{{Infobox political party | name = Ottoman Socialist Party | native_name = Osmanlı Sosyalist Fırkası | colorcode = #D50000 | foundation = {{start date|1910}} | ideology = [[Socialism]] | headquarters = [[Istanbul]] | country = Turkey | dissolution = {{end date|1913}} | position = [[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]<ref name=KQ>{{cite web |date= September 2021 |title= DISCUSSION OF THE KURDISH QUESTION IN THE 1970s TURKISH LEFT: TEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF THE 1970s LEFT PERIODICALS |url= https://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/server/api/core/bitstreams/cfd069b6-770e-4803-9eba-5073b822386c/content |access-date=2025-01-31 |publisher= İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University |language=en |quote= The other important development through the process of formation of left-wing politics could be the formation of the Socialist Party of Turkey (Türkiye Sosyalist Firkas, TSF) in 1919 just before the foundation of the Turkish Republic. By the end of the First World War, the Turkish left had branched into three other than OSF and TSF according to Durgun (2015, p. 14): "Among these were the Turkish Workers and Peasants Socialist Party (TWPSP), which was established with the efforts of the Turkish intellectuals educated in Germany and Turkish workers working in Germany, and was led by Dr. Sefik Hüsnü Degmer…}}</ref> | leader1_title = Last Leader | leader1_name = [[Hüseyin Hilmi the Socialist|Hüseyin Hilmi]] }}
The '''Ottoman Socialist Party''' ({{langx|tr|Osmanlı Sosyalist Fırkası}}, OSF) was the first Turkish [[socialism|socialist]] [[political party]], founded in the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1910. It went into exile in 1913, but was relaunched as the '''Turkish Socialist Party''' ({{Langx|tr|Türkiye Sosyalist Fırkası}}, TSF) in 1919.
==History== [[File:Refik nevzat.jpg|155px|left|thumb|Refik Nevzat, socialist politician during the [[Second Constitutional Era]].]] [[File:Avnullah Kâzımî.jpg|155px|thumb|Avnullah Kâzımî, one of the early socialists.]] [[File:Baha Tevfik-2.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Baha Tevfik]] Before the formation of the party, socialist parties or groupings only existed among the Ottoman Empire's minorities, the [[Thessaloniki|Selanik]] predominantly Jewish [[Socialist Workers' Federation]] and [[Bulgarians|Bulgarian]] left-wing party called [[People's Federative Party (Bulgarian Section)]], as well as to some Bulgarian ''[[Bulgarian Social Democratic Workers' Party (Narrow Socialists)|narrow socialists]]'', who worked there.<ref>[[Mark Mazower]], ''Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews, 1430-1950'', 2004, p. 287.</ref> On the other hand, there were the [[Istanbul]] Greek Socialist Center, the [[Social Democrat Hunchakian Party]], the [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]].<ref name="hur">{{cite news|url=http://www.taraf.com.tr/makale/601.htm|title=Cumhuriyet'in Amele Evlatları!|last=Hür|first=Ayşe|date=April 24, 2008|publisher=[[Taraf]]|language=Turkish|accessdate=2009-11-13|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521160213/http://www.taraf.com.tr/makale/601.htm|archivedate=May 21, 2009}}</ref> As Ezel Kural Shaw has written in her ''History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey'', the Ottoman Socialist Party "gained its main support from the Armenian and Bulgarian groups in the Parliament".<ref>{{cite book|last=Shaw|first=Ezel Kural|title=History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1977|volume=2|pages=548|isbn=978-0-521-29166-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M1DQooVS_oYC&pg=PA283|accessdate=2009-11-14}}</ref>
The Ottoman Socialist Party was actually not a real political party in the modern sense, but rather a group of intellectuals. After the Young Turks had taken stringent measures against the opposition, the party began to support the opposition. OSF aimed to defend the basic values of the [[Constitutional monarchy|Constitutional Monarchy]], [[freedom of the press]] and association, and [[human rights]] against the [[Committee of Union and Progress]].<ref name="agos.com.tr">{{Cite web |date=17 February 2014 |title=Türkiye solunun göz ardı edilen başlangıcı: Osmanlı Sosyalist Fırkası |url=https://www.agos.com.tr/tr/yazi/6505/turkiye-solunun-goz-ardi-edilen-baslangici-osmanli-sosyalist-firkasi |access-date=12 April 2023 |website=Agos |language=tr}}</ref> In September 1911, an international organization of the party, led by Dr. Refik Nevzat, was founded in [[Paris]], which should establish contacts with the international workers' movement. Although the activities of this group have remained limited, Hüseyin Hilmi succeeded, however, in having a correspondence with [[Jean Jaurès]]. But the party failed to be admitted to the [[Second International]].
After the [[1913 Ottoman coup d'état]] of the [[Young Turks]], the opposition began to be massively repressed, difficult times began for the Ottoman Socialist Party. Hüseyin Hilmi was arrested the same year and remained either in prison or in exile until 1918. This amounted practically to the end of the party but in 1919, it was succeeded by the [[Socialist Party of Turkey]], which was also founded by [[Hüseyin Hilmi the Socialist|Hüseyin Hilmi]].<ref name=":0"/>
== Socialist Party of Turkey ==
{{Infobox political party | name = Socialist Party of Turkey | native_name = Türkiye Sosyalist Fırkası | logo = [[File:Seal of the Socialist Party of Turkey (1919).png|200px]] | colorcode = #D50000 | foundation = {{start date|1919}} | ideology = [[Socialism]] | headquarters = [[Istanbul]] | international = | country = Turkey | dissolution = {{end date|1922}} | position = [[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]<ref name=KQ /> | leader1_title = Last Leader | leader1_name = [[Hüseyin Hilmi the Socialist|Hüseyin Hilmi]] }} The Socialist Party of Turkey is the successor of the Ottoman Socialist Party.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Temur |first=Haydar |date=2017 |title=Kendi Yayınları Çerçevesinde Osmanlı Sosyalist Fırkası Çevresinin Fikirleri |journal=Atatürk Yolu Dergisi |volume=15 |issue=60}}</ref> Its chairman was the [[journalist]] [[Hüseyin Hilmi the Socialist|Hüseyin Hilmi]], who was on either exile or prison after the [[1913 Ottoman coup d'état]]. Hilmi returned to Istanbul after [[World War I]] and founded the TSF.<ref name="agos.com.tr"/>
He also founded the socialist weekly ''İştirak'' on 26 February 1919.<ref name=":0" /><ref group="Note">born in Izmir, deceased on November 15, 1922 in Istanbul, he was nicknamed "İştirakçı Hilmi", "Socialist Hilmi", "İştirak" was the [[Ottoman Turkish language]] term for socialist, as in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] إشتراكي ishtirākiyy</ref> Hilmi Other leading members were Avnullah Kâzımî, Namık Hasan, Pertev, Tevfik, İbnil Tahir, İsmail Faik, Baha Tevfik, Hamid Suphi. After the fall of the Young Turks regime, the party was reactivated in 1919 under the leadership of Hüseyin Hilmi and Mustafa Fazıl under the name of Socialist Party of Turkey. The party had contact from the beginning with the [[Second International]], it was also represented at its congresses in [[Bern]], [[Amsterdam]] and [[Geneva]]. There was also a Workers' International Association in Istanbul, mainly made up of minorities, Greeks, Bulgarians and Jews.<ref>{{cite book |last=Benningsen |first=Alexandre |author-link=Alexandre Bennigsen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iz0UbNbHiwYC&pg=PA659 |title=Communism in the Central Islamic lands (chapter in The Cambridge history of Islam, Volume 1) |author2=Lemercier-Quelquejay, Chantal |author-link2=Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-521-29136-1 |editor=Holt, Peter Malcolm |pages=304 |editor2=Lambton, Ann K. S |editor3=Lewis, Bernard |accessdate=2009-11-14}}</ref>
Although the founding in September 1919 by Dr. Şefik Hüsnü (Deymer) of the [[Turkish Workers and Peasants Socialist Party]] ({{langx|tr|Türkiye İşçi ve Çiftçi Sosyalist Fırkası}}), leaning towards the [[Third International]], led many members to leave the TSF, it successfully led the great strikes' wave of 1920.<ref>{{cite web |title=Türkiye Sosyalist Fırkası |url=http://www.boyutpedia.com/1330/43874/turkiye-sosyalist-firkasi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305183125/http://www.boyutpedia.com/1330/43874/turkiye-sosyalist-firkasi |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=29 August 2015}}</ref> In a short time the party, which basically organized trade union activities, won a lot of popularity among the workers. On the other hand, Hüseyin Hilmi successfully exploited the conflicts between the British garrison headquarters in Istanbul and the French firms. Therefore, he could get the support from British authorities in Istanbul.
After the conflicts between the French and English had been mitigated and the party had become a threat to international firms, the TSF lost its power. The firms founded and supported competing labor organizations such as ''Amele Siyanet Cemiyeti'' and forced the workers to become affiliated to these organizations. The compulsory membership in 1922 was one of the main reasons for the great defeat of the strike of streetcar workers. After this defeat, Hüseyin Hilmi was arrested and the party was dissolved.
Splinter party [[Independent Socialist Party (Turkey)|Independent Socialist Party]] ({{langx|tr|Müstakil Sosyalist Fırkası}}) reported no success.
The Socialist Party of Turkey was organized almost only in Istanbul. It maintained distance from the [[Kemalism|Kemalists]] who led a national movement against the occupation of Anatolia, and the Communists who tried to unite the workers organizations. The TSF was more a trade union than a political party.
== Notes == <references group="Note" /> <references group="Note" />
==References== {{Reflist}}
{{Ottoman Empire political parties}} {{Authority control}}
[[Category:Political parties in the Ottoman Empire|Socialist]] [[Category:Defunct socialist parties in Turkey]] [[Category:1910 establishments in the Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:1913 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:Political parties established in 1910]] [[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1913]] [[Category:Socialism in the Ottoman Empire]]