Oronce Fine

{{Short description|French mathematician and cartographer}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}} {{Infobox scientist |name = Oronce Fine |image = Oronce Fine.JPG |image_size = 200px |caption = Oronce Fine |birth_date = 20 December 1494 |birth_place = [[Briançon]], France |death_date = 8 August 1555 (age 60) |death_place = Paris, France |citizenship = |field = [[Cartography]], mathematics |work_institutions = |alma_mater = |doctoral_advisor = |doctoral_students = |known_for = |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = |influenced = |prizes = |footnotes = }} '''Oronce Fine''' (or '''Finé''';<ref>For the debate over the French spelling of Fine's name see Alexander Marr, 'Introduction', in 'The Worlds of Oronce Fine: Mathematics, Instruments and Print in Renaissance France' (Shaun Tyas, 2009), pp. 1–12. Fine's name is often found spelt with an acute accent, but the ''Dictionnaire de Biographie française'' (ed. Roman D'Amat, Paris, 1975, p.1370) gives a very definite direction that his name should be spelt without an accent, "Fine, et non Finé".</ref> [[Latin]]: ''Orontius Finnaeus'' or ''Finaeus''; {{langx|it|Oronzio Fineo}}; 20 December 1494 – 8 August 1555) was a French mathematician, [[cartographer]], editor and book illustrator.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Raphael |first=Renée J. |date=August 2011 |title=Book Review: Oronce Fine Considered: The Worlds of Oronce Fine: Mathematics, Instruments, and Print in Renaissance France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002182861104200309 |journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy |language=en |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=408–409 |doi=10.1177/002182861104200309 |s2cid=220910420 |issn=0021-8286|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Life== Born in [[Briançon]], the son and grandson of physicians, he was educated in [[Paris]] ([[Collège de Navarre]]) and obtained a degree in medicine in 1522.

Fine grew up in an academic household, and his parents' contribution to the sciences was notable in France at the time.<ref name=":1" /> Much of Fine's early childhood was shaped by his father's involvement and support of sciences. Fine's father in addition to being a physician was a strong student in astronomy.<ref name=":1" /> He had created many astronomical instruments and published a treatise which was one of the few astronomical [[incunabula]] of French origin.<ref name=":1" />

Fine's university was known as a leading center at Paris for the study of [[scholastic philosophy]] and [[theology]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Peter. |first=Ross, Richard |title=Studies on Oronce Fine, 1494-1555 |date=1993 |publisher=University Microfilms International |oclc=920166092}}</ref> There he fostered his editing ability and later printed many editions of writings from scholars.<ref name=":0" /> It is believed that his career ended abruptly when he was imprisoned, for reasons that are highly disputed.<ref name=":0" />

In 1531, he was appointed to the chair of mathematics at the Collège Royal (the present [[Collège de France]]), founded by [[Francis I of France|King Francis I]], where he taught until his death.<ref>[[Isabelle Pantin]], 'Oronce Fine's Role as Royal Lecturer', in Alexander Marr (ed.), 'The Worlds of Oronce Fine: Mathematics, Instruments and Print in Renaissance France' (Shaun Tyas, 2009), pp. 13–30.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apprendre-math.info/history/photos/Fine.jpeg|title=Welcome apprendre-math.info - BlueHost.com|website=apprendre-math.info|accessdate=24 November 2023|archive-date=6 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306033728/http://apprendre-math.info/history/photos/Fine.jpeg|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In time, as the first chair of mathematics he had become one of the leading mathematicians of France.<ref name=":0" /> Arguably, one of his most significant contributions to sciences is his published compilation of the four main areas of mathematics that he named ''Protomathesis''.<ref name=":0" /> Fine was known by his peers to be much more than just a mathematician, though. He taught at the French College Royal as the first Royal Lecturer in mathematics, he made instruments, and oversaw Paris's printing houses.<ref name=":0" /> He was also influential to the lives of students, particularly [[Pedro Nunes]] and [[Petrus Ramus]] as well as many others, and inspired them to continue their scholastic endeavors.<ref name=":0" />

Although he leaves a great legacy in regard to his published papers of mathematics, he suffered financial problems and legal issues throughout his career.<ref name=":0" /> He worked as an illustrator and proof reader for Paris's print houses in hopes relieving the financial strain brought on by his six children and his father's death.<ref name=":0" /> Unfortunately, his efforts were not enough which added to his family's poverty drastically after he died. Making the matters worse for his children, his wife died shortly after Fine's death.<ref name=":0" />

==Mathematics== [[File:Finé, Oronce – Quadratura circuli, 1544 – BEIC 99133.jpg|thumb|''Quadratura circuli'', 1544]]Fine made contribution to mathematics.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last=Axworthy |first=Angela |title=Oronce Fine and Sacrobosco: From the Edition of the Tractatus de sphaera (1516) to the Cosmographia (1532) |date=2020 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30833-9_8 |work=De sphaera of Johannes de Sacrobosco in the Early Modern Period |pages=185–264 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-30833-9_8 |isbn=978-3-030-30832-2 |s2cid=210981224 |access-date=2022-12-07|hdl=21.11116/0000-0005-8B48-E |hdl-access=free }}</ref> He was the first mathematics teacher to be a royal lecturer,<ref name=":2" /> and popularized mathematical teaching all over France.<ref name=":2" /> He was tasked with making math more transparent and to reform the curriculum that was being taught in France at the time.<ref name=":2" /> Fine was faced with having to incorporate practical branches of math that could be used in other areas like medicine, law, and theology.<ref name=":2" />

To display his new teachings and developments, he released a collection of his work through his ''Protomathesis.''<ref name=":2" /> This collection included his teaching on practical math, not only traditional mathematics.<ref name=":2" /> The ''Protomathesis'' also incorporated both practical and theoretical teachings, which were completely new to France, and changed the way that mathematics was taught and viewed.<ref name=":2" /> His study and teachings of mathematics allowed him to also be prolific in a wide range of mathematical fields, including practical [[geometry]], [[arithmetic]], [[optics]], [[gnomonics]], [[astronomy]] and [[instrumentalism]].<ref>Alexander Marr, 'Introduction', in Alexander Marr (ed.), 'The Worlds of Oronce Fine: Mathematics, Instruments and Print in Renaissance France' (Shaun Tyas, 2009), pp. 1–12</ref>

Fine proposed several approximations to the value of [[pi]]. He gave it as (22+2/9)/7 ≈ 3.1746 in 1544. Later, he gave 47/15 ≈ 3.1333 and, in ''De rebus mathematicis'' (1556), he gave 3+11/78 ≈ 3.1410.{{cn|date=May 2023}}

==Astronomy and geography== In 1542 Fine published the astronomy textbook ''De mundi sphaera'' (''On the Heavenly Spheres''), which included [[woodcut]] illustrations.<ref>Adam Mosley, 'Early Modern Cosmography: Fine's ''Sphaera mundi'' in Content and Context', in Alexander Marr (ed.), 'The Worlds of Oronce Fine: Mathematics, Instruments and Print in Renaissance France' (Shaun Tyas, 2009), pp. 114–136.</ref> His writing on astronomy included guides to the use of astronomical equipment and methods (e.g. the ancient practice of determining [[longitude]] through the coordinated observation of lunar [[eclipse]]s from two fixed points with enough distance between them to make the phenomena appear at different times of the night). He also described more recent innovations, such as an instrument he called a ''méthéoroscope'' (an [[astrolabe]] modified by adding a [[compass]]).

Explanatory work was complemented by direct contributions. His woodcut map of France (1525) is one of the first of its kind. He constructed an [[ivory]] [[sundial]] in 1524, which still exists.<ref>Catherine Eagleton, 'Oronce Fine's Sundials: The Sources and Influences of De solaribus horologiis', in Alexander Marr (ed.), 'The Worlds of Oronce Fine: Mathematics, Instruments and Print in Renaissance France' (Shaun Tyas, 2009), pp. 83–99</ref>

[[Image:Map-heart-054.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.6|Heart-shaped map of the world]]

Fine's heart-shaped (cordiform) [[map projection]] of 1531 was frequently employed by other cartographers, including [[Peter Apian]] and [[Gerardus Mercator]].<ref>Jean-Jacques Brioist, 'Oronce Fine and Cartographical Methods', in Alexander Marr (ed.), 'The Worlds of Oronce Fine: Mathematics, Instruments and Print in Renaissance France' (Shaun Tyas, 2009), pp. 137–155.</ref> The map bore a dedicatory inscription that said: <blockquote>Oronce Fine of the Dauphiny to the Reader: We offer to you, Dear Reader, a representation of the entire world according to the views of modern Geographers and Hydrographers, preserving the proportion of the centre to both the Equator and the latitudes, laid out on a plane in the form of a double human heart; of which the left comprises the northern part and the right the Southern part of the World. Therefore, receive this small gift kindly; and thank Christian Wechel, by whose good will and at whose expense I have shared it with you. Farewell, July, 1531.<ref>Christian Wechel was a printer in Paris, who published the map. Peter H. Meurer, "Hermannus Venraed: Een vage figuur uit de geschiedenis van de vroege Nederlandse kartografie", ''Caerte Thresoor'', 33ste Jaargang, no.3, 2014, pp.93-101</ref></blockquote>

Fine attempted to reconcile discoveries in the [[New World]] with old medieval legends and information (derived from [[Ptolemy]]) regarding the Orient. Thus, on one of his two world maps, ''Nova Universi Orbis Descriptio'' (1531), the legend marked ''Asia'' covers both North America and Asia, which were represented as one landmass. He used the [[toponymy|toponym]] "America" for South America, and thus [[Marco Polo]]'s ''[[Names of China#Mangi|Mangi]]'', ''[[Tangut people|Tangut]]'' and ''[[Cathay|Catay]]'' appear on the shores of the present-day [[Gulf of Mexico]]. On the same map, Fine drew ''[[Terra Australis]]'' to the south, including the legend "recently discovered but not yet completely explored", by which he meant the discovery of [[Tierra del Fuego]] by [[Ferdinand Magellan]].<ref>Robert J. King, "Terra Australis Not Yet Known", National Library of Australia, ''Mapping our World: Terra Incognita to Australia'', Canberra, National Library of Australia, 2013, p. 82. [https://collection.sl.nsw.gov.au/search?search=Oronce%20Fine&formatGroups=maps]. Image at ''Rare Maps from the State Library of New South Wales''] and at: [http://digital.sl.nsw.gov.au/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?embedded=true&toolbar=false&dps_pid=IE9137820&_ga=2.94019935.370945407.1579604123-696439269.1508903163]</ref>

Fine's cosmography was derived from the German mathematician and cosmographer [[Johannes Schöner]].<ref>Henry Harrisse, ''The Discovery of North America'', London, 1892 (reprinted Amsterdam, N. Israel, 1961), p. 583.</ref> In his study of [[Johannes Schöner globe|Schöner's globes]], Franz von Wieser found that the derivation of Fine's ''[[mappemonde]]'' from them was "unmistakeable (''unverkennbar'')"; he said "Orontius Finaeus took from Schöner not only the ''Brasilie Regio'', but the whole Austral Continent, the [[Strait of Magellan]], and above all the whole arrangement of lands; in a word, the ''mappemonde'' of Oronce Fine is a copy of Schöner's".<ref>Franz von Wieser, ''Magalhães-Strasse und Austral-Continent. Auf den Globen Johannes Schöner. Beitrage zur Geschichte der Erdkunde im xvi. Jahrhundert'', Innsbruck, 1881 (reprinted Amsterdam, Meridian, 1967), pp. 67, 79–80.</ref> [[Lucien Gallois]] also noted the undeniable ''ressemblance parfaite'' between Finé's 1531 ''mappemonde'' and Schöner's globe of 1533.<ref>Lucien Gallois, ''Les Géographes allemands de la Renaissance'', Paris, Leroux, 1890 (repr. Amsterdam, Meridian, 1963), p. 92.[https://archive.org/details/lesgographesall00gallgoog]</ref> As Schöner's globe of 1523, which also closely resembled Fine's ''mappemonde'', was not identified until 1925 by Frederik (F.C.) Wieder, Gallois was forced to argue that Fine, who said he had been working on his ''mappemonde'' since 1521, had had direct or indirect personal communication with Schöner or had drawn upon his 1515 ''Luculentissima descriptio''. Wieder's identification of Schöner's map globe of 1523 strengthens Gallois' case for Fine's reliance upon Schöner.<ref>F. C. Wieder (ed.), ''Monumenta Cartographica'', The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1925, Vol. I, pp. 1–4, "The Globe of Johannes Schöner, 1523–1524", and Plates 1–3.</ref>

Fine's 1536 world map bore a dedicatory inscription in the lower left corner, which stated: <blockquote>ABOUT FIFTEEN years since, Dear Reader, we first designed, in the shape of a human heart, this universal map of the world, in gratitude to the Most Christian and Most Mighty Francis, King of the French, our most clement Maecenas. For while we saw it pleased the King, a Polymath, and uncommon Geographer, and was praised by many, even in foreign countries, I wanted finally to communicate the same description of the whole globe to all students of Mathematics: which, after variations in fortune and crises in the studies we pursued, which up to now have been a hindrance to us, we have finally done at our own risk. And so, augmented and corrected by many observations of modern hydrographers, the same heart-shaped geographical image we present to yourself, devoted reader and to all men of goodwill of a wise and liberal mind. It remains, therefore, that you will not refuse to accept this labour and industry of ours which has a human appearance, and consult it fairly and well. Finally, while we strive ever more earnestly for the favour and generosity of our Most Christian and magnificent King, whose happiness and success you eagerly desire, we have shared this with you. Farewell, from Paris.<ref>''DECIMVSQVINTVS CIRCITER agitur annus, candide Lector, quo universam Orbis terrarum designationem, in hanc humani cordis effigiem primum redegimus: Idque in gratiam Christianissimi ac potentissimi FRANCISCI Francorum Regis, Mœcenatis nostri clementissimi. Quam dum videremus ipsi Regi, Polyhistori, ac non vulgari Geographo, valde placere ab omnibus quoque (etiam exteris) laudari plurimum: desiderabam eandem orbis descriptionem, universis Mathematicarum studiosis aliquando communicare. Quod post varia fortunae, ac studii nostri (quae hactenus nobis impedimento fuere) discrimina, tandem nostro effecimus periculo. Itaque plurimis recentiorum hydrographorum observationibus auctam, et emendatam ipsius geographici cordis imaginem, tibi studiose lector, cunctisque bonae voluntatis hominibus, cordato ac liberali praesentamus animo. Reliquum est igitur ut hunc laborem nostrum et industriam, humano vultu non graveris accipere, et aequi bonique consulas. Ipsi demum Christianissimo, ac magnifico Regi nostro, prosperam exoptes foelicitatem, cuius favore atque munificentia, haec (interea dum molimur graviora) tibi communicavimus. Vale, Luteciae Parisiorum''.</ref></blockquote>

The same map bore another inscription in the lower right corner, which explained how to use the map to accurately measure the distances between places shown on it: <blockquote>From the description of the world in this map, for any two locations of which the longitudes and latitudes are given (but not exceeding ninety degrees), close to the true direct distance between them can be calculated. Having thus reckoned the longitudes and latitudes of the places, their places in the chart being selected at the same time, place one foot of the compasses over the other places, and extend the other over the rest. Then the compasses trace an invariant straight line, which divides the figure equally, and the degrees are distributed between them; and you will observe how many degrees the compasses take in. If you multiply these by 62 miles, or 31 French leagues, or 20 common ones, by a tenth or more, that way, you will obtain the distances of any of these places.<ref>''ANNOTATIO: Ex hac plana terrarum orbis descriptione, duorum quorumcumque locorum, datarum longitudinum atque latitudinum, directum itineris intervallum (modo illud nonaginta non superet gradus) prope verum supputate licebit. Numeratis itaque eorundem locorum longitundinibus atque latitudinibus, eiusdemque locis in Charta coassumptisum ponito unum circini pedem super altero locorum, asium vero extendito in reliquum. Dein traducito circinum invariatum in ea rectam, quae figura bifariam dividit, & in suos gradus distributa est: & animadvertito, quot gradus capiat ipse circinus. Hos enim si per 62 miliaria, aut gallicas leucas 31, seu 20 communes, qui decim ve maiores multiplicaveris: via totiam eorundem locorum distantia obtinebis''.</ref></blockquote>

[[File:Fine 1536 Annotatio.tif|thumb|Oronce Fine 1536 ''Annotatio'']]

==Death and legacy== Fine died in Paris at age 60.

[[Jean Clouet]] is said to have painted a portrait of Fine in 1530, when Fine was 36. With the original painting lost, the rendering is now known only through prints derived from the original image.

In the famous engraving [[Fool's Cap Map of the World]], the name Orontius Fineus is inscribed in one corner, which is thought to be a Latinized form of Oronce Finé. The artist of Fool's Cap is unknown, but because it was published between 1580 and 1590, long after Finé's death, the inscription is not thought to represent him as the artist but rather the subject of the work's ridicule.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Lauren |date=2017-02-13 |title=The Enduring Mystery of the 'Fool's Cap Map of the World' |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/16th-century-fools-map |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}}</ref>

==Honours== The [[lunar crater]] [[Orontius (crater)|Orontius]] and [[Finaeus Cove]] in [[Antarctica]] are named after Oronce Fine, using his Latinized name.

In May 2016, a square named after Oronce Fine was inaugurated in Paris, France, opposite the École Normale Supérieure, behind the Pantheon.<ref>''Bulletin de la Société d'études des Hautes-Alpes,'' Mai 26, 2016.</ref>

==References== {{reflist}}

==Further reading== *{{Cite book |last1=Lestringant |first1=Frank |last2=Pelletier | first2=Monique |editor-last=Woodward |editor-first=David |chapter=47 - Maps and Descriptions of the World in Sixteenth-Century France | chapter-url=https://press.uchicago.edu/books/HOC/HOC_V3_Pt2/HOC_VOLUME3_Part2_chapter47.pdf| title=The History of Cartography, Volume Three, Part Two |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-226-31633-8 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=1464–1467}} *{{Cite book |editor-last=Marr |editor-first=Alexander |title=The worlds of Oronce Fine : mathematics, instruments, and print in Renaissance France |date=2009 |publisher=Shaun Tyas |isbn=978-1-900289-96-2 |location=Donington |oclc=497931863 }} *{{Cite journal |last=Gauvin |first=J.-F. |date=2012-12-01 |title=The Worlds of Oronce Fine: Mathematics, Instruments and Print in Renaissance France |url=https://academic.oup.com/fh/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/fh/crs095 |journal=French History |language=en |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=545–547 |doi=10.1093/fh/crs095 |issn=0269-1191|url-access=subscription }}

==External links== {{Commons category|Oronce Fine}} *[http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Fine.html Mathematicians: Fine] *{{ill|Monique Pelletier (historian)|lt=Monique Pelletier|fr|Monique Pelletier (historienne)}}, "The Cordiform World Maps by Oronce Fine," ''Cartographica Helvetica'' 12 (1995) 27–37: [http://www.kartengeschichte.ch/ch/summaries/e09d.html Summary]. * [http://www.diegocuoghi.com/Piri_Reis/Finaeus.htm THE MYSTERIES OF THE PIRI REIS MAP: THE CART OF ORONTIUS FINAEUS (Oronce Fine)]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Fine, Oronce}} [[Category:1494 births]] [[Category:1555 deaths]] [[Category:People from Briançon]] [[Category:University of Paris alumni]] [[Category:Academic staff of the Collège de France]] [[Category:16th-century French astronomers]] [[Category:16th-century French mathematicians]] [[Category:16th-century French cartographers]]