Osmunda

{{Short description|Genus of ferns}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{Fossilrange|Valanginian|recent}} | image = OsmundaRegalis.jpg | image_caption = ''Osmunda regalis'' | taxon = Osmunda | authority = L. | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = See text | type_species = ''Osmunda regalis'' | type_species_authority = L. | synonyms = * ''Aphyllocalpa'' Lagasca, Garcia & Clemente * ''Struthiopteris'' Bernhardi }} thumb|right|upright|Young plant

'''''Osmunda''''' is a genus of primarily temperate-zone ferns of family Osmundaceae. Five to ten species have been listed for this genus. They have existed since the Early Cretaceous.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vavrek |first1=Matthew J. |last2=Stockey |first2=Ruth A. |last3=Rothwell |first3=Gar W. |date=May 2006 |title=Osmunda vancouverensis sp. nov. (Osmundaceae), Permineralized Fertile Frond Segments from the Lower Cretaceous of British Columbia, Canada |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/500994 |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |language=en |volume=167 |issue=3 |pages=631–637 |doi=10.1086/500994 |bibcode=2006IJPlS.167..631V |issn=1058-5893|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Description== Completely dimorphic fronds or pinnae (hemidimorphic), green photosynthetic sterile fronds, and non-photosynthetic spore-bearing fertile pinnae, with large, naked sporangia. Because of the large mass of sporangia that ripen uniformly at the same time to a showy golden color, the ferns look as if they are in flower, and so this genus is sometimes called the "flowering ferns".

==Taxonomy== ''Osmunda'', the type genus of the fern order Osmundales, has historically been the largest genus in the family Osmundaceae. Smith et al. (2006), who carried out the first higher-level pteridophyte classification published in the molecular phylogenetic era, described three genera in that family, namely ''Osmunda'', ''Leptopteris'', and ''Todea''.{{sfn|Smith et al.|2006}} The genus has also been treated historically as consisting of a number of subgroups, generally subgenera, ''Osmunda'' (3 species), ''Osmundastrum'' (2 species), and ''Plenasium'' (3–4 species). However, there was suspicion that the genus was not monophyletic.{{sfn|Metzgar et al. 2008}}

The publication of a detailed phylogeny of the family by Metzgar et al. in 2008 showed that ''Osmunda'' as circumscribed was paraphyletic and that ''Osmunda cinnamomea'', despite its morphological similarity to ''Osmunda claytoniana'', was sister to the rest of the family, and resurrected the segregate genus ''Osmundastrum'', by elevating it from subgenus, to contain it and render ''Osmunda'' monophyletic. The phylogeny of '''''Osmunda''''' is shown in the following cladograms.

{| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=1 | External phylogeny {{sfn|Metzgar et al. 2008}} ! colspan=1 | Internal phylogeny <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nitta |first1=Joel H. |last2=Schuettpelz |first2=Eric |last3=Ramírez-Barahona |first3=Santiago |last4=Iwasaki |first4=Wataru |display-authors=et al. |year=2022 |title=An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=13 |issue= |article-number= 909768| doi=10.3389/fpls.2022.909768 |pmid= 36092417|pmc= 9449725|bibcode= 2022FrPS...1309768N|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |last4= |first4= |display-authors=et al. |year=2022 |title=Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL |url=https://fernphy.github.io/viewer.html |version=FTOL v1.3.0 |access-date=12 December 2022}}</ref> |- | style="vertical-align:top| {{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:80% |label1='''Osmundaceae''' |1={{clade |1=''Osmundastrum'' 1 species |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''Todea'' 2 species |2=''Leptopteris'' 6 species }} |label2=''Osmunda'' |2={{clade |1=subgenus ''Claytosmunda'' 1 species |2={{clade |1=subgenus ''Plenasium'' 4 species |2=subgenus ''Osmunda '' 4 species }} }} }} }} }} | {{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80% |label1='''''Osmunda''''' |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''O. hybrida'' |2=''O. regalis'' }} |2={{clade |1=''O. spectabilis'' |2={{clade |1=''O. japonica'' |2=''O. lancea'' }} }} }} }} |}

A number of authors have proposed elevating the subgenera to separate genus level,{{sfn|Metzgar et al. 2008}} In 2016 the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG) classification split ''Osmunda'' further by elevating its subgenera to genera as ''Claytosmunda'' and ''Plenasium'', leaving only the species originally included in subgenus ''Osmunda''.{{sfn|Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group|2016}} *''O. abyssinica'' (Kuhn 1879) Bobrov *''O. acuta'' (Burm.fil. 1768) Fraser-Jenk. *{{extinct}}''O. chengii'' Bomfleur, Grimm & McLoughlin [''Osmunda claytoniites'' Phipps, Taylor & Taylor non Graham 1963]<ref>Thomas N. Taylor, Edith L. Taylor, Michael Krings: Paleobotany. The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants . Second Edition, Academic Press 2009, {{ISBN|978-0-12-373972-8}} , p. 437-443</ref> *''O. herbacea'' Copeland *''O. hybrida'' Tsutsumi et al. *''O. × intermedia'' {''O. lancea'' × ''O. japonica''} *''O. japonica'' Thunberg (Japanese flowering fern) *''O. lancea'' Thunberg (Japanese lancea flowering fern) *''O. x mildei'' {''O. angustifolia'' × ''O. japonica''} *''O. piresii'' Brade 1965 *''O. regalis'' L. (Old World royal fern) *''O. × ruggii'' {''O. claytoniana'' × ''O. spectabilis''} *''O. spectabilis'' Willdenow (American royal fern) *{{extinct}}''O. wehrii'' Miller (Middle Miocene, Washington state)<ref name="Miller1982">{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=C.N. jr. |year=1982 |title=''Osmunda wehrii'', a New Species Based on Petrified Rhizomes from the Miocene of Washington |journal= American Journal of Botany |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=116–121 |doi=10.2307/2442836|jstor=2442836}}</ref>

===Etymology=== The derivation of the genus name is uncertain. A common theory is that ''Osmunda'' derives from ''Osmunder'', a Saxon name for the god Thor.<ref name=AZPLA>{{cite book|last=Coombes|first=Allen J.|title=The A to Z of plant names|year=2012|publisher=Timber Press|location=USA|isbn=978-1-60469-196-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781604691962/page/220 220]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781604691962/page/220}}</ref> Other explanations propose that it is from Middle English and Middle French words for a type of fern, or mention an English folk tale of a boatman named Osmund hiding his wife and children in a patch of royal fern during the Danish invasion.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

==Ecology== thumb|''O. japonica'', ''O. × intermedia'', and ''O. lancea'' ''Osmunda'' species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the engrailed.

One of the species, the cinnamon fern (''Osmundastrum cinnamomeum'') forms huge clonal colonies in swamp areas. These ferns form massive rootstocks with densely matted, wiry roots. This root mass is an excellent substrate for many epiphytal plants. They are often harvested as osmundine and used horticulturally, especially in propagating and growing orchids.

==References== {{Reflist|30em}}

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==External links== {{AmCyc Poster}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140915105615/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?8633 Germplasm Resources Information Network: ''Osmunda''] *[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=123343 Flora of North America: ''Osmunda''] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090908034409/http://homepages.caverock.net.nz/~bj/fern/osmunda.htm Species list for Osmunda] *http://data.gbif.org/species/browse/taxon/13191108

Category:Osmundales Category:Extant Triassic first appearances Category:Fern genera Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Category:Taxa described in 1753