Otpor

{{Short description|Former Serbian civic movement and liberal political party}} {{about|the Serbian movement|the Croatian movement|Croatian National Resistance}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox political party | name = Resistance! | native_name = Отпор! | native_name_lang = sr | lang1 = | name_lang1 = | lang2 = | name_lang2 = | lang3 = | name_lang3 = | lang4 = | name_lang4 = | logo = Otpor logo.svg | logo_size = 128 | logo_upright = | logo_alt = | caption = Logo of Otpor | colorcode = black | abbreviation =  | leader = [[Collective leadership]] | president = | chairperson =  | secretary = | general_secretary = | first_secretary = | secretary_general = | presidium = | governing_body = | standing_committee = | spokesperson =  | leader1_title = | leader1_name = | leader2_title = | leader2_name = | leader3_title = | leader3_name = | leader4_title = | leader4_name = | leader5_title = | leader5_name = | founder =  | founded = {{start date|1998|10|10|df=y}} | registered = | legalised =  | dissolved = {{end date|2004|09||df=y}} | merger = | split = | predecessor = | merged = [[Democratic Party (Serbia)|Democratic Party]] | successor = | headquarters = [[Belgrade]] | newspaper = | think_tank = | student_wing = | youth_wing = | womens_wing = | wing1_title = | wing1 = | wing2_title = | wing2 = | wing3_title = | wing3 = | wing4_title = | wing4 = | membership_year = | membership = | ideology = [[Democracy]]<br>[[Anti-authoritarianism]]<br>[[Anti-corruption]]<br>[[Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević|Anti-Milošević]] | position = | religion = | national = [[Democratic Opposition of Serbia]] | regional =  | european = | continental =  | international = | europarl = | affiliation1_title = | affiliation1 = | affiliation2_title = | affiliation2 = | colors =  | slogan = | anthem = | blank1_title = | blank1 = | blank2_title = | blank2 = | blank3_title = | blank3 = | blank4_title = | blank4 = | seats1_title = [[National Assembly (Serbia)|National Assembly]] ([[2003 Serbian parliamentary election|2003]]) | seats1 = {{Infobox political party/seats|0|250|hex=#ff0000}} | seats2_title = | seats2 = | seats3_title = | seats3 = | seats4_title =  | seats4 =  | symbol = | flag = | flag_title = | flag_alt = | website = | state =  | country = Serbia | country_dab1 = | parties_dab1 = | elections_dab1 = | country2 = | country_dab2 = | parties_dab2 = | elections_dab2 = | footnotes = }} '''Otpor''' ({{lang-sr-Cyrl|Отпор!}}, {{langx|en|Resistance!}}, stylized as '''Otpor!''') was a political organization in [[Republic of Serbia (1990–2006)|Serbia]] (then part of [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|FR Yugoslavia]]) from 1998 until 2004.

In its initial period from 1998 to 2000, Otpor began as a civic protest group, eventually turning into a movement, which adopted the ''Narodni pokret'' (the People's Movement) title, against the policies of the [[Government of Serbia|Serbian authorities]] under the influence of [[President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav president]] [[Slobodan Milošević]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lakey |first1=George |author-link=George Lakey |last2=Marovic |first2=Ivan |date=2024-05-22 |title=Overcoming Despair and Apathy to Win Democracy |url=https://commonslibrary.org/overcoming-despair-and-apathy-to-win-democracy/ |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref> Following [[overthrow of Slobodan Milošević|Milošević's overthrow]] in October 2000, Otpor became a political watchdog organization monitoring the activities of the post-Milošević period of the [[Democratic Opposition of Serbia|DOS]] coalition. Finally, during fall 2003, Otpor briefly became a political party which, due to its failure to pass the 5% threshold needed to get any seats in the Serbian parliament, soon merged with another party.

Founded and best known as an organization employing [[Nonviolent resistance|nonviolent struggle]] as a course of action against the Milošević-controlled Serbian authorities, Otpor grew into a civic youth movement whose activity culminated on 5 October 2000 with Milošević's overthrow. In the course of a two-year nonviolent struggle against Milošević, Otpor spread across Serbia, attracting in its heyday more than 70,000 supporters who were credited for their role in the 5 October overthrow.<ref>[http://cddrl.stanford.edu/news/cddrl_visiting_scholar_olena_nikolayenko_analyzes_postsoviet_youth_movements_20090619] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405200207/http://cddrl.stanford.edu/news/cddrl_visiting_scholar_olena_nikolayenko_analyzes_postsoviet_youth_movements_20090619|date=5 April 2012}}; "The Rise of Youth Movements in the Post Communist Region", Olena Nikolayenko, Center For Democracy Development, Stanford,19 June 2009</ref>

After the overthrow, Otpor launched campaigns to hold the [[Cabinet of Serbia (2001–04)|new government]] accountable, pressing for democratic reforms and fighting corruption, as well as insisting on cooperation with the [[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia|International Criminal Tribunal]] (ICTY) at the Hague.<ref>[http://resistancestudies.org/?cat=16] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102155836/http://resistancestudies.org/?cat=16|date=2 November 2011}}; "Resistance studies - University of Goetheborgh" November 2010</ref>

Soon after the 2003 elections, Otpor merged into the [[Democratic Party (Serbia)|Democratic Party]] (DS).

==Initial activity== [[File:Otpor! recruiting flyer.jpg|right|250px|thumb|An Otpor membership signup recruitment slip from the movement's early days.]] Otpor was formed in [[Belgrade]] on 10 October 1998 in response to a controversial piece of legislation in Serbia – the university law – introduced earlier that year by the [[Government of Serbia|Serbian government]] under Prime Minister [[Mirko Marjanović]]. Also, days before Otpor got announced, the government introduced a [[decree]] (uredba) outlining special measures in the wake of the ongoing [[NATO]] bombing threat. Citing the decree, on 14 October 1998, the government's Ministry of Information headed by [[Aleksandar Vučić]] banned the publishing of ''[[Dnevni telegraf]]'', ''[[Danas (newspaper)|Danas]]'', and ''[[Naša borba]]'', three Belgrade dailies which were critical of the government to varying degrees.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lakey |first1=George |last2=Marovic |first2=Ivan |date=2024-05-22 |title=Overcoming Despair and Apathy to Win Democracy |url=https://commonslibrary.org/overcoming-despair-and-apathy-to-win-democracy/ |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref>

The newly formed group named Otpor mostly consisted of the [[Democratic Youth (Serbia)|Demokratska omladina]] ([[Democratic Party (Serbia)|Democratic Party]]'s youth wing) members, activists of the various [[NGO]]s that operated in Serbia, and students from the two [[public university|public universities]] in Belgrade – [[University of Belgrade]] and [[University of Arts in Belgrade|University of Arts]]. It quickly grew from a small group into a network of similarly politically minded young people, many of whom were already veterans of anti-Milošević demonstrations such as the [[1996–1997 protests in Serbia|1996-97 protests]] and the [[March 9, 1991 protest|9 March 1991 protest]]. With the political opposition in Serbia in disarray, Otpor decided to build a broad political movement rather than a traditional NGO or political party. Frustrated with opposition leaders protecting their narrow personal and party interests, which often degenerated into infighting, the group also decided that "it would have [[Leaderless resistance|no leaders]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.peoplebuildingpeace.org/thestories/article.php?id=136&typ=theme&pid=31 |title=ECCP _ People Building Peace _ Articles |access-date=2011-11-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309080603/http://www.peoplebuildingpeace.org/thestories/article.php?id=136&typ=theme&pid=31 |archive-date=9 March 2012}}; "Rage Against The Machine - Milja Jovanovic, People Building Peace", vol 2 European Centre for Conflict Prevention 2002</ref>

Early on, Otpor defined its objectives and methods, including an account of what it saw as the main problems of the country, in the "Declaration of the Future of Serbia." The declaration was signed and supported by all prominent student organizations in Serbia. An advisory body was set up and its members became the main promoters of the declaration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newtactics.org/sites/newtactics.org/files/otpor%20campaigns.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-10-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124171552/http://newtactics.org/sites/newtactics.org/files/otpor%20campaigns.pdf |archive-date=24 November 2011}}; "OTPOR campaigns New Tactics" November 2010</ref>

Initially, Otpor's activities were limited to the [[University of Belgrade]]. In an effort to gather new [[Nonpartisanism|nonpartisan]] energy, not to mention making it harder for state media to discredit and smear them as just another opposition political group, Otpor avoided publicizing its ties to the Democratic Party (DS) even though the two organizations held similar political goals and shared many of the same members.<ref>[http://www.hereticus.org/arhiva/otporasi-su-dobili-krila-i-poleteli.html Dragan Džonić: Otporaši su dobili krila i poleteli] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425022607/http://www.hereticus.org/arhiva/otporasi-su-dobili-krila-i-poleteli.html |date=25 April 2012}};''Hereticus'', 20 April 2003</ref> Early on they agreed the organization's symbol to be the [[Raised fist|clenched fist]]. Young designer Nenad "Duda" Petrović created the logo.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110908001025/http://www.cafebabel.co.uk/article/37103/egypt-revolution-serbia-otpor-pora-canvas-youth.html]}}; "Canvas, Otpor, Pora: Serbia's brand is non-violent revolution" 31 March 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.naslovi.net/2010-05-14/24sata/pesnicu-otpora-vole-svi-svetski-buntovnici/1718210 Pesnicu Otpora Vole Svi Svetski Buntovnici] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315164725/http://www.naslovi.net/2010-05-14/24sata/pesnicu-otpora-vole-svi-svetski-buntovnici/1718210 |date=15 March 2012}} May 2010</ref>

===Four students get arrested for stenciling Otpor logo=== The authorities' immediate reaction to the appearance of Otpor was extremely heavy-handed, even before the movement held any public gatherings. In the early morning hours of Wednesday, 4 November 1998, four students – 22-year-old Teodora Tabački (enrolled at the University of Belgrade's [[University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy|Faculty of Philosophy]]), Marina Glišić (22, Faculty of Philosophy), Dragana Milinković (22, [[University of Belgrade Faculty of Philology|Faculty of Philology]]), and Nikola Vasiljević (19, [[University of Arts in Belgrade|University of Arts]]' FDU) – were arrested for [[Stencil graffiti|stencil spraying]] the clenched fist symbol on the UofB's Faculty of Mathematics building facade.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jy0HmPrEXn8#t=228 |title=Right to RESISTANCE!, 1998 (Serbian language) - YouTube |website=[[YouTube]] |date=18 November 2011 |access-date=11 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312115334/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jy0HmPrEXn8#t=228 |archive-date=12 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Later that same day, after reportedly being intimidated into signing a pre-typed, joint statement of guilt, the four students were taken before a misdemeanor judge who handed them a sentence of 10 days in prison.<ref name="vreme.com">[http://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=940794 Gde su danas lideri Narodnog pokreta Otpor: Dnevnik jedne mladosti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719091539/http://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=940794 |date=19 July 2010}};''Vreme'', 15 July 2010</ref> In his explanation of the sentence, judge Željko Muniža cited that "with their brazen and reckless behaviour, the four students have endangered the citizens' calm and disturbed the public order." On 5 November, the students' legal representatives – Nikola Barović, Branko Pavlović, and Dušan Stojković – appealed the respective sentences citing "improper use of both the misdemeanor process and the misdemeanor law as well as the scandalous subsequent sanction."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jy0HmPrEXn8#t=446 |title=Otpor |website=[[YouTube]] |date=18 November 2011 |access-date=11 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312115334/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jy0HmPrEXn8#t=446 |archive-date=12 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> One day later, the misdemeanor council rejected the appeal as baseless.

The case generated some public reaction with the University of Belgrade's Faculty of Electrical Engineering professor and Otpor member [[Srbijanka Turajlić]] calling the sentences "inappropriate" and further scolding the University of Belgrade rector Jagoš Purić as well as University of Arts rector [[Radmila Bakočević]] for "not publicly reacting to their own students being rounded-up on the street and hauled off to jail".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jy0HmPrEXn8#t=457 |title=Otpor |website=[[YouTube]] |date=18 November 2011 |access-date=11 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312115334/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jy0HmPrEXn8#t=457 |archive-date=12 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===''Dnevni telegraf'' gets fined for publishing an Otpor ad=== The organization gained further prominence when the ''[[Dnevni telegraf]]'' (daily tabloid owned and edited by [[Slavko Ćuruvija]]) 7 November issue appeared on newsstands with Otpor's ad featuring the clenched fist symbol on the front page. The paper had previously been banned for "spreading defeatism by running subversive headlines", a punishment meted out under the controversial new government decree. And though the ban was lifted within a week as the decree was put out of effect only to be replaced by the new information law, ''Dnevni telegraf'''s publishing hiatus continued past the ban being lifted and the 7 November issue was its return to the newsstands. Seeing the Otpor ad on the front page, the authorities quickly reacted again, taking Ćuruvija and his collaborators to court within days via a trumped up private citizen's complaint and handing them another draconian fine under the information law, this time prompting the newspaper's relocation to [[Podgorica]].

===Veran Matić wears Otpor t-shirt during MTV Europe Awards live broadcast=== Several days later, on Thursday, 12 November, another instance of Otpor's public exposure occurred – this time at the [[1998 MTV Europe Music Awards]] ceremony in [[Assago]] near [[Milan]] where [[B92|Radio B92]] was the recipient of the [[Free Your Mind (MTV award)|Free Your Mind]] award. Accepting the award presented by [[Michael Stipe]], [[Peter Buck]], and [[Mike Mills]] of [[R.E.M.]] during live broadcast, B92 head [[Veran Matić]] came out on stage in an Otpor T-shirt with inscription "Живи Отпор!" (Live the Resistance) above the clenched fist logo. In his acceptance speech, delivered in Serbian, Matić explicitly mentioned the four students that were arrested and sentenced the previous week.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wdoyouw.org/kako-i-kada/akcije/action-images/otpor-stampani-materijali/majica-zivi-otpor |title=Majica "Živi Otpor!" |access-date=20 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520053208/http://www.wdoyouw.org/kako-i-kada/akcije/action-images/otpor-stampani-materijali/majica-zivi-otpor |archive-date=20 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The awards ceremony was carried live in Serbia on [[TV Košava]], a station owned at the time by Milošević's daughter Marija. However, when it came time for the Free Your Mind award to be handed out in the live broadcast, only the initial intro by R.E.M. and part of the accompanying pre-taped video piece about Radio B92 was shown before abruptly cutting to an extended block of commercials.

Otpor's first significant gathering took place on Saturday, 14 November at the [[University of Belgrade Faculty of Electrical Engineering]] – over a thousand students marched across town to the [[University of Belgrade Faculty of Philology|Faculty of Philology]] where a number of students were under lockdown inside the building as the authorities wanted to prevent them from joining the protest. Otpor leader [[Srđa Popović (activist)|Srđa Popović]] (also a member of the Democratic Party) was arrested that day and then released on intervention from [[Amnesty International]] after being detained for 8 hours. By late November, Otpor ideas reached [[Novi Sad]], Serbia's second city, with the first graffiti appearing on buildings in the city.

During the [[1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|NATO air-strikes]] against FR Yugoslavia in 1999 regarding the [[Kosovo War]], Otpor ceased its activities. In the aftermath of NATO bombing, the organization began a political campaign aimed directly against the Yugoslav president [[Slobodan Milošević]]. This resulted in nationwide police repression against Otpor activists, during which nearly 2,000 were arrested, some beaten.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=350.org |last2=Hunter |first2=Daniel |date=2024-04-16 |title=Campaign Tactics |url=https://commonslibrary.org/tactics-and-actions/ |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref>

===Organization grows into a movement=== [[File:Plakat Radojka Lukovića sa potpisom.jpg|right|215px|thumb|[[Požarevac]]-based Otpor member Radojko Luković became a ''[[cause célèbre]]'' after his severe beating and disappearance in 2000]]

Otpor next managed to bring opposition parties together and mobilize the population of Serbia against Milošević. It stressed the importance of mobilizing the population to vote, but also promoted "individual resistance" (i.e. nonviolent methods of civic disobedience in order to counter possible electoral fraud). This strategy was slowly embraced by the opposition parties in the months to come.

The strategy was based on two assumptions: * That the opposition had to be united around one presidential candidate in order to get more votes than Milošević; and * That Milošević would never accept defeat in the elections (and he would falsify ballots and even use force to defend his power).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gozaar.org/english/feed/library-en/democracy-classics-en/Concrete-Tactics-for-Nonviolent-Change-in-Serbia.txt |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-10-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316192054/http://www.gozaar.org/english/feed/library-en/democracy-classics-en/Concrete-Tactics-for-Nonviolent-Change-in-Serbia.txt |archive-date=16 March 2012}};''Gozaar'', 19 June 2009</ref>

By fall 1999 and early 2000, the Serbian opposition political parties, most notably the Democratic Party and the [[Serbian Renewal Movement]] (SPO), realized the potency of Otpor's methods and the resonance of its message with the youth. Thus began the battle for control of Otpor between DS and SPO. Since both parties already had a significant number of their youth wing members within Otpor, this trend continued on a large scale with both DS and SPO (and other opposition parties as well) instructing their local chapters throughout Serbia to recruit party youth members [[en masse]] into Otpor.<ref name="Selektivna anestezija">[http://www.mail-archive.com/stop-nsp@topica.com/msg02334.html Selektivna anestezija] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530100253/http://www.mail-archive.com/stop-nsp@topica.com/msg02334.html |date=30 May 2010}};''Blic News'', 19 October 2001</ref> As a result, Otpor's membership swelled into tens of thousands.

Otpor's unified message and diverse membership proved much more attractive to young activists than the deeply divided opposition parties of the time.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/749469.stm |title=Analysis: Otpor's Challenge to Milosevic |access-date=24 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223104204/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/749469.stm |archive-date=23 February 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Although they had found common ground in Otpor, the separate opposition parties were still reluctant to cooperate among themselves. Otpor's major challenge was to bring these divided groups together in preparation for the 2000 election campaign. Instead of using old methods of "bringing everyone to the table and then…trying to come up with a common strategy and goal", the original core group of Otpor founders had gathered to first find a single goal that everyone could agree upon: removing Milošević.<ref>[http://www.tavaana.org/viewcasestudy.jsp?restrictids=nu_repeatitemid&restrictvalues=2071502000341267131373005#_edn50] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512033241/http://www.tavaana.org/viewcasestudy.jsp?restrictids=nu_repeatitemid&restrictvalues=2071502000341267131373005|date=12 May 2012}};''The Year Life Won in Serbia: The Otpor Movement Against Milosevic '', 17 June 2011</ref>

During the presidential campaign of September 2000, Otpor launched its "[[Gotov je]]" (He's Finished!) and the "Vreme Je!" (It's Time!) campaigns, which galvanized national discontent with Milošević and eventually resulted in his defeat. Some students who led Otpor used Serbian translations of [[Gene Sharp]]'s writings on [[nonviolence|nonviolent action]] as a theoretical basis for their campaigns.

Otpor became one of the defining symbols of the anti-Milošević struggle and his subsequent overthrow. By aiming their activities at the pool of youth [[abstention|abstainers]] and other disillusioned voters, Otpor contributed to one of the biggest turnouts ever for the 24 September 2000 federal presidential elections with more than 4,77 million votes (72% of the total electorate).<ref>{{cite book|author=Janusz Bugajski|title=Political Parties of Eastern Europe: A Guide to Politics in the Post-Communist Era|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9gGKtLTQlUcC&pg=PA442|year=2002|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=9781563246760|page=442}}</ref>

Persuading a large number of the traditional electorate to abandon Milošević was another one of the areas where Otpor played a key role. Milošević had in the past succeeded in persuading the public that his political opponents were traitors working for foreign interests, but in the case of Otpor, the tactic largely backfired, as the beatings and imprisonments of their members during the summer of 2000 only further cemented the decision to vote against the government in many voters' minds.

==Post-Milošević== In the immediate months following [[5th October Overthrow]], Otpor members were suddenly the widely praised heroes throughout [[FR Yugoslavia]] as well as in the eyes of [[Western world|Western]] governments. From the wide range of local celebrities and public figures seeking positive attention by wearing Otpor T-shirts, to [[KK Partizan|Partizan]] basketball club painting the Otpor logo in the center circle for their [[FIBA]] [[Suproleague]] game, the clenched fist was omnipresent. This widespread popularity inspired even some individuals tied to the former government to become involved with the [[Democratic Opposition of Serbia|DOS]] authorities by praising Otpor and its activities.

The pop-culture component of Otpor's activities became especially pronounced in this period. On 16 November, little over a month after the overthrow, Otpor received the [[Free Your Mind (MTV award)|Free Your Mind]] award at the [[2000 MTV Europe Music Awards]].<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kv9R6kn2Pcc Otpor! members receiving MTV's Free Your Mind Award] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205001323/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kv9R6kn2Pcc |date=5 February 2017}};2000 MTV Europe Music Awards, 16 November 2000</ref> Activists Milja Jovanović and Branko Ilić were on hand in [[Stockholm]] to accept the award presented to them by French actor [[Jean Reno]]. Back home a couple of days later, FR Yugoslavia's foreign minister [[Goran Svilanović]] held a reception for Otpor's delegation consisting of Milja Jovanović, Ivan Andrić, and Nenad Konstantinović in order to congratulate them on the MTV award.<ref>[http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2000&mm=11&dd=20&nav_category=1&nav_id=16317 SVILANOVIC PRIMIO DELEGACIJU OTPORA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520040301/http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2000&mm=11&dd=20&nav_category=1&nav_id=16317 |date=20 May 2014}};B92, 20 November 2011</ref> Then, in early December, Serbian singer-songwriter [[Đorđe Balašević]] held a concert in Belgrade's [[National Theatre in Belgrade|National Theater]] specifically for and in praise of Otpor members, which was televised nationally on [[RTS 2 (Serbian TV channel)|RTS 2]].<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X8xVhidgsOc Balašević for Otpor!];December 2000</ref> The movement even turned to concert promotion itself, organizing several [[Laibach (band)|Laibach]] gigs in Belgrade.<ref>[http://www.inthesetimes.com/issue/25/07/hockenos2507.html Serbie's New Wave] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927061131/http://www.inthesetimes.com/issue/25/07/hockenos2507.html |date=27 September 2011}};''In These Times'', 5 March 2001</ref>

In the midst of all the praise and adulation, the movement promised to keep on. Otpor initially attempted to establish itself in a "watch dog" role after the revolution by launching campaigns holding the new government accountable, pressing for democratic reforms, and fighting corruption. It started weeks after the revolution with "Samo vas gledamo" (We're Watching You) campaign, sending the message of accountability to new authorities.<ref>[http://resistancestudies.org/?cat=16] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102155836/http://resistancestudies.org/?cat=16|date=2 November 2011}};'Resistance studies Network – a global network of critical studies on "resistance", 11 March 2011</ref> In parallel, by November 2000, with the upcoming [[2000 Serbian parliamentary election|December 2000 parliamentary elections]], launched two campaigns named "Overi" (Verify It) and "Upotrebi ga" (Use It). Though some already questioned the movement's [[wikt:raison d'être|raison d'être]],<ref>[http://www.nin.co.rs/2000-11/16/15326.html Otpor, kome?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402052151/http://www.nin.co.rs/2000-11/16/15326.html |date=2 April 2012}};''NIN'', 16 November 2000</ref> the idea behind both was to encourage the electorate to "verify" the 5 October revolution by voting against the parties that were part of the government – the [[Socialist Party of Serbia]] (SPS) and the [[Serbian Radical Party]] (SRS) – at the upcoming constituent republic-level parliamentary election.

In 2001, the [[corruption]] monitoring becoming the new focus with several new anti-corruption campaigns started (''Bez anestezije'', etc.), but it was clear that Otpor experienced problems staying relevant on the transformed political scene of Serbia and FR Yugoslavia.

===Revelation of U.S. involvement=== By late November 2000, information started appearing about substantial outside assistance Otpor received leading up to the revolution. Otpor was a recipient of substantial funds from [[U.S. government]]-affiliated organizations such as the [[National Endowment for Democracy]] (NED), [[International Republican Institute]] (IRI), and [[USAID|US Agency for International Development]] (USAID).<ref name="nyt20001126">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/library/magazine/home/20001126mag-serbia.html|title=Who Really Brought Down Milosevic?|access-date=2008-02-08|work=The New York Times|date=2000-11-26|first=Roger|last=Cohen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226165528/http://www.nytimes.com/library/magazine/home/20001126mag-serbia.html|archive-date=26 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Vetta|first=Theodora|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvw049q1|title=Democracy Struggles: NGOs and the Politics of Aid in Serbia|publisher=Berghahn Books|year=2019|isbn=978-1-78920-099-7|edition=1|series=Dislocations|volume=25|location=Oxford, New York|pages=60–61|chapter=Chapter 2: NGOing and the Donor Effect|doi=10.2307/j.ctvw049q1.7|jstor=j.ctvw049q1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u0VsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55}}</ref>

Contacting various officials from the U.S. based organizations, in his ''[[New York Times Magazine]]'' piece, journalist [[Roger Cohen]] sought to shed some light on the extent of American logistical and financial assistance received by Otpor. Paul B. McCarthy from the [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]-based [[National Endowment for Democracy|NED]] stated that Otpor received the majority of US$3 million spent by NED in Serbia from September 1998 until October 2000. At the same time, McCarthy himself held a series of meetings with Otpor's leaders in [[Podgorica]], as well as [[Szeged]] and [[Budapest]].<ref name="nyt20001126"/>

Just how much of the US resources appropriated in the year 2000 by [[USAID]], for democracy and governance, which included support to groups that worked to bring an end to the Milošević era through peaceful, democratic means, went to Otpor is not clear. However, what ''is'' clear is that the [[Democratic Opposition of Serbia]]—a broad alliance of those seeking [[Slobodan Milošević]]'s downfall, among them the [[Democratic Party (Serbia)]] Otpor would later merge with—received in excess of $30 million to "purchase cell phones and computers for DOS's leadership and to recruit and train an army of 20,000 election monitors" as well as to supplement them with "a sophisticated marketing campaign with posters, badges and T-shirts."<ref name="Gallagher, T. 2005. p.112">Gallagher, T., 2005. The Balkans in the New Millennium: In the Shadow of War and Peace. London: Routledge. p.112.</ref> Donald L. Pressley, the assistant administrator at USAID said that several hundred thousand dollars were given to Otpor directly for similar purposes.<ref name=nyt20001126/>

===Transformation into a political party=== The official announcement of Otpor's transformation into a political party was made on 19 November 2003, days after the parliamentary elections had been set for 23 December.<ref>[http://www.b92.rs/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2003&mm=11&dd=18&nav_category=11&nav_id=125068 Otpor od srede stranka, samostalno na izborima] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407063510/http://www.b92.rs/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2003&mm=11&dd=18&nav_category=11&nav_id=125068 |date=7 April 2012}};B92, 18 November 2003</ref> The party didn't name an official leader. However, cousins [[Slobodan Homen]] and [[Nenad Konstantinović]] played key roles. Asked about the new party's finances in November 2003, Konstantinović said it was funded by the Serbian companies.<ref>[http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2003&mm=11&dd=25&nav_category=11&nav_id=125671 U subotu izborna lista Otpora] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520021011/http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2003&mm=11&dd=25&nav_category=11&nav_id=125671 |date=20 May 2014}};B92, 25 November 2003</ref>

Otpor started its election campaign on Saturday, 29 November 2003 by submitting its 250-person candidate list.<ref>[http://www.blic.rs/stara_arhiva/politika/51467/Otpor-i-SSJ-predali-liste 'Otpor' i SSJ predali liste] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204215011/http://www.blic.rs/stara_arhiva/politika/51467/Otpor-i-SSJ-predali-liste |date=4 December 2011}};''Blic'', 1 December 2003</ref> In addition to former Otpor activists such as Slobodan Homen, Nenad Konstantinović, Ivan Marović, Predrag Lečić, Stanko Lazendić, and [[Srđan Milivojević]], the candidate list featured established professionals in other arenas such as professor and anti-corruption campaigner [[Čedomir Čupić]], political analyst Dušan Janjić, psychologist Žarko Trebješanin, lawyer Boža Pelević, and former [[Supreme Court of Serbia|Serbian Supreme Court]] vice-president Zoran Ivošević.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.b92.net/specijal/izbori2003/izborne_liste.php?nav_id=126820 |title=Otpor! list |access-date=21 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306190338/http://www.b92.net/specijal/izbori2003/izborne_liste.php?nav_id=126820 |archive-date=6 March 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> The candidate list named "Otpor—Freedom, Solidarity and Justice" led by Čupić fared poorly, with only 62,116 votes (1.6% of total vote) in the [[2003 Serbian parliamentary election]], which left it out of the parliament (the census required a minimum of 5%).

By spring 2004, in the aftermath of the election, the organization faced more turmoil when Branimir Nikolić, a prominent activist from Otpor's Subotica chapter, publicly accused the party central, namely Homen and Konstantinović, of embezzlement.<ref>[http://arhiva.kurir-info.rs/Arhiva/2004/februar/28-29/V-05-27022004.shtml Otporovi milioni $] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331153113/http://arhiva.kurir-info.rs/Arhiva/2004/februar/28-29/V-05-27022004.shtml |date=31 March 2012}}''Kurir'', 28–29 February 2004</ref> Soon after, another member of Otpor, Zoran Matović, joined Nikolić's accusations, claiming that out of the €2.1 million that came into the organization during 2001 and 2002, more than half went missing.<ref>[http://www.blic.rs/stara_arhiva/politika/62294/Fali-milion-evra Novi obračun u 'Otporu': Fali milion evra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520035940/http://www.blic.rs/stara_arhiva/politika/62294/Fali-milion-evra |date=20 May 2014}};''Blic'', 28 April 2004</ref><ref>[http://arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs/arhiva/2004/04/26/srpski/P04042504.shtml Pripadnici Otpora optužuju svoje kolege da su prisvojili novac od stranih sponzora: Svađa u Otporu oko dva milona dolara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312075614/http://arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs/arhiva/2004/04/26/srpski/P04042504.shtml |date=12 March 2012}};''Glas javnosti'', 26 April 2004</ref> Responding to the accusations in both instances, Homen announced his intention to sue both Nikolić and Matović.

===End=== In early September 2004, amid internal turmoil, the remnants of Otpor merged into the [[Democratic Party (Serbia)|Democratic Party]] led by [[Boris Tadić]].

The observer reaction in Serbia to the dissolution of Otpor was mixed. Some talked of Otpor's "ideologically heterogeneous membership that in addition to progressives also contained those well infected with Milošević's war propaganda", seeing the organization's eventual demise in the post-Milošević period as the victory of the latter over the former,<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120308171039/http://www.nedimsejdinovic.com/o-smrti-otpora-i-jos-pone%C4%8Dem-ko-%C4%87e-da-grize-los-sistem-vrednosti/ O SMRTI "OTPORA" I JOŠ PONEČEM: Ko će da grize loš sistem vrednosti?]}};nedimsejdinovic.com, 2 September 2004</ref> while others believed Otpor's failure in the political arena was caused by its inability to disassociate itself from foreign aid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carnegiecouncil.org/resources/articles_papers_reports/0087.html/_res/id=sa_File1/JoksicSperri_Otpor.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-10-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603140820/http://www.carnegiecouncil.org/resources/articles_papers_reports/0087.html/_res/id=sa_File1/JoksicSperri_Otpor.pdf |archive-date=3 June 2012}} From Resistance to Revolution and Back Again</ref>

===Commemorative reunions and usage of Otpor symbols=== In the years since its dissolution, Otpor's symbols and imagery occasionally reappeared in Serbian political life. Some of the former Otpor activists also organized a few official commemorative gatherings.

In April 2008, during the election campaign ahead of the [[2008 Serbian parliamentary election|parliamentary election]], the clenched fist was stenciled on several walls in Novi Sad.<ref>[http://www.naslovi.net/2008-04-08/gradjanski/pesnica-otpora-ponovo-u-novom-sadu/632188 Pesnica "Otpora" ponovo u Novom Sadu] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120909003605/http://www.naslovi.net/2008-04-08/gradjanski/pesnica-otpora-ponovo-u-novom-sadu/632188 |date=9 September 2012}};''Građanski list'', April 2008</ref> This led to an announcement of Otpor's reactivation by its former activist Nenad Šeguljev,<ref>[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,3260552,00.html Ponovo aktiviranje "Otpora", policija i privođenje novinara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418010009/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,3260552,00.html |date=18 April 2008}};''[[Deutsche Welle]]'', 11 April 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.php?yyyy=2008&mm=04&dd=11&nav_id=49319 Otpor says it's back in business] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113022230/http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.php?yyyy=2008&mm=04&dd=11&nav_id=49319 |date=13 November 2012}};B92, 11 April 2008</ref> however nothing ever came of it.

Later that year on 13 November, Serbian president Boris Tadić held a reception to commemorate the 10th anniversary of Otpor's founding.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beta-video.tv/?page=play&id=1641&naslov=Tadi%C4%87%20primio%20predstavnike%20Otpora |title=Tadić primio predstavnike Otpora |access-date=30 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424232722/http://www.beta-video.tv/?page=play&id=1641&naslov=Tadi%C4%87%20primio%20predstavnike%20Otpora |archive-date=24 April 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Former activists [[Srđa Popović (activist)|Srđa Popović]], Slobodan Đinović, Slobodan Homen, Nenad Konstantinović, Dejan Ranđić, Ivan Andrić, Andreja Stamenković, Milja Jovanović, Branko Ilić, Srđan Milivojević, Jovan Ratković, Predrag Lečić, Vlada Pavlov, Stanko Lazendić, Miloš Gagić, and Siniša Šikman were on hand at the presidential palace at [[Andrićev Venac]],<ref>[http://www.alo.rs/politika/9526/Tadic_primio_otporase Tadić primio otporaše] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405114917/http://www.alo.rs/politika/9526/Tadic_primio_otporase |date=5 April 2012}};''[[Alo!]]'', 14 November 2008</ref> giving Tadić an old Otpor poster.<ref>[http://www.rts.rs//page/stories/sr/story/9/Srbija/27388/Deset+godina+od+osnivanja+Otpora.html Deset godina od osnivanja Otpora] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307194840/http://www.rts.rs//page/stories/sr/story/9/Srbija/27388/Deset+godina+od+osnivanja+Otpora.html |date=7 March 2012}};RTS, November 2008</ref> Tadić underscored Otpor's "important role in the democratization of Serbia".<ref>[http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Politika/65362/Tadic-Otpor-imao-vaznu-ulogu-u-reformama-Srbije Tadić: „Otpor" imao važnu ulogu u reformama Srbije] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826025000/http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Politika/65362/Tadic-Otpor-imao-vaznu-ulogu-u-reformama-Srbije |date=26 August 2011}};''Blic'', 14 November 2008</ref> The next day, in [[Stari dvor]], the exhibition of Otpor's materials was opened with Belgrade mayor [[Dragan Đilas]] saluting the former movement for "the courage shown in the fight for democratic changes and thus enabling others to live in a normal country".<ref>[http://www.pressonline.rs/sr/vesti/vesti_dana/story/51315/Otvorena+izlo%C5%BEba+povodom+desetogodi%C5%A1njice+osnivanja+Otpora.html Otvorena izložba povodom desetogodišnjice osnivanja Otpora] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225035823/http://www.pressonline.rs/sr/vesti/vesti_dana/story/51315/Otvorena+izlo%C5%BEba+povodom+desetogodi%C5%A1njice+osnivanja+Otpora.html |date=25 February 2014}};''Press'', 14 November 2008</ref>

In July 2011, posters with clenched fist and a message "Pruži Otpor svakoj lošoj vlasti" (Resist all bad authorities) appeared all over the city of [[Bor, Serbia|Bor]], protesting the local authorities' decision to build a roundabout.<ref>[http://www.mc.kcbor.net/2011/07/26/otkrivamo-otpor-ponovo-u-boru/ OTKRIVAMO: "OTPOR" PONOVO U BORU] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423044922/http://www.mc.kcbor.net/2011/07/26/otkrivamo-otpor-ponovo-u-boru/ |date=23 April 2012}};Medija Centar Bor 26 July 2011</ref>

In October 2011, the Democratic Party (DS) official web site (ds.org.rs) was taken down by unknown hackers who left the Otpor logo on the site.<ref>[http://www.kurir-info.rs/vesti/politika/hakeri-srusili-sajtove-borisa-tadica-i-ds-137328.php HAKERI SRUŠILI SAJTOVE BORISA TADIĆA I DS] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018103411/http://www.kurir-info.rs/vesti/politika/hakeri-srusili-sajtove-borisa-tadica-i-ds-137328.php |date=18 October 2011}};''Kurir'', 16 October 2011</ref>

==Legacy== In addition to contributing to Slobodan Milošević's overthrow, Otpor has become the model for similar youth movements around Eastern Europe.<ref name="guardian20050606">{{cite journal | author=Traynor, Ian| title=Young democracy guerrillas join forces| journal=[[The Guardian]]| date=2005-06-06| page=16}} Available at {{cite web |url=http://www.mjaft.org/pdf/the_guardians_activism_festival.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2008-02-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725050303/http://www.mjaft.org/pdf/the_guardians_activism_festival.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2008}}</ref> MTV granted Otpor the [[Free Your Mind (MTV award)|Free Your Mind]] award in 2000. There were several award-winning documentaries made about the movement, most notably ''[[Making of The Revolution]]'' by Eric Van Den Broek and Katarina Rejger (launched at the Amnesty International Film Festival in 2001) and ''[[Bringing Down A Dictator]]'' by Steve York, which won a Peabody Award in 2002, narrated by Martin Sheen. It has reportedly been seen by over 23 million people around the world.<ref>[[Bringing Down A Dictator]]</ref>

Otpor members were instrumental in inspiring and providing hands-on training to several other civic youth organizations in [[Eastern Europe]] and elsewhere, including [[Kmara]]<ref name="ferdeggan">[http://www.ferdeggan.net/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/60to69.pdf 60 Revolution In The Revolution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070116153809/http://www.ferdeggan.net/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/60to69.pdf |date=16 January 2007}}</ref> in the [[Georgia (country)|Republic of Georgia]] (itself partly responsible for the [[Rose Revolution|downfall]] of [[Eduard Shevardnadze]]), [[PORA]] (black)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.patriotmagazin.com/arhiva/0240/media/008.htm |title=Otporaši na Maldivima |access-date=28 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715052720/http://www.patriotmagazin.com/arhiva/0240/media/008.htm |archive-date=15 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="eurasianet.org">[http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/civilsociety/articles/pp041105.shtml FLEDGLING YOUTH GROUPS WORRY POST-SOVIET AUTHORITIES] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222044746/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/civilsociety/articles/pp041105.shtml |date=22 February 2008}}</ref> (which was part of the [[Orange Revolution]]) and [[Vidsich]] (opposing the president [[Viktor Yanukovych]]) in [[Ukraine]], [[Zubr (political organization)|Zubr]]<ref name="ferdeggan"/> in [[Belarus]] (opposing the president [[Alexander Lukashenko]]), [[MJAFT!]]<ref>[http://www.alb-net.com/pipermail/kan-info/2003-July/000003.html MJAFT! press release] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014095523/http://www.alb-net.com/pipermail/kan-info/2003-July/000003.html |date=14 October 2008}}</ref> in [[Albania]], [[Oborona]]<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3996/is_200701/ai_n19432273/pg_21 Orange People: A Brief History of Transnational Liberation Networks in East Central Europe]</ref> in [[Russia]] (opposing the president [[Vladimir Putin]]), [[KelKel]]<ref name="eurasianet.org"/> in [[Kyrgyzstan]] (active in the revolution that brought down the president [[Askar Akayev]]), [[Bolga organization|Bolga]] in Uzbekistan<ref>[http://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/PDF/GuardianDemocracyGuerrillas.pdf Young democracy guerrillas join forces] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005103108/http://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/PDF/GuardianDemocracyGuerrillas.pdf |date=5 October 2007}}</ref> (opposing [[Islam Karimov]]) and [[:uk:Пульс свободи|Nabad-al-Horriye]]<ref>[http://www.defnat.com/en/acc_frames/resultat.asp?cid_article=20051209&ccodoper=3&cid=200512&ctypeencours=0 The new revolutionaries]{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> in [[Lebanon]]. A similar group of students was present in Venezuela against [[Hugo Chávez]]. In 2008, an [[April 6 Youth Movement]] was founded in [[Egypt]], which facilitated and joined the [[2011 Egyptian protests]], and took advice from Otpor in the process.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/14/world/middleeast/14egypt-tunisia-protests.html?_r=1&hp Egyptians and Tunisians Collaborated to Shake Arab History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701053934/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/14/world/middleeast/14egypt-tunisia-protests.html?_r=1&hp |date=1 July 2017}} [[The New York Times]], 13 February 2011</ref><ref name="New York Times">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/14/world/middleeast/14egypt-tunisia-protests.html?hp=&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1297656097-vGFYS7755whguQSAOstilA | title=New York Times | access-date=2011-02-13 | author1=KIRKPATRICK, DAVID | author2=SANGER, DAVID | date=2011-02-13 | page=1 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210183656/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/14/world/middleeast/14egypt-tunisia-protests.html?hp=&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1297656097-vGFYS7755whguQSAOstilA | archive-date=10 December 2011 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12522848 Gene Sharp: Author of the nonviolent revolution rulebook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930165846/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12522848 |date=30 September 2018}}, BBC News, Ruaridh Arrow, 21 February 2011</ref>

In 2002, some former Otpor members, most notably Slobodan Đinović and Srđa Popović, founded the Centre for Applied Nonviolent Action and Strategies (CANVAS). This NGO disseminated the lessons learned from their successful nonviolent struggle through scores of trainings and workshops for pro-democracy activists and others around the world, including in Egypt, Palestine, Western Sahara, West Papua, Eritrea, Belarus, Azerbaijan, Tonga, Burma and Zimbabwe as well as labor, anti-war, and immigration rights activists in the United States.<ref>[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/stephen-zunes/serbia-10-years-later_b_216856.html Serbia: 10 Years Later] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413145501/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stephen-zunes/serbia-10-years-later_b_216856.html |date=13 April 2011}}; ''[[The Huffington Post]]'', 17 June 2009</ref>

In their search for lessons learned from other activist movements, the [[April 6 Youth Movement]] in [[Egypt]] consulted with Otpor members and adopted some of their strategies in their rallying for the [[2011 Egyptian revolution]].<ref name="New York Times2">{{cite news | first1 = David D. | last1 = Kirkpatrick | author2 = David E. Sanger | title = A Tunisian-Egyptian link that shook Arab history | date = 13 February 2011 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/14/world/middleeast/14egypt-tunisia-protests.html | work = [[The New York Times]] | access-date = 27 February 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110307143444/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/14/world/middleeast/14egypt-tunisia-protests.html | archive-date = 7 March 2011 | url-status = live }}</ref>

In interviews, the leaders and consultants of Otpor have described their involvement in the planning, coordination and implementation of the 2011 "Arab spring" revolutions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.journeyman.tv/62012/short-films/the-revolution-business.html |title=Short films : The Revolution Business |access-date=21 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126033105/http://journeyman.tv/62012/short-films/the-revolution-business.html |archive-date=26 November 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also== * [[Special operations]] * [[Subversion]] * [[Psyops]] * [[Active measures]] * [[Colour revolution]] * ''[[From Dictatorship to Democracy]]''

==References== {{reflist}}

[[Category:1998 establishments in Serbia]] [[Category:Defunct political organizations in Serbia]] [[Category:Democracy movements]] [[Category:Nonviolent resistance movements]] [[Category:Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević]] [[Category:Political opposition organizations]] [[Category:Political parties established in 2003]] [[Category:Youth organizations based in Serbia]]