 22nd and 40th week of pregnancy in humans. The knockout model generated for the PLAC1 gene suggested that mice were infertile when PLAC1 was inactivated or died late in gestation or shortly after birth, indicating that PLAC1 is a significant gene that greatly contributes to the viability of an organism. The molecular basis for the impact of PLAC1 is unknown, although it is clear the absence of this gene results in infertile or inviable offspring.<ref name="Jackman_2012" />

Recognition that PLAC1 plays an important role in first establishing the placenta and, subsequently, in maintaining it throughout gestation leads to the idea that PLAC1 may play a role in gestational issues from infertility to premature birth. An important contribution to this idea is the observation that a Plac1 knockout mouse model exhibited both placentomegaly in the dams and growth restriction in the pups.<ref name="Jackman_2012" /><ref name="Fant_2014" /> Numerous human gestational issues have been associated with abnormal PLAC1 expression including intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR),<ref name="Deyssenroth_2017" /><ref name="Coy_1978" /><ref name="Ibanoglu_2019" /> premature birth,<ref name="Farina_2005" /><ref name="Rizzo_2007" /> implantation failure,<ref name="Kotto-Kome_2011" /><ref name="Matteo_2013" /><ref name="Shi_2018" /><ref name="Yilmaz_2020" /> and preeclampsia.<ref name="Fujito_2006" /><ref name="Purwosunu_2007" /><ref name="Kodama_2011" /><ref name="Zanello_2014" /><ref name="Ibanoglu_2018" /><ref name="Wan_2019" /><ref name="Levine_2020" /> Several of these studies have sought to develop PLAC1 assays into diagnostic tools with mixed success.

== Cancer == While it has been clearly established that PLAC1 is truly placenta-specific, almost from the outset it was also clear that ''PLAC1'' is co-opted in human cancers. The first evidence that PLAC1 is co-opted in cancer was published in 2006.<ref name="Chen_2006" /> Since then, PLAC1 expression has been demonstrated in more than a dozen human cancers and in at least one hundred human cancer cell lines. Among the cancers in which PLAC1 expression is evident are gastric cancers,<ref name="Otsubo_2011" /><ref name="Liu_2012" /><ref name="Liu_2010" /> colon/colorectal cancers,<ref name="Liu_2010" /><ref name="Liu_2014" /><ref name="Liu_2015" /> liver cancers,<ref name="Guo_2017" /><ref name="Wu_2017" /> pancreatic cancers,<ref name="Yin_2017" /> lung cancers,<ref name="Yang_2018" /> and breast cancers.<ref name="Koslowski_2007" /><ref name="Koslowski_2009" /><ref name="Wagner_2013" /><ref name="Li_2018a" /><ref name="Li_2018b" /><ref name="Yuan_2018" /> In nearly all cases, PLAC1 expression is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Nowhere is this more true than in cancers of the male and female reproductive tract. That is, prostate cancer,<ref name="Ghods_2014" /><ref name="Nejadmoghaddam_2017" /> uterine cancer,<ref name="Devor_2013" /> ovarian cancer<ref name="Tchabo_2009" /><ref name="Devor_2017a" /> and cervical cancer<ref name="Devor_2017b" /> all have demonstrated a positive correlation between PLAC1 expression and prognosis.

In 2005, PLAC1 expression in differentiating fibroblasts was shown to be regulated by fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7).<ref name="Massabbal_2005b" /> This regulatory relationship has since been shown to be central to Akt Serine/Threonine kinase 1-mediated cancer cell proliferation.<ref name="Roldán_2020" /> PLAC1 forms a cell surface complex with FGF7 and the FGFR2IIIb receptor which then activates a cascade leading to Akt phosphorylation. Expression of PLAC1is, in turn, partially determined by the p53 tumor suppressor.<ref name="Chen_2013" /> PLAC1 expression is suppressed by wild-type p53 but increases in the presence of mutated or absent p53.<ref name="Devor_2017a" />

== Immunotherapy == PLAC1 is classified as a "cancer-testis antigen" as it is preferentially expressed in trophoblasts and tumors. In addition to results associating PLAC1 expression with risk of various cancers as well as with prognosis, the ability of PLAC1 to elicit an immune response suggests that its specificity could be harnessed therapeutically. One group in particular is pioneering the potential.<ref name="Mahmoudian_2020" /> Using anti-PLAC1/drug conjugates they have shown that PLAC1-based immunotherapy is highly promising.<ref name="Ghods_2014" /><ref name="Nejadmoghaddam_2017" />

==References== {{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Chen_2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chen Y, Moradin A, Schlessinger D, Nagaraja R | title = RXRα and LXR activate two promoters in placenta- and tumor-specific expression of PLAC1 | journal = Placenta | volume = 32 | issue = 11 | pages = 877–884 | date = November 2011 | pmid = 21937108 | doi = 10.1016/j.placenta.2011.08.011 | pmc = 3210379 }}</ref>

<ref name="Jackman_2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jackman SM, Kong X, Fant ME | title = Plac1 (placenta-specific 1) is essential for normal placental and embryonic development | journal = Molecular Reproduction and Development | volume = 79 | issue = 8 | pages = 564–572 | date = August 2012 | pmid = 22729990 | doi = 10.1002/mrd.22062 | pmc = 4594876 }}</ref>

<ref name="Devor_2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Devor EJ | title = Placenta-specific protein 1 is conserved throughout the Placentalia under purifying selection | journal = TheScientificWorldJournal | date = 2014 | volume = 2014 | article-number = 537356 | pmid = 25180201 | doi = 10.1155/2014/537356 | doi-access = free | pmc = 4142310 }}</ref>

<ref name="Chang_2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chang WL, Wang H, Cui L, Peng NN, Fan X, Xue LQ, Yang Q | title = PLAC1 is involved in human trophoblast syncytialization | journal = Reproductive Biology | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = 218–224 | date = September 2016 | pmid = 27692364 | doi = 10.1016/j.repbio.2016.07.001 }}</ref>

<ref name="Massabbal_2005b">{{cite journal | vauthors = Massabbal E, Parveen S, Weisoly DL, Nelson DM, Smith SD, Fant M | title = PLAC1 expression increases during trophoblast differentiation: evidence for regulatory interactions with the fibroblast growth factor-7 (FGF-7) axis | journal = Molecular Reproduction and Development | volume = 71 | issue = 3 | pages = 299–304 | date = July 2005 | pmid = 15803460 | doi = 10.1002/mrd.20272 }}</ref>

<ref name="Chang_2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chang WL, Yang Q, Zhang H, Lin HY, Zhou Z, Lu X, Zhu C, Xue LQ, Wang H | title = Role of placenta-specific protein 1 in trophoblast invasion and migration | journal = Reproduction | volume = 148 | issue = 4 | pages = 343–352 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 24989904 | doi = 10.1530/REP-14-0052 }}</ref>

<ref name="Fant_2002">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fant M, Weisoly DL, Cocchia M, Huber R, Khan S, Lunt T, Schlessinger D | title = PLAC1, a trophoblast-specific gene, is expressed throughout pregnancy in the human placenta and modulated by keratinocyte growth factor | journal = Molecular Reproduction and Development | volume = 63 | issue = 4 | pages = 430–436 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12412044 | doi = 10.1002/mrd.10200 }}</ref>

<ref name="Rawn_2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rawn SM, Cross JC | title = The evolution, regulation, and function of placenta-specific genes | journal = Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology | date = 2008 | volume = 24 | pages = 159–181 | pmid = 18616428 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.24.110707.175418 }}</ref>

<ref name="Concu_2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Concu M, Banzola I, Farina A, Sekizawa A, Rizzo N, Marini M, Caramelli E, Carinci P | title = Rapid clearance of mRNA for PLAC1 gene in maternal blood after delivery | journal = Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy | date = 2005 | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | pages = 27–30 | pmid = 15608456 | doi = 10.1159/000081365 }}</ref>

<ref name="Fant_2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fant ME, Fuentes J, Kong X, Jackman S | title = The nexus of prematurity, birth defects, and intrauterine growth restriction: a role for plac1-regulated pathways | journal = Frontiers in Pediatrics | date = 2014 | volume = 2 | page = 8 | pmid = 24600606 | doi = 10.3389/fped.2014.00008 | doi-access = free | pmc = 3930911 }}</ref>

<ref name="Deyssenroth_2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Deyssenroth MA, Li Q, Lacasaña M, Nomura Y, Marsit C, Chen J | title = Expression of placental regulatory genes is associated with fetal growth | journal = Journal of Perinatal Medicine | volume = 45 | issue = 7 | pages = 887–893 | date = October 2017 | pmid = 28675750 | doi = 10.1515/jpm-2017-0064 | pmc = 5630498 }}</ref>

<ref name="Coy_1978">{{cite journal | vauthors = Coy DH, Kastin AJ, Plotnikoff NP | title = [Biological studies with enkephalins and endorphins and their analogs] | journal = Annales de l'Anesthésiologie Française | date = 1978 | volume = 19 | issue = 5 | pages = 373–378 | pmid = 29532 }}</ref>

<ref name="Ibanoglu_2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ibanoglu MC, Ozgu-Erdinc AS, Kara O, Topcu HO, Uygur D | title = Association of Higher Maternal Serum Levels of Plac1 Protein with Intrauterine Growth Restriction | journal = Zeitschrift für Geburtshilfe und Neonatologie | volume = 223 | issue = 5 | pages = 285–288 | date = October 2019 | pmid = 30267394 | doi = 10.1055/a-0743-7403 }}</ref>

<ref name="Farina_2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Farina A, Rizzo N, Concu M, Banzola I, Sekizawa A, Grotti S, Carinci P | title = Lower maternal PLAC1 mRNA in pregnancies complicated with vaginal bleeding (threatened abortion <20 weeks) and a surviving fetus | journal = Clinical Chemistry | volume = 51 | issue = 1 | pages = 224–227 | date = January 2005 | pmid = 15516331 | doi = 10.1373/clinchem.2004.041228 }}</ref>

<ref name="Rizzo_2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rizzo N, Banzola I, Concu M, Morano D, Sekizawa A, Giommi F, Vagnoni S, Gabrielli S, Tempesta A, Carinci P, Farina A | title = PLAC1 mRNA levels in maternal blood at induction of labor correlate negatively with induction-delivery interval | journal = European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology | volume = 132 | issue = 2 | pages = 177–181 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 16860456 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.05.039 }}</ref>

<ref name="Kotto-Kome_2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kotto-Kome AC, Silva C, Whiteman V, Kong X, Fant ME | title = Circulating Anti-PLAC1 Antibodies during Pregnancy and in Women with Reproductive Failure: A Preliminary Analysis. | journal = International Scholarly Research Notices | date = 2011 | volume = 2011 | issue = 1 | page = 530491 }}</ref>

<ref name="Matteo_2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Matteo M, Greco P, Levi Setti PE, Morenghi E, De Rosario F, Massenzio F, Albani E, Totaro P, Liso A | title = Preliminary evidence for high anti-PLAC1 antibody levels in infertile patients with repeated unexplained implantation failure | journal = Placenta | volume = 34 | issue = 4 | pages = 335–339 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23434395 | doi = 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.01.006 | hdl = 11369/188745 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>

<ref name="Shi_2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shi LY, Ma Y, Zhu GY, Liu JW, Zhou CX, Chen LJ, Wang Y, Li RC, Yang ZX, Zhang D | title = Placenta-specific 1 regulates oocyte meiosis and fertilization through furin | journal = FASEB Journal | volume = 32 | issue = 10 | pages = 5483–5494 | date = October 2018 | pmid = 29723063 | doi = 10.1096/fj.201700922RR | doi-access = free }}</ref>

<ref name="Yilmaz_2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yilmaz N, Timur H, Ugurlu EN, Yilmaz S, Ozgu-Erdinc AS, Erkilinc S, Inal HA | title = Placenta specific protein-1 in recurrent pregnancy loss and in ''In Vitro'' Fertilisation failure: a prospective observational case-control study | journal = Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology | volume = 40 | issue = 6 | pages = 843–848 | date = August 2020 | pmid = 31791163 | doi = 10.1080/01443615.2019.1674263 }}</ref>

<ref name="Fujito_2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fujito N, Samura O, Miharu N, Tanigawa M, Hyodo M, Kudo Y | title = Increased plasma mRNAs of placenta-specific 1 (PLAC1) and glial cells-missing 1 (GCM1) in mothers with pre-eclampsia | journal = Hiroshima Journal of Medical Sciences | volume = 55 | issue = 1 | pages = 9–15 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16594548 }}</ref>

<ref name="Purwosunu_2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Purwosunu Y, Sekizawa A, Farina A, Wibowo N, Okazaki S, Nakamura M, Samura O, Fujito N, Okai T | title = Cell-free mRNA concentrations of CRH, PLAC1, and selectin-P are increased in the plasma of pregnant women with preeclampsia | journal = Prenatal Diagnosis | volume = 27 | issue = 8 | pages = 772–777 | date = August 2007 | pmid = 17554801 | doi = 10.1002/pd.1780 }}</ref>

<ref name="Kodama_2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kodama M, Miyoshi H, Fujito N, Samura O, Kudo Y | title = Plasma mRNA concentrations of placenta-specific 1 (PLAC1) and pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) are higher in early-onset than late-onset pre-eclampsia | journal = The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research | volume = 37 | issue = 4 | pages = 313–318 | date = April 2011 | pmid = 21392164 | doi = 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2010.01349.x }}</ref>

<ref name="Zanello_2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zanello M, Sekizawa A, Purwosunu Y, Curti A, Farina A | title = Circulating mRNA for the PLAC1 gene as a second trimester marker (14-18 weeks' gestation) in the screening for late preeclampsia | journal = Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy | date = 2014 | volume = 36 | issue = 3 | pages = 196–201 | pmid = 25138310 | doi = 10.1159/000360854 }}</ref>

<ref name="Ibanoglu_2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ibanoglu MC, Ozgu-Erdinc AS, Uygur D | title = Maternal placi protein levels in early- and late-onset preeclampsia | journal = Ginekologia Polska | date = 2018 | volume = 89 | issue = 3 | pages = 147–152 | pmid = 29664550 | doi = 10.5603/GP.a2018.0025 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

<ref name="Wan_2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wan L, Sun D, Xie J, Du M, Wang P, Wang M, Lei Y, Wang H, Wang H, Dong M | title = Declined placental PLAC1 expression is involved in preeclampsia | journal = Medicine | volume = 98 | issue = 44 | article-number = e17676 | date = November 2019 | pmid = 31689783 | doi = 10.1097/MD.0000000000017676 | pmc = 6946281 }}</ref>

<ref name="Levine_2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Levine L, Habertheuer A, Ram C, Korutla L, Schwartz N, Hu RW, Reddy S, Freas A, Zielinski PD, Harmon J, Molugu SK, Parry S, Vallabhajosyula P | title = Syncytiotrophoblast extracellular microvesicle profiles in maternal circulation for noninvasive diagnosis of preeclampsia | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | article-number = 6398 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32286341 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-62193-7 | pmc = 7156695 | bibcode = 2020NatSR..10.6398L }}</ref>

<ref name="Chen_2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chen J, Pang XW, Liu FF, Dong XY, Wang HC, Wang S, Zhang Y, Chen WF | title = [PLAC1/CP1 gene expression and autologous humoral immunity in gastric cancer patients] | journal = Beijing da Xue Xue Bao. Yi Xue Ban = Journal of Peking University. Health Sciences | volume = 38 | issue = 2 | pages = 124–127 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16617350 }}</ref>

<ref name="Otsubo_2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Otsubo T, Akiyama Y, Hashimoto Y, Shimada S, Goto K, Yuasa Y | title = MicroRNA-126 inhibits SOX2 expression and contributes to gastric carcinogenesis | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | article-number = e16617 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 21304604 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0016617 | doi-access = free | pmc = 3029394 | bibcode = 2011PLoSO...616617O }}</ref>

<ref name="Liu_2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu W, Zhai M, Wu Z, Qi Y, Wu Y, Dai C, Sun M, Li L, Gao Y | title = Identification of a novel HLA-A2-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope from cancer-testis antigen PLAC1 in breast cancer | journal = Amino Acids | volume = 42 | issue = 6 | pages = 2257–2265 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 21710262 | doi = 10.1007/s00726-011-0966-3 }}</ref>

<ref name="Liu_2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu FF, Shen DH, Wang S, Ye YJ, Song QJ | title = [Expression of PLAC1/CP1 genes in primary colorectal carcinoma and its clinical significance] | journal = Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi = Chinese Journal of Pathology | volume = 39 | issue = 12 | pages = 810–813 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 21215095 }}</ref>

<ref name="Liu_2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu F, Zhang H, Shen D, Wang S, Ye Y, Chen H, Pang X, Song Q, He P | title = Identification of two new HLA-A*0201-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes from colorectal carcinoma-associated antigen PLAC1/CP1 | journal = Journal of Gastroenterology | volume = 49 | issue = 3 | pages = 419–426 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 23604623 | doi = 10.1007/s00535-013-0811-4 }}</ref>

<ref name="Liu_2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu F, Shen D, Kang X, Zhang C, Song Q | title = New tumour antigen PLAC1/CP1, a potentially useful prognostic marker and immunotherapy target for gastric adenocarcinoma | journal = Journal of Clinical Pathology | volume = 68 | issue = 11 | pages = 913–916 | date = November 2015 | pmid = 26157147 | doi = 10.1136/jclinpath-2015-202978 }}</ref>

<ref name="Guo_2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Guo L, Xu D, Lu Y, Peng J, Jiang L | title = Detection of circulating tumor cells by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and magnetic activated cell sorting in the peripheral blood of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma | journal = Molecular Medicine Reports | volume = 16 | issue = 5 | pages = 5894–5900 | date = November 2017 | pmid = 28849093 | doi = 10.3892/mmr.2017.7372 | pmc = 5865766 }}</ref>

<ref name="Wu_2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wu Y, Lin X, Di X, Chen Y, Zhao H, Wang X | title = Oncogenic function of Plac1 on the proliferation and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells | journal = Oncology Reports | volume = 37 | issue = 1 | pages = 465–473 | date = January 2017 | pmid = 27878289 | doi = 10.3892/or.2016.5272 | pmc = 6365708 }}</ref>

<ref name="Yin_2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yin Y, Zhu X, Huang S, Zheng J, Zhang M, Kong W, Chen Q, Zhang Y, Chen X, Lin K, Ouyang X | title = Expression and clinical significance of placenta-specific 1 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | journal = Tumour Biology | volume = 39 | issue = 6 | article-number = 1010428317699131 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 28618924 | doi = 10.1177/1010428317699131 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

<ref name="Yang_2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yang L, Zha TQ, He X, Chen L, Zhu Q, Wu WB, Nie FQ, Wang Q, Zang CS, Zhang ML, He J, Li W, Jiang W, Lu KH | title = Placenta-specific protein 1 promotes cell proliferation and invasion in non-small cell lung cancer | journal = Oncology Reports | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 53–60 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 29138842 | doi = 10.3892/or.2017.6086 | pmc = 5783604 }}</ref>

<ref name="Koslowski_2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Koslowski M, Sahin U, Mitnacht-Kraus R, Seitz G, Huber C, Türeci O | title = A placenta-specific gene ectopically activated in many human cancers is essentially involved in malignant cell processes | journal = Cancer Research | volume = 67 | issue = 19 | pages = 9528–9534 | date = October 2007 | pmid = 17909063 | doi = 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-1350 }}</ref>

<ref name="Koslowski_2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Koslowski M, Türeci O, Biesterfeld S, Seitz G, Huber C, Sahin U | title = Selective activation of trophoblast-specific PLAC1 in breast cancer by CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta) isoform 2 | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 284 | issue = 42 | pages = 28607–28615 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19652226 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M109.031120 | doi-access = free | pmc = 2781404 }}</ref>

<ref name="Wagner_2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wagner M, Koslowski M, Paret C, Schmidt M, Türeci O, Sahin U | title = NCOA3 is a selective co-activator of estrogen receptor α-mediated transactivation of PLAC1 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells | journal = BMC Cancer | volume = 13 | article-number = 570 | date = December 2013 | pmid = 24304549 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2407-13-570 | doi-access = free | pmc = 4235021 }}</ref>

<ref name="Li_2018a">{{cite journal | vauthors = Li Q, Liu M, Wu M, Zhou X, Wang S, Hu Y, Wang Y, He Y, Zeng X, Chen J, Liu Q, Xiao D, Hu X, Liu W | title = PLAC1-specific TCR-engineered T cells mediate antigen-specific antitumor effects in breast cancer | journal = Oncology Letters | volume = 15 | issue = 4 | pages = 5924–5932 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 29556312 | doi = 10.3892/ol.2018.8075 | pmc = 5844056 }}</ref>

<ref name="Li_2018b">{{cite journal | vauthors = Li Y, Chu J, Li J, Feng W, Yang F, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Sun C, Yang M, Vasilatos SN, Huang Y, Fu Z, Yin Y | title = Cancer/testis antigen-Plac1 promotes invasion and metastasis of breast cancer through Furin/NICD/PTEN signaling pathway | journal = Molecular Oncology | volume = 12 | issue = 8 | pages = 1233–1248 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 29704427 | doi = 10.1002/1878-0261.12311 | pmc = 6068355 }}</ref>

<ref name="Yuan_2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yuan H, Chen V, Boisvert M, Isaacs C, Glazer RI | title = PLAC1 as a serum biomarker for breast cancer | journal = PLOS ONE | date = 2018 | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | article-number = e0192106 | pmid = 29432428 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0192106 | doi-access = free | pmc = 5809008 | bibcode = 2018PLoSO..1392106Y }}</ref>

<ref name="Ghods_2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ghods R, Ghahremani MH, Madjd Z, Asgari M, Abolhasani M, Tavasoli S, Mahmoudi AR, Darzi M, Pasalar P, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Zarnani AH | title = High placenta-specific 1/low prostate-specific antigen expression pattern in high-grade prostate adenocarcinoma | journal = Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy | volume = 63 | issue = 12 | pages = 1319–1327 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25186610 | doi = 10.1007/s00262-014-1594-z | pmc = 11029513 }}</ref>

<ref name="Nejadmoghaddam_2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nejadmoghaddam MR, Zarnani AH, Ghahremanzadeh R, Ghods R, Mahmoudian J, Yousefi M, Nazari M, Ghahremani MH, Abolhasani M, Anissian A, Mahmoudi M, Dinarvand R | title = Placenta-specific1 (PLAC1) is a potential target for antibody-drug conjugate-based prostate cancer immunotherapy | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | article-number = 13373 | date = October 2017 | pmid = 29042604 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-017-13682-9 | pmc = 5645454 | bibcode = 2017NatSR...713373N }}</ref>

<ref name="Devor_2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Devor EJ, Leslie KK | title = The oncoplacental gene placenta-specific protein 1 is highly expressed in endometrial tumors and cell lines | journal = Obstetrics and Gynecology International | date = 2013 | volume = 2013 | article-number = 807849 | pmid = 23935632 | doi = 10.1155/2013/807849 | doi-access = free | pmc = 3723095 }}</ref>

<ref name="Tchabo_2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tchabo NE, Mhawech-Fauceglia P, Caballero OL, Villella J, Beck AF, Miliotto AJ, Liao J, Andrews C, Lele S, Old LJ, Odunsi K | title = Expression and serum immunoreactivity of developmentally restricted differentiation antigens in epithelial ovarian cancer | journal = Cancer Immunity | volume = 9 | issue = | page = 6 | date = August 2009 | pmid = 19705800 | pmc = 2935768 | doi = }}</ref>

<ref name="Devor_2017a">{{cite journal | vauthors = Devor EJ, Gonzalez-Bosquet J, Warrier A, Reyes HD, Ibik NV, Schickling BM, Newtson A, Goodheart MJ, Leslie KK | title = p53 mutation status is a primary determinant of placenta-specific protein 1 expression in serous ovarian cancers | journal = International Journal of Oncology | volume = 50 | issue = 5 | pages = 1721–1728 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 28339050 | doi = 10.3892/ijo.2017.3931 | pmc = 5403493 }}</ref>

<ref name="Devor_2017b">{{cite journal | vauthors = Devor EJ, Reyes HD, Gonzalez-Bosquet J, Warrier A, Kenzie SA, Ibik NV, Miller MD, Schickling BM, Goodheart MJ, Thiel KW, Leslie KK | title = Placenta-Specific Protein 1 Expression in Human Papillomavirus 16/18-Positive Cervical Cancers Is Associated With Tumor Histology | journal = International Journal of Gynecological Cancer | volume = 27 | issue = 4 | pages = 784–790 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 28375929 | doi = 10.1097/IGC.0000000000000957 | pmc = 5405019 }}</ref>

<ref name="Roldán_2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Roldán DB, Grimmler M, Hartmann C, Hubich-Rau S, Beißert T, Paret C, Cagna G, Rohde C, Wöll S, Koslowski M, Türeci Ö, Sahin U | title = PLAC1 is essential for FGF7/FGFRIIIb-induced Akt-mediated cancer cell proliferation | journal = Oncotarget | volume = 11 | issue = 20 | pages = 1862–1875 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32499871 | doi = 10.18632/oncotarget.27582 | pmc = 7244013 }}</ref>

<ref name="Chen_2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chen Y, Schlessinger D, Nagaraja R | title = T antigen transformation reveals Tp53/RB-dependent route to PLAC1 transcription activation in primary fibroblasts | journal = Oncogenesis | volume = 2 | issue = 9 | pages = e67 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 23999628 | doi = 10.1038/oncsis.2013.31 | pmc = 3816221 }}</ref>

<ref name="Mahmoudian_2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mahmoudian J, Nazari M, Ghods R, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Ostad SN, Ghahremani MH, Vafaei S, Amiri MM, Zarnani AH | title = Expression of Human Placenta-specific 1 (PLAC1) in CHO-K1 Cells | journal = Avicenna Journal of Medical Biotechnology | date = 2020 | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 24–31 | pmid = 32153735 | pmc = 7035464 }}</ref>

[60] Further Edit By Sattwik Sarkar, Ramkrishnapally, Malda

}}

== External links == * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4544323/ placentomegaly]

==Further reading== {{refbegin | 2}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Fant M, Weisoly DL, Cocchia M, Huber R, Khan S, Lunt T, Schlessinger D | title = PLAC1, a trophoblast-specific gene, is expressed throughout pregnancy in the human placenta and modulated by keratinocyte growth factor | journal = Molecular Reproduction and Development | volume = 63 | issue = 4 | pages = 430–436 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12412044 | doi = 10.1002/mrd.10200 | s2cid = 11298991 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, Derge JG, Klausner RD, Collins FS, Wagner L, Shenmen CM, Schuler GD, Altschul SF, Zeeberg B, Buetow KH, Schaefer CF, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Jordan H, Moore T, Max SI, Wang J, Hsieh F, Diatchenko L, Marusina K, Farmer AA, Rubin GM, Hong L, Stapleton M, Soares MB, Bonaldo MF, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brownstein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Prange C, Raha SS, Loquellano NA, Peters GJ, Abramson RD, Mullahy SJ, Bosak SA, McEwan PJ, McKernan KJ, Malek JA, Gunaratne PH, Richards S, Worley KC, Hale S, Garcia AM, Gay LJ, Hulyk SW, Villalon DK, Muzny DM, Sodergren EJ, Lu X, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madan A, Young AC, Shevchenko Y, Bouffard GG, Blakesley RW, Touchman JW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Krzywinski MI, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Marra MA | title = Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 99 | issue = 26 | pages = 16899–16903 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12477932 | pmc = 139241 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.242603899 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2002PNAS...9916899M }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S | title = Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 36 | issue = 1 | pages = 40–45 | date = January 2004 | pmid = 14702039 | doi = 10.1038/ng1285 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J | title = The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) | journal = Genome Research | volume = 14 | issue = 10B | pages = 2121–2127 | date = October 2004 | pmid = 15489334 | pmc = 528928 | doi = 10.1101/gr.2596504 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Concu M, Banzola I, Farina A, Sekizawa A, Rizzo N, Marini M, Caramelli E, Carinci P | title = Rapid clearance of mRNA for PLAC1 gene in maternal blood after delivery | journal = Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | pages = 27–30 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15608456 | doi = 10.1159/000081365 | s2cid = 46537823 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Massabbal E, Parveen S, Weisoly DL, Nelson DM, Smith SD, Fant M | title = PLAC1 expression increases during trophoblast differentiation: evidence for regulatory interactions with the fibroblast growth factor-7 (FGF-7) axis | journal = Molecular Reproduction and Development | volume = 71 | issue = 3 | pages = 299–304 | date = July 2005 | pmid = 15803460 | doi = 10.1002/mrd.20272 | s2cid = 29069803 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Otsuki T, Ota T, Nishikawa T, Hayashi K, Suzuki Y, Yamamoto J, Wakamatsu A, Kimura K, Sakamoto K, Hatano N, Kawai Y, Ishii S, Saito K, Kojima S, Sugiyama T, Ono T, Okano K, Yoshikawa Y, Aotsuka S, Sasaki N, Hattori A, Okumura K, Nagai K, Sugano S, Isogai T | title = Signal sequence and keyword trap in silico for selection of full-length human cDNAs encoding secretion or membrane proteins from oligo-capped cDNA libraries | journal = DNA Research | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = 117–126 | year = 2007 | pmid = 16303743 | doi = 10.1093/dnares/12.2.117 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Fujito N, Samura O, Miharu N, Tanigawa M, Hyodo M, Kudo Y | title = Increased plasma mRNAs of placenta-specific 1 (PLAC1) and glial cells-missing 1 (GCM1) in mothers with pre-eclampsia | journal = Hiroshima Journal of Medical Sciences | volume = 55 | issue = 1 | pages = 9–15 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16594548 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Rizzo N, Banzola I, Concu M, Morano D, Sekizawa A, Giommi F, Vagnoni S, Gabrielli S, Tempesta A, Carinci P, Farina A | title = PLAC1 mRNA levels in maternal blood at induction of labor correlate negatively with induction-delivery interval | journal = European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology | volume = 132 | issue = 2 | pages = 177–181 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 16860456 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.05.039 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Fant M, Barerra-Saldana H, Dubinsky W, Poindexter B, Bick R | title = The PLAC1 protein localizes to membranous compartments in the apical region of the syncytiotrophoblast | journal = Molecular Reproduction and Development | volume = 74 | issue = 7 | pages = 922–929 | date = July 2007 | pmid = 17186554 | doi = 10.1002/mrd.20673 | s2cid = 8474935 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Purwosunu Y, Sekizawa A, Farina A, Wibowo N, Okazaki S, Nakamura M, Samura O, Fujito N, Okai T | title = Cell-free mRNA concentrations of CRH, PLAC1, and selectin-P are increased in the plasma of pregnant women with preeclampsia | journal = Prenatal Diagnosis | volume = 27 | issue = 8 | pages = 772–777 | date = August 2007 | pmid = 17554801 | doi = 10.1002/pd.1780 | s2cid = 12589177 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Koslowski M, Sahin U, Mitnacht-Kraus R, Seitz G, Huber C, Türeci O | title = A placenta-specific gene ectopically activated in many human cancers is essentially involved in malignant cell processes | journal = Cancer Research | volume = 67 | issue = 19 | pages = 9528–9534 | date = October 2007 | pmid = 17909063 | doi = 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-1350 | doi-access = free }} {{refend}}

Category:Amino acids Category:Human proteins