{{Short description|Subfamily of orchids}} {{more footnotes needed|date=March 2018}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Orchis conica Mallorca 02.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Neotinea tridentata]]'' subsp. ''commutata'' | taxon = Orchidoideae | authority = | subdivision_ranks = Tribes | subdivision = See text }} The '''Orchidoideae''', or the '''orchidoid''' orchids, are a subfamily of the orchid family ([[Orchidaceae]]) that contains around 3630 species.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 March 2018 |title=Types of Orchids: A Visual Compendium |url=https://www.ftd.com/blog/share/types-of-orchids |access-date=11 December 2021 |website=FTD.com}}</ref> Species typically have a single ([[monandrous]]), fertile [[anther]] which is erect and [[basitonic]].
== Description == The subfamily Orchidoideae and the previously recognized subfamily Spiranthoideae are considered the closest allies in the natural group of the monandrous orchids because of several generally shared characters: * a shared [[terrestrial plant|terrestrial]] habit * [[sectile]] (capable of being severed) or granular [[pollinium|pollinia]] * erect anthers.
== Taxonomy == Phylogeny of the Orchidoideae is volatile and still subject to change.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Chase |first1=Mark W. |last2=Cameron |first2=Kenneth M. |date=2015 |title=An updated classification of Orchidaceae |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12234 |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=177 |issue=2 |pages=151–174 |doi=10.1111/boj.12234 |via=Oxford Academic}}</ref> Historically, the Orchidoideae have been partitioned into up to 6 [[Tribe (biology)|tribes]], including [[Orchideae]], [[Diseae]], [[Cranichideae]], [[Chloraeinae|Chloraeeae]], [[Diurideae]], and [[Codonorchideae]]. However, the most recent [[molecular phylogenetics]] analysis led by Chase et al. in 2015 and subsequently by Chen et al. in 2017 indicates that the Orchidoideae should be split into 4 tribes: the Orchideae, Cranichideae, Diurideae, and Codonorchideae.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Gui-Zhen |last2=Huang |first2=Jie |last3=Zhang |first3=Guo-Qiang |last4=Ma |first4=Liang |last5=Chen |first5=Shi-Pin |date=2017-11-28 |title=New subtribe Pachitinae (Orchideae) of Orchidaceae: Evidence from morphological and molecular analyses |url=https://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.329.2.2 |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=329 |issue=2 |pages=114 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.329.2.2 |issn=1179-3163|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
=== [[Codonorchis|Codonorchideae]] === This monophyletic tribe consists of only one genus, ''[[Codonorchis]]'', found in [[South America]].<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Codonorchis lessonii-flor.jpg|thumb|190px|''[[Codonorchis lessonii]]'', native to Chile]]
=== [[Cranichideae]] === This cosmopolitan tribe comprises 8 currently accepted subtribes. Molecular evidence suggests that the former Chloraeeae are sister to the rest of the Cranichideae. As such, the Chloraeeae are now considered a subtribe of the Cranichideae.<ref name=":0" /> Moreover, based on morphological and genetic evidence, the genus ''[[Discyphus]]'' was elevated out of the Spiranthinae to form its own monophyletic subtribe, the [[Discyphinae]].<ref name=":0" /> <!-- * Subtribe [[Chloraeinae]] * Subtribe [[Cranichidinae]] * Subtribe [[Galeottiellinae]] * Subtribe [[Goodyerinae]] * Subtribe [[Manniella (plant)|Manniellinae]] * Subtribe [[Pterostylidinae]] * Subtribe [[Discyphinae]] * Subtribe [[Spiranthinae]] -->
[[File:Ponthieva racemosa (Orchidaceae).JPG|thumb|190px|''[[Ponthieva racemosa]]'', a member of the Cranichidinae]]
{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100% |label1='''Cranichideae''' |1={{Clade |1=[[Chloraeinae]] |2={{Clade |1=[[Pterostylidinae]] |2={{Clade |1=[[Goodyerinae]] |2={{Clade |1=[[Galeottiellinae]] |2={{Clade |1=[[Manniella (plant)|Manniellinae]] |2={{Clade |1=[[Spiranthinae]] |2={{Clade |1=[[Discyphinae]] |2=[[Cranichidinae]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
=== [[Orchideae]] === Once divided into the Orchidinae and Habenariinae<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |author1=RICHARD M. BATEMAN |author2=PETER M. HOLLINGSWORTH |author3=JILLIAN PRESTON |author4=LUO YI-BO |author5=ALEC M. PRIDGEON |author6=MARK W. CHASE | title = Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of Orchidinae and selected Habenariinae (Orchidaceae) |journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 142 | issue = 1 |date=May 2003 |pages=1–40 | doi = 10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.00157.x |doi-access=free }}</ref> (a nonsystematic paraphyletic splitting), the Orchideae now comprise 6 subtribes.<ref name = "old">{{cite journal |last1=Jin |first1=Wei-Tao |last2=Schuiteman |first2=André |last3=Chase |first3=Mark W. |last4=Li |first4=Jian-Wu |last5=Chung |first5=Shih-Wen |last6=Hsu |first6=Tian-Chuan |last7=Jin |first7=Xiao-Hua |title=Phylogenetics of subtribe Orchidinae s.l. (Orchidaceae; Orchidoideae) based on seven markers (plastid matK, psaB, rbcL, trnL-F, trnH-psba, and nuclear nrITS, Xdh): implications for generic delimitation |journal=BMC Plant Biology |date=2017 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=222|doi=10.1186/s12870-017-1160-x |doi-access=free |pmid=29178835 |pmc=5702240 }}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Along with previous molecular studies, Chase et al's 2015 analysis confirmed that Diseae was a [[Polyphyly|polyphyletic]] grouping. Consequently, the former subtribes of Diseae have been redistributed within the Orchideae (for instance, ''[[Satyrium ilicis|Satyrium]]'' is now classified in the Orchidinae). In his 2015 study Chase recommended further study of historically problematic genera in the former Diseae such as ''[[Huttonaea]] and [[Pachites]].'' Further molecular analysis by Chen et al. in 2017 led to the following reorganization:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> <!-- * Subtribe [[Disinae]] * Subtribe [[Coryciinae]] * Subtribe [[Orchideae|Orchidinae]] * Subtribe [[Huttonaeinae]] * Subtribe [[Pachitinae]] * Subtribe [[Brownleeinae]] -->
[[File:Flowers of India 828.jpg|thumb|190px|''[[Brachycorythis]]'', a member of the Orchidinae]]
{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100% |label1='''Orchideae''' |1={{Clade |1=[[Brownleeinae]] |2={{Clade |1=[[Pachitinae]] |2={{Clade |1=[[Huttonaeinae]] |2={{Clade |1=[[Orchidinae]] |2={{Clade |1=[[Coryciinae]] |2=[[Disinae]] }} }} }} }} }} }}
=== [[Diurideae]] === The Diurideae, a predominantly Australasian tribe, retain their previous subtribal organization and comprise 9 taxa:<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Diuris setacea - Bristly donkey orchid (8035569990).jpg|thumb|190px|''[[Diuris setacea]]'', a member of the Diuridinae]] * [[Acianthinae]] (monophyletic) * [[Caladeniinae]] (polyphyletic) * [[Cryptostylidinae]] (monophyletic) * [[Diuridinae]] (monophyletic) * [[Drakaeinae]] (monophyletic) * [[Megastylidinae]] (monophyletic) * [[Prasophyllinae]] (monophyletic) * [[Rhizanthellinae]] (monophyletic) * [[Thelymitrinae]] (monophyletic)
== References == {{Commons category}} {{Wikispecies}} {{Reflist}} * Pridgeon, A.M., P.J. Cribb, M.W. Chase and F.N. Rasmussen [eds.]. 2003. Genera Orchidacearum vol. 3: Orchidoideae part 2, Vanilloideae. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K. * Salazar, G.A., M.W. Chase, M.A. Soto Arenas and M. Ingrouille. 2003. Phylogenetics of Cranichideae with emphasis on Spiranthinae (Orchidaceae, Orchidoideae): evidence from plastid and nuclear DNA sequences. ''American Journal of Botany'' 90: 777-795. * Salazar, G.A., L.I. Cabrera, S. Madriñán and M.W. Chase. 2009. Phylogenetic relationships of Cranichidinae and Prescottiinae (Orchidaceae, Cranichideae) inferred from plastid and nuclear DNA sequences. ''Annals of Botany'' 104: 403-416. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090818212341/http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/mcn257?ijkey=hw5Onay5piJrT2y&keytype=ref]
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[[Category:Orchidoideae| ]] [[Category:Asparagales subfamilies]]