{{Short description|American multinational computer corporation}} {{Use American English|date=April 2015}} {{Use mdy dates|date=September 2017}} {{Infobox company | name = Oracle Corporation | logo = frameless|upright=1.15|class=skin-invert | logo_caption = Company logo | former_name = {{plainlist| * Software Development Laboratories (1977–1979) * Relational Software, Inc. (1979–1983) * Oracle Systems Corporation (1983–1995) }} | type = Public | traded_as = {{unbulleted list|{{NYSE|ORCL}}|S&P 100 component|S&P 500 component}} | ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|US68389X1054}} | predecessor = | industry = {{ubl|Enterprise software|Business software|Cloud computing|Computer hardware|Consulting }} | founders = {{ubl|Larry Ellison|Bob Miner|Ed Oates<ref name="founders" />}} | founded = {{Start date and age|1977|06|16}}, in Santa Clara, California, United States<ref name="incorporation">[http://www.oracle.com/corporate/investor_relations/faq.html Oracle, FAQ]; [http://www.orafaq.com/faqora.htm#WHO orafaq.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080116210119/http://www.orafaq.com/faqora.htm#WHO |date=January 16, 2008 }}.</ref> | hq_location_city = Austin, Texas | hq_location_country = United States<br />{{Coord|30.2428699|-97.7216941|region:US-TX_type:landmark_scale:10000|format=dms|display=title,inline}} | area_served = Worldwide | key_people = {{ubl|Larry Ellison (executive chairman & CTO)|Safra Catz (executive vice chair)|Clay Magouyrk and Mike Sicilia (co-CEOs)}} | products = {{hlist| Oracle Applications | Oracle Database | Oracle ERP | Oracle Cloud | Enterprise Manager | Fusion Middleware | ('''Full list''')}} {{!}} Oracle Solaris | revenue = {{Increase}} {{USD|57.40 billion|link=yes}} (2025) | operating_income = {{Increase}} {{USD|17.68 billion}} (2025) | net_income = {{Increase}} {{USD|12.44 billion}} (2025) | assets = {{Increase}} {{USD|168.4 billion}} (2025) | equity = {{Increase}} {{USD|20.97 billion}} (2025) | owner = Larry Ellison (42.4%)<ref name="toc162163_22">{{cite web |title=Oracle Corporation §Security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management |website=Securities and Exchange Commission |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1341439/000119312521282422/d162163ddef14a.htm#toc162163_22}}</ref> | num_employees = {{circa|152,764}} (1st June 2026) | subsidiaries = List of Oracle subsidiaries | website = {{URL|https://www.oracle.com/|oracle.com}} | footnotes = Financials {{as of|2025|05|31|lc=y|df=US}}.<ref name="10K">{{cite web |date=2025-06-18 |title=Oracle Corporation 10-K for the fiscal year ended May 31, 2025 |url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001341439/000095017025087926/orcl-20250531.htm |publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission}}</ref> }}
'''Oracle Corporation''' is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Austin, Texas.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bursztynsky |first=Jessica |date=2020-12-11 |title=Oracle is moving its headquarters from Silicon Valley to Austin, Texas |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/11/oracle-is-moving-its-headquarters-from-silicon-valley-to-austin-texas.html |access-date=2020-12-12 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Co-founded in Santa Clara, California, in 1977 by Bob Miner, Ed Oates, and current chairman of the board and chief technology officer Larry Ellison,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kerr |first=Dara |date=2025-09-11 |title=Larry Ellison: Oracle co-founder who overtook Musk as world's richest person |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/sep/11/who-is-larry-ellison-richest-person-oracle |access-date=2026-02-23 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Forbes Real Time Billionaires List - The World's Richest People |url=https://www.forbes.com/real-time-billionaires/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-20 |title=Bloomberg Billionaires Index |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref> Oracle is among the 20 largest companies in the world<ref>{{Cite web |title=Companies ranked by Market Cap |url=https://companiesmarketcap.com/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=CompaniesMarketCap.com |language=en-US}}</ref> by market cap, and ranked 66th<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schifrin |first=Matt |last2=Murphy |first2=Andrea |title=Forbes' 2025 Global 2000 List—The World's Largest Companies Ranked |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> on the ''Forbes'' Global 2000 as of 2025.
The company sells database software (particularly the Oracle Database), enterprise applications, and cloud infrastructure and hardware. Oracle's core application software is a suite of enterprise software products, including enterprise resource planning (ERP), human capital management (HCM), customer experience (CX) and supply chain management (SCM) software.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vickers |first=Marques |year=2016 |title=The Architectural Elevation of Technology: A Photo Survey of 75 Silicon Valley Headquarters |publisher=Marquis Publishing |page=97}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=What is Oracle? {{!}} IBM |url=https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/oracle |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=www.ibm.com |language=en}}</ref>
==History== {{See also|List of acquisitions by Oracle}}[[File:Larry Ellison on stage.jpg|thumbnail|Larry Ellison, executive chairman and co-founder of Oracle]] [[File:Oracle Headquarters Redwood Shores.jpg|thumb|Oracle Corporation's former headquarters in Redwood Shores, California]] thumb|USA 17 racing yacht at Oracle Corporation Headquarters thumb|Oracle Austin Riverside Campus in 2018 Larry Ellison, Bob Miner, and Ed Oates co-founded Oracle in 1977 in Santa Clara, California, as '''Software Development Laboratories''' ('''SDL''').<ref name="founders">{{Cite news |last=Bort |first=Julie |date=September 18, 2014 |title=Where Are They Now? Look What Happened to the Co-founders of Oracle |work=Business Insider |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/whatever-happened-to-oracles-founders-in-this-iconic-photo-2012-8 |access-date=March 29, 2018}}</ref><ref name="rdbmsearlyyearsoh20070612">{{Cite interview |interviewer=Burton Grad |title=RDBMS Plenary 1: Early Years |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102702562-05-01-acc.pdf |pages=33 |access-date=2025-05-30 |publisher=Computer History Museum |date=2007-06-12}}</ref> Beginning as consultants with a background in large-scale memory after a project for Ampex,{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}} Ellison took inspiration<ref>{{cite web |date=May 2007 |title=Oracle's 30th Anniversary |url=http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/profit/p27anniv-timeline-151918.pdf |access-date=July 16, 2010 |website=Profit |publisher=Oracle Corporation |page=26}}</ref> from the 1970 paper written by Edgar F. Codd on relational database management systems (RDBMS) named "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Codd |first=E. F. |year=1970 |title=A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks |journal=Communications of the ACM |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=377–387 |doi=10.1145/362384.362685 |s2cid=207549016 |df=mdy-all|doi-access=free }}</ref> He heard about the IBM System R database<ref name="rdbmsoracle20070612">{{Cite interview |interviewer=Luanne Johnson |title=RDBMS Workshop: Oracle |type=PDF |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2012/12/102746581-05-01-acc.pdf |access-date=2026-01-02 |publisher=Computer History Museum |date=2007-06-12}}</ref> from an article in an IBM research journal provided by Oates. Ellison wanted to make Oracle's product compatible with System R, but failed to do so as IBM kept the error codes for its DBMS a secret. SDL changed its name to '''Relational Software, Inc''' ('''RSI''') in 1979,<ref name="niemiec">{{Cite book |last=Niemiec |first=Richard |title=Oracle9i Performance Tuning Tips & Techniques |publisher=McGraw-Hill/Osborne |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-07-222473-3 |location=New York}}</ref> then again to '''Oracle Systems Corporation''' in 1983,<ref>{{cite web |title=Oracle Corporation - Oracle FAQ |url=https://www.orafaq.com/wiki/Oracle_Corporation |access-date=2020-03-07 |website=www.orafaq.com}}</ref> to align itself more closely with its flagship product Oracle Database. The name also drew from the codename of a 1977 project for the Central Intelligence Agency, Oracle's first customer;<ref>{{cite web |title=Larry Ellison's Oracle Started As a CIA Project |url=https://gizmodo.com/larry-ellisons-oracle-started-as-a-cia-project-1636592238 |access-date=2021-12-03 |website=gizmodo.com/|date=September 19, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Schofield |first1=Jack |last2=Brockes |first2=Emma |date=28 April 2000 |title=Welcome to Larryland |url=https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,215072,00.html |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=The Guardian}}</ref>{{r|rdbmsearlyyearsoh20070612}} the company received permission to use the code name for the new product.{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}} (According to Oracle executive Mike Humphries, Miner told him that the new company had the choice of the CIA database project or another offer to develop a compiler for the PDP-4, and the founders flipped a coin to decide.)<ref name="rdbmsfinancing20070612">{{Cite interview |interviewer=Luanne Johnson |title=RDBMS Workshop: Financing |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102702564-05-01-acc.pdf |access-date=2025-05-30 |publisher=Computer History Museum |date=2007-06-12}}</ref>
Miner served as a senior programmer, and Oates also worked in development. The three founders decided that Ellison was the worst programmer so he became the salesman. Understanding both customers and technology, Ellison designed database tables that he used to demonstrate the power of SQL to customers.{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}} By February 1983 the ''Rosen Electronics Letter'' said that Oracle was "the most comprehensive offering we've seen" among databases, with good marketing and a substantial installed base encouraging developers to write software for it. The newsletter said that revenue in fiscal 1983 would be about $8 million and would double in 1984.<ref name="rosen19830222">{{Cite news |date=1983-02-22 |title=DBMS and the workstation: Oracle gets close |url=https://cdn.oreillystatic.com/radar/r1/02-83.pdf |access-date=2025-06-05 |work=The Rosen Electronics Letter |pages=3–5}}</ref> On March 12, 1986, the company had its initial public offering.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Investor Relations |work=investor.oracle.com |url=http://investor.oracle.com/overview/investor-faq/default.aspx |access-date=August 10, 2017}}</ref> In 1989, Oracle moved its world headquarters to the Redwood Shores neighborhood of Redwood City, California, though its campus was not completed until 1995.<ref name="Cerny_Page_164">{{cite book |last1=Cerny |first1=Susan Dinkelspiel |title=An Architectural Guidebook to San Francisco and the Bay Area |date=2007 |publisher=Gibbs Smith |location=Salt Lake City |isbn=978-1-58685-432-4 |page=164 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FkVQx6MWa8MC&pg=PA164 |access-date=February 13, 2023}}</ref> The company hired so many from top universities that Humphries compared it to "Cargill buying crops". Some new employees worked as receptionists or distributed coffee until more suitable positions became available.{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}}
Oracle in the late 1980s began selling enterprise software running on the database, starting with financial software, then manufacturing. Many at Oracle wanted to discontinue applications; the first several versions were weak, they competed with the company's independent software vendors and value-added reseller partners, and applications were never profitable for Oracle until after 2000. Selling them (and acquiring vendors such as JD Edwards and PeopleSoft, the latter being the second hostile takeover in the history of software) nonetheless allowed Oracle to compete with SAP; by the mid-2000s it was the world's largest enterprise software vendor. The company's Ken Jacobs later said:{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}}
{{blockquote|It created a strategic footprint in our customers. It gave us a whole stack, a credible stack. And we could now sell at a higher point into the companies, into the board room. And, our large customers wanted to consider us a strategic partner, rather than just a vendor of technology. So, it has, actually, had a big impact on the way our sales force could sell.}}
In 1995, Oracle Systems Corporation changed its name to '''Oracle Corporation''',<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Oracle Systems Corporation Renamed 'Oracle Corporation' |date=June 1, 1995 |publisher=Oracle Corporation |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/ORACLE+SYSTEMS+CORPORATION+RENAMED+%27ORACLE+CORPORATION%27-a016988727 |access-date=April 17, 2015 |archive-date=March 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315125902/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/ORACLE+SYSTEMS+CORPORATION+RENAMED+%27ORACLE+CORPORATION%27-a016988727 }}</ref> officially named Oracle, but is sometimes referred to as Oracle Corporation, the name of the holding company.<ref>[http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/investor-relations/faq/index.html Frequently Asked Questions | Investor Relations]. Oracle. Retrieved July 14, 2013.</ref>
In 2010, Oracle launched Fusion Applications to unify the features and technologies of acquisitions PeopleSoft, Siebel Systems, and JD Edwards, into a single suite.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Oracle officially launches its Fusion apps |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1001_3-20016932-92.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026021158/http://news.cnet.com/8301-1001_3-20016932-92.html |archive-date=2012-10-26 |access-date=2026-02-23 |work=CNET |language=en}}</ref>
On July 15, 2013, Oracle transferred its stock listing from Nasdaq to the New York Stock Exchange. At the time, it was the largest-ever U.S. market transfer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCrank |first=John |date=June 20, 2013 |title=Oracle to move listing to Big Board from Nasdaq in coup for NYSE |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-oracle-nyse/oracle-to-move-listing-to-big-board-from-nasdaq-in-coup-for-nyse-idINBRE95J19O20130620 |access-date=February 9, 2023 |website=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>
In 2018, Oracle opened a new office in southeast Austin, Texas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oracle opens new Austin office with space for up to 10,000 employees {{!}} Built In Austin |url=https://www.builtinaustin.com/articles/oracle-new-austin-office |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=Built In |language=en}}</ref> In December 2020, Oracle announced that it was moving its world headquarters from Redwood Shores to Austin, Texas.<ref name="Li">{{cite news |last1=Li |first1=Roland |date=December 11, 2020 |title=Oracle to move headquarters from California to Austin, in latest loss for Silicon Valley |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Oracle-to-move-headquarters-from-Redwood-City-to-15795539.php |access-date=February 13, 2023 |work=San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref>
In an effort to compete with Amazon Web Services and its products, Oracle announced in 2019 it was partnering with former rival Microsoft. The alliance claimed that Oracle Cloud and Microsoft Azure would be directly connected, allowing customers of each to store data on both cloud computing platforms and run software on either Oracle or Azure. Some saw this not only as an attempt to compete with Amazon but also with Google and Salesforce, which acquired Looker and Tableau Software, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duffy |first=Clare |date=2019-06-13 |title=Why rivals Microsoft and Oracle are teaming up to take on Amazon {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/13/tech/microsoft-oracle-amazon-cloud/index.html |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, Oracle and Microsoft expanded their partnership to deliver Oracle database services on Oracle Cloud Infrastructure running inside Microsoft Azure.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tanzer |first=Brett |date=2024-09-09 |title=Microsoft and Oracle enhance Oracle Database@Azure with data and AI integration |url=https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/microsoft-and-oracle-enhance-oracle-databaseazure-with-data-and-ai-integration/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Microsoft Azure Blog |language=en-US}}</ref>
A year later, Oracle announced similar partnerships with Amazon Web Services and Google Cloud, making the Oracle database available in all four major hyperscaler providers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McDowell |first=Steve |title=Oracle Meets AWS: New Partnership Delivers Best Of Two Cloud Worlds |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevemcdowell/2024/09/09/oracle-meets-aws-new-partnership-delivers-best-of-two-cloud-worlds/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250723200027/https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevemcdowell/2024/09/09/oracle-meets-aws-new-partnership-delivers-best-of-two-cloud-worlds/ |archive-date=2025-07-23 |access-date=2026-02-23 |work=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>
In December 2021, Oracle announced the acquisition of Cerner, a health information technology company.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=20 December 2021 |title=Oracle takes a big move toward health with a deal to buy Cerner for $28.3 billion. |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/20/technology/oracle-cerner-health-records.html |url-access=limited |access-date=22 December 2021 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/20/technology/oracle-cerner-health-records.html |archive-date=2021-12-28}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The acquisition of Cerner was completed on June 8, 2022, for US$28.3 billion in cash.<ref>{{cite web |last=Headlee |first=Peyton |date=2022-06-07 |title=Oracle finalizes deal to buy Cerner for $28.3 billion |url=https://www.kmbc.com/article/oracle-finalizes-deal-buy-cerner-28-billion/40219678 |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=KMBC |language=en}}</ref> Also in December 2021, Oracle announced the acquisition of Federos, an artificial intelligence (AI) and automation tools company for network performance.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 December 2021 |title=Oracle buys Federos. |url=https://www.oracle.com/corporate/acquisitions/federos/ |access-date=21 December 2021 |work=Oracle Corporation}}</ref>
In February 2023, the company announced it was going to invest $1.5 billion into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, including opening a data center in the country's capital, Riyadh.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Supantha |last2=Yaakoubi |first2=Aziz El |date=2023-02-06 |title=Oracle to invest $1.5 billion in Saudi Arabia, open data centre in Riyadh |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/oracle-invest-15-bln-saudi-arabia-open-data-centre-riyadh-2023-02-06/ |access-date=2023-02-06}}</ref>
In April 2024, Oracle announced it was moving its world headquarters from Austin to a new complex in Nashville, Tennessee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-24 |title=Oracle's Larry Ellison says planned Nashville campus will be company's 'world headquarters' |url=https://apnews.com/article/oracle-larry-ellison-nashville-headquarters-health-care-cf74172176f6c90210e8ac96e1ff6f52 |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> No timeframe was given.
In June 2024, Oracle announced a $1 billion investment in Spain to enhance artificial intelligence and cloud computing. This investment will create a new cloud region in Madrid in partnership with Telefónica. The goal is to help Spanish businesses and the public sector with digital transformation and to meet European Union regulations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-06 |title=Oracle to invest over $1 bln on AI, cloud computing in Spain|language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/artificial-intelligence/oracle-invest-over-1-bln-ai-cloud-computing-spain-2024-06-20/ |access-date=2024-06-21}}</ref> The same year, the company announced investments in Japan and Malaysia for US$8 billion and US$6.5 billion, respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Oracle Invests $8B to Expand Cloud, AI Offerings in Japan |url=https://aibusiness.com/verticals/oracle-invests-8b-to-expand-cloud-ai-offerings-in-japan |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250723232254/https://aibusiness.com/verticals/oracle-invests-8b-to-expand-cloud-ai-offerings-in-japan |archive-date=2025-07-23 |access-date=2026-02-23 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Oracle: US$6.5 bil investment in Malaysia 'more than a data centre' |url=https://www.mida.gov.my/mida-news/oracle-us6-5-bil-investment-in-malaysia-more-than-a-data-centre/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=MIDA {{!}} Malaysian Investment Development Authority |language=en-US}}</ref>
In January 2025, President Donald Trump announced Stargate, a joint venture by Oracle, OpenAI, SoftBank and investment firm MGX to invest $500 billion over four years in artificial intelligence infrastructure in the US.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobs |first=Jennifer |date=2025-01-22 |title=Trump announces up to $500 billion in private sector AI infrastructure investment - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-announces-private-sector-ai-infrastructure-investment/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Also in 2025, the company announced additional investments in the United Kingdom, Germany and the Netherlands for US$5 billion and US$3 billion, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Dashveenjit |date=2025-03-21 |title=Oracle's $5bn UK cloud investment |url=https://www.cloudcomputing-news.net/news/oracles-5bn-uk-cloud-investment/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Cloud Computing News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Goovaerts |first=Diana |date=2025-07-16 |title=Oracle plots $3B European expansion |url=https://www.fierce-network.com/cloud/oracle-plots-3b-european-expansion |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=www.fierce-network.com |language=en}}</ref>
In September 2025, Oracle announced it was promoting Clay Magouyrk, president of cloud infrastructure, and Mike Sicilia, president of industries, to become co-CEOs. They replaced Safra Catz, who held the position for 11 years, and transitioned to a new role as executive vice chair.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Novet |first=Russell Leung, Ashley Capoot, Jordan |date=2025-09-22 |title=Oracle names Clay Magouyrk and Mike Sicilia as co-CEOs |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/22/oracle-names-co-ceos.html |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bajwa |first=Arsheeya |date=September 22, 2025 |title=Oracle names insiders Clay Magouyrk, Mike Sicilia as co-CEOs in surprise move |url=https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/boards-policy-regulation/oracle-appoints-insiders-clay-magouyrk-mike-sicilia-co-ceos-2025-09-22/ |work=Reuters}}</ref>
In January 2026, social media platform TikTok announced it finalized a deal to change ownership of its U.S. operations, with Oracle, MGX and private equity firm Silver Lake each owning a 15% stake in the venture, while ByteDance retained a 19.9% stake.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=TikTok finalizes deal to keep operating in US |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/tiktok-finalizes-deal-operating-us/story?id=129475609 |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> As of March 2026, Oracles TikTok stake was worth an estimated ~$2B.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murti |first=Lola |date=2026-03-11 |title=Oracle's TikTok stake sits at just over $2 billion, filing shows |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2026/03/11/oracle-tiktok-us-stake-outages.html |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>
In March 2026, Oracle signed a voluntary "ratepayer protection pledge" where companies pledge to build or buy energy needed to power data centers at a different rate to regular consumers, allowing them to keep utility bills down substantially.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nilsen |first=Ella |date=2026-03-04 |title=Trump, tech companies sign voluntary pledge to protect consumers from rising electricity costs {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/03/04/politics/electric-bill-costs-trump-pledge |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>
In April 2026, it was reported that Oracle laid off nearly 12,000 staff in India, according to the impacted employees. The company was believed to be planning another mass layoff round within a month.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2026-03-31 |title=Oracle lays off around 12,000 employees in India, another round likely within a month |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/oracle-lays-off-around-12000-employees-in-india-another-round-likely-within-a-month/article70808610.ece |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>
For the second quarter of fiscal year 2026 (ending November 2025), Oracle reported total revenue of $14.1 billion, with cloud infrastructure (IaaS) revenue growing 68% year-over-year to $4.1 billion. Total remaining performance obligations surged to $130 billion, reflecting strong demand for AI infrastructure capacity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oracle Announces Fiscal Year 2026 Second Quarter Financial Results |url=https://www.oracle.com/news/announcement/q2fy26-earnings-release-2025-12-10/ |date=December 10, 2025 |website=Oracle |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref>
==Products and services== Oracle provides cloud infrastructure, AI services, database and database management software, enterprise applications, analytics, and developer tools that help businesses manage their data, operations, and IT environments.<ref name=":4" />
=== Software applications === Oracle provides software applications, such as integrated enterprise software applications, Oracle Fusion Cloud Applications, human capital management (HCM), customer relationship management (CRM), and supply chain management (SCM).<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=9 top ERP software picks for the retail industry {{!}} TechTarget |url=https://www.techtarget.com/searcherp/tip/Top-ERP-software-picks-for-the-retail-industry |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=Search ERP |language=en}}</ref>
=== Databases === The Oracle Database was released in 2004 as 10g. Subsequently, the product was released several times, with the newest issue released as 12c in 2018. Oracle released its Autonomous Database in 2018, Oracle Database 23ai in 2024, and issued its newest release Oracle AI Database 26ai in 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erickson |first=Jeff |title=Oracle BrandVoice: 2018: The Year The Database Went Autonomous |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/oracle/2018/12/19/2018-the-year-the-database-went-autonomous/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240612194917/https://www.forbes.com/sites/oracle/2018/12/19/2018-the-year-the-database-went-autonomous/ |archive-date=2024-06-12 |access-date=2025-12-15 |work=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Oracle renames Database 23c to 23ai, makes it generally available |url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/2336977/oracle-renames-database-23c-to-23ai-makes-it-generally-available.html |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=InfoWorld |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-14 |title=Oracle Database |url=https://endoflife.date/oracle-database |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=endoflife.date |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shimmin |first=Brad |title=Oracle AI World 2025: Is the Database the Center of the AI Universe Again? |url=https://futurumgroup.com/insights/oracle-ai-world-2025-is-the-database-the-center-of-the-ai-universe-again/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Futurum |language=en-US}}</ref>
Additionally, Oracle Corporation acquired and developed the following additional database technologies: * Berkeley DB, which offers embedded database processing * Oracle Rdb, a relational database system running on OpenVMS platforms. Oracle acquired Rdb in 1994 from Digital Equipment Corporation. Oracle has since made many enhancements to this product and development continues {{as of|2008| lc = on}}. * TimesTen, which features in-memory database operations * Oracle Essbase, which continues the Hyperion Essbase tradition of multi-dimensional database management * MySQL, a relational database management system licensed under the GNU General Public License, initially developed by MySQL AB * Oracle NoSQL Database, a scalable, distributed key-value NoSQL database<ref>{{cite web |last=Taft |first=Darryl K. |date=October 18, 2011 |title=Oracle to Boost Data Management With Endeca Buy |url=https://www.eweek.com/networking/oracle-to-boost-data-management-with-endeca-buy/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/dB4EC |archive-date=May 12, 2026 |access-date=November 3, 2011 |website=eWeek |publisher=Ziff Davis |quote=Oracle also announced the Oracle NoSQL Database, a distributed, highly scalable, key-value database. }}</ref>
=== <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Middleware</span> === {{Main|Oracle Fusion Middleware}}
Oracle Fusion Middleware is a family of middleware software products, including application server, system integration, business process management (BPM), user interaction, content management, identity management and business intelligence (BI) products.
==== Oracle Secure Enterprise Search ==== Oracle Secure Enterprise Search (SES), Oracle's enterprise-search offering, gives users the ability to search for content across multiple locations, including websites, XML files, file servers, content management systems, enterprise resource planning systems, customer relationship management systems, business intelligence systems, and databases.
=== Product Lines === Oracle Applications, software sold by Oracle based on its own database, first appeared in the late 1980s.{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}} Oracle Corporation maintains a number of product lines, such as:
* Oracle E-Business Suite * PeopleSoft Enterprise ** PeopleSoft EnterpriseOne (Later renamed, JD Edwards EnterpriseOne) ** PeopleSoft World (Later renamed, JD Edwards World) * Siebel * JD Edwards * Merchandise Operations Management (Formerly Retek) * Planning & Optimisation * Store Operations (Formerly 360Commerce)
=== Enterprise management === {{Main|Oracle Enterprise Manager}}
Oracle Enterprise Manager (OEM) is a web-based monitoring and management tool for Oracle products (and for some third-party software), including database management, middleware management, application management, hardware and virtualization management and cloud management.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jackson |first=Joab |date=July 2, 2013 |title=Oracle Enterprise Manager 12c gears up for the private cloud |url=http://www.infoworld.com/d/applications/oracle-enterprise-manager-12c-gears-the-private-cloud-221976 |access-date=March 12, 2014 |website=InfoWorld}}</ref>
The Primavera products of Oracle's Construction & Engineering Global Business Unit (CEGBU) consist of project-management software.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Paul Eastwood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ep50AO-B06oC |title=Project Planning and Scheduling Using Primavera P6: For All Industries Including Version 4 to 7; Planning and Progressing Project Schedules with and Without Roles and Resources in an Established Enterprise Environment |date=2010 |publisher=Eastwood Harris Pty Ltd |isbn=978-1-921059-34-6 |pages=2–1 |quote=Primavera is an Enterprise Project Management software package that enables many projects to be managed in one database. |access-date=April 29, 2015}}</ref>
=== Development software === Oracle Corporation's tools for developing applications include (among others):
* Oracle Designer – a CASE tool which integrates with Oracle Developer Suite * Oracle Developer – which consists of Oracle Forms, Oracle Discoverer and Oracle Reports * Oracle JDeveloper, a freeware IDE * NetBeans, a Java-based software-development platform * Oracle APEX – low-code platform for web-oriented development * Oracle SQL Developer, an integrated development environment for working with SQL-based databases * Oracle SQL*Plus Worksheet, a component of Oracle Enterprise Manager (OEM) * OEPE, Oracle Enterprise Pack for Eclipse * Open Java Development Kit * Oracle Developer Studio – a software generation system for the development of C, C++, Fortran, and Java software * Oracle Visual Builder Studio
=== Operating systems === Oracle Corporation develops and supports two operating systems: Oracle Solaris and Oracle Linux.
===Hardware=== thumb|Oracle Exadata and Exalogic * The Sun hardware range acquired by Oracle Corporation's purchase of Sun Microsystems * Oracle SPARC T-series servers and M-series mainframes developed and released after Sun acquisition * Engineered systems: pre-engineered and pre-assembled hardware/software bundles for enterprise use ** Exadata Database Machine – hardware/software integrated storage<ref>{{cite web |last=Grancher |first=Eric |date=May 15, 2009 |title=Oracle and storage IOs, explanations and experience at CERN |url=http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1177416/files/CHEP2009-28-24.pdf?version=2 |access-date=January 17, 2010 |website=CERN-IT-Note-2009-005 |publisher=CERN |location=Geneva |page=4 |format=PDF |quote=The Oracle Exadata storage server version 1 is a solution developed by Oracle and HP in which part of the processing, normally performed by the database instance, is performed at the storage system level.}}</ref> ** Exalogic Elastic Cloud – hardware/software integrated application server ** Exalytics In-Memory Machine – hardware/software integrated in-memory analytics server<ref>{{Cite news |last=King |first=Rachel |date=July 15, 2013 |title=Oracle Exalytics in-memory machine updated to analyze larger data sets |work=ZDNet |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/oracle-exalytics-in-memory-machine-updated-to-analyze-larger-data-sets/ |access-date=March 12, 2014}}</ref> ** Oracle Database Appliance<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayan |first=Jaikumar |date=September 22, 2011 |title=New Oracle database appliance aims at small, mid-size firms: Analysts don't expect Database Appliance to cannibalize Oracle's Exadata enterprise offering |work=Computerworld |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9220217/New_Oracle_database_appliance_aims_at_small_mid_size_firms |access-date=January 8, 2012 |quote=The tightly integrated hardware, software and storage bundle features Oracle Database11g Release 2 and Real Application Clusters software running on a 2-node, 24-processor core, Sun Fire server cluster hardware.}}</ref> ** Big Data Appliance – integrated map-reduce/big data solution<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Oracle Unveils the Oracle Big Data Appliance |date=October 3, 2011 |publisher=Oracle Corporation |url=http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/512001 |access-date=April 17, 2015}}</ref> ** SPARC SuperCluster T4-4 – a general purpose engineered system<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Oracle Unveils the World's Fastest General Purpose Engineered System - the SPARC SuperCluster T4-4 |date=September 26, 2011 |publisher=Oracle Corporation |url=http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/497229 |access-date=February 18, 2012}}</ref>
===Services===
====Oracle Cloud==== Oracle Cloud is a cloud computing service offered by Oracle Corporation providing servers, storage, network, applications and services through a global network of Oracle Corporation managed data centers. The company allows these services to be provisioned on demand over the Internet.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saygili |first=Okcan Yasin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=83UpDwAAQBAJ&q=oracle%20cloud&pg=PA1 |title=Oracle IaaS: Quick Reference Guide to Cloud Solutions |publisher=Apress |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4842-2832-6 |language=en}}</ref>
Oracle Cloud provides Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), Software as a Service (SaaS) and Data as a Service (DaaS). These services are used to build, deploy, integrate and extend applications in the cloud.
Oracle has continued to make updates to its generative AI service, which is built and supported on Oracle Cloud Infrastructure and large language models (LLM) from Cohere as of 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |last=say |first=Sebastian Moss Have your |date=2026-02-19 |title=Oracle invests in Cohere, plans to integrate generative AI tools into its cloud |url=https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/oracle-invests-in-cohere-plans-to-integrate-generative-ai-tools-into-its-cloud/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=www.datacenterdynamics.com |language=en}}</ref> Meta's Llama as of 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zulhusni |first=Muhammad |date=2024-12-12 |title=Oracle partners with Meta to power Llama AI models |url=https://www.cloudcomputing-news.net/news/oracle-partners-with-meta-to-power-llama-ai-models/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=Cloud Computing News |language=en-GB}}</ref> and xAI's Grok 3 as of 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nellis |first=Stephen |title=Oracle cloud to add xAI's Grok 3 model to lineup for corporate customers |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/oracle-cloud-add-xais-grok-3-model-lineup-corporate-customers-2025-06-17/}}</ref> The company has also been working to integrate generative AI into its other services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oracle has a better generative AI strategy, analysts say |url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/2335920/oracle-has-a-better-generative-ai-strategy-analysts-say.html |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=InfoWorld |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Oracle unveils its API-led generative AI service with Cohere's LLMs |url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/2334836/oracle-unveils-its-api-led-generative-ai-service-with-cohere-s-llms.html |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=InfoWorld |language=English}}</ref> In April 2025, Oracle incorporated HeatWave GenAI into its database.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Westfall |first=Ron |last2=Dickens |first2=Steven |title=Oracle HeatWave GenAI: AI Innovation Without Data Movement or Added Expense |url=https://futurumgroup.com/insights/oracle-heatwave-genai-ai-innovation-without-data-movement-or-added-expense/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=Futurum |language=en-US}}</ref> In September 2025, Oracle and OpenAI signed a $300 billion contract for 4.5 gigawatts of power capacity over five years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jin |first=Berber |date=2025-09-10 |title=Exclusive {{!}} Oracle, OpenAI Sign $300 Billion Cloud Deal |url=https://www.wsj.com/business/openai-oracle-sign-300-billion-computing-deal-among-biggest-in-history-ff27c8fe |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> In October 2025, Oracle and Microsoft announced a partnership to enhance supply chain efficiency and responsiveness for manufacturers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fatima |first=Maham |title=Microsoft, Oracle Partner to Boost Supply Chain Efficiency for Manufacturers with Real-Time Data |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/microsoft-oracle-partner-boost-supply-093723064.html |website=Yahoo! Finance}}</ref> It was also announced that Oracle will offer cloud services using Advanced Micro Devices' upcoming MI450 artificial intelligence chips.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oracle to offer cloud services using AMD's upcoming AI chips |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/oracle-cloud-add-xais-grok-3-model-lineup-corporate-customers-2025-06-17/}}</ref>
==Marketing==
===Sales practices=== In 1990, Oracle laid off 10% (about 400 people) of its work force because of accounting errors.<ref name="zdnet200620" /> This crisis came about because of Oracle's "up-front" marketing strategy, in which sales people urged potential customers to buy the largest possible amount of software all at once. The sales people then booked the value of future license sales in the current quarter, thereby increasing their bonuses.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Abelson |first=Ree |date=June 23, 1996 |title=Truth or Consequences? Hardly |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/23/business/truth-or-consequences-hardly.html}}</ref> This became a problem when the future sales subsequently failed to materialize. Oracle eventually had to restate its earnings twice, and also settled (out of court) class-action lawsuits arising from its having overstated its earnings. Ellison stated in 1992 that Oracle had made "an incredible business mistake".<ref name="zdnet200620">[http://www.zdnetasia.com/news/software/0,39044164,39048963,00.htm Oracle cuts rewards for last-minute deals ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219065933/http://www.zdnetasia.com/news/software/0,39044164,39048963,00.htm |date=December 19, 2008 }} Gilbert, Alorie (June 20, 2002). ''CNET News.com'' via zdnetasia.com</ref>
Humphries described the cause ("building for years") as a combination of technical problems that benefited rivals, and the sales force using side letters and other improper tactics to meet the company's longstanding goal of doubling revenue each year. Ellison hired ("bring in adults", Jerry Held said) new executives Jeff Henley and Raymond J. Lane, who helped the company recover from what Ken Jacobs later described as a "near death experience", in which Oracle required an investment from a Japanese steel company to meet payroll.{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}}
===Competition=== The relational database industry was unusually concentrated. Besides being headquartered near each other in the San Francisco Bay area, database technology experts attended the same universities and served on the same standards committees (with Jim Gray serving as neutral arbiter as companies tried to get competing proposals enacted).<ref name="rdbmsgrowingandselling20070613">{{Cite interview |interviewer=Luanne Johnson |title=RDBMS Workshop: Growing and Selling |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102702567-05-01-acc.pdf |access-date=2025-05-30 |publisher=Computer History Museum |date=2007-06-13}}</ref> Sales and marketing people were both fierce rivals and often moved between the companies, even as engineers socialized with each other. The smaller, later-founded database vendors viewed Oracle as their top enemy,<ref name="rdbmsingressybase20070613">{{Cite interview |interviewer=Doug Jerger |title=RDBMS Workshop: Ingres and Sybase |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102702565-05-01-acc.pdf |access-date=2025-05-30 |publisher=Computer History Museum |date=2007-06-13}}</ref> with Bob MacDonald of Informix Software calling Oracle "the evil empire", while Humphries described his company as "the Klingons of" the bay.{{r|rdbmsgrowingandselling20070613}}
Held later described his company's philosophy as "it's not good enough for Oracle to win. It was important for somebody else to lose". Ingres was its first major competitor; Oracle's strategy of focusing on one opponent at a time. Even publicly complimenting other rivals "to take the pressure off", Held said, while effective, caused it to neglect Sybase as a threat. Conversely, when Sybase had technical problems "it was: how do you put every ounce of product marketing, sales effort and focus on that".{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}} IBM's endorsement of SQL in Db2 in the early 1980s benefited Oracle and forced rivals like Ingres and Informix Corporation to adopt SQL to compete.<ref name="morgenthaler20051208">{{Cite interview |last=Morgenthaler |first=Gary |interviewer=Luann Johnson |title=Oral History of Gary Morgenthaler |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Morgenthaler_Gary/Morgenthaler_Gary_1.oral_history.2005.102658005.pdf |access-date=2025-05-30 |format=PDF |publisher=Computer History Museum |date=2005-12-08 |page=18}}</ref>{{r|rdbmsinformix20070612}} Oracle acknowledged IBM as the standard while emphasizing its own superiority, touting "total IBM SQL compatibility" while IBM's software ran "''only on IBM mainframes''".<ref name="oracle19850520">{{Cite magazine |date=1985-05-20 |title=Oracle announces portable version of IBM SQL/DS and DB2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygHfUXZWXlcC&pg=PA47 |access-date=2025-06-07 |magazine=Computerworld |page=47 |type=Advertisement |volume=XIX |issue=20}}</ref> By the mid-1980s the company described its database as "the last DBMS", bragging that Oracle now had larger database revenue than dBASE maker Ashton-Tate,<ref name="oracle19880118">{{Cite magazine |date=18 January 1988 |title= The Last DBMS |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA92637 |access-date=2025-05-25 |magazine=InfoWorld |page=9 |volume=10 |issue=3}}</ref> and stating that Microsoft, Ashton-Tate, and Sybase's planned Microsoft SQL Server "jumped on Oracle's SQL bandwagon".<ref name="mace19880118">{{Cite magazine |last=Mace |first=Scott |date=18 January 1988 |title= Ashton-Tate, Microsoft Join Forces To Introduce SQL Database Server|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1 |access-date=2025-05-25 |magazine=InfoWorld |pages=1, 8 |volume=10 |issue=3}}</ref>
MacDonald credited Oracle with "being marketing oriented before any of the competitors ... pushing the envelope on selling the future way ahead of the rest of us".{{r|rdbmsinformix20070612}} Stu Schuster of Sybase said "Larry taught us a lot about marketing". While other database companies' brochures emphasized technical features, Oracle advertisements showed an Oracle jet fighter shooting down Ashton-Tate and Borland biplanes;{{r|oracle19880118}}<ref name="oracle19920511">{{Cite magazine |date=1992-05-11 |title=PC Week Shoot-Out? More Like The Oracle Card Blowout. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7D0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA13 |access-date=March 10, 2026 |magazine=InfoWorld |page=13 |type=advertisement |volume=14 |issue=19}}</ref><ref name="rdbmsfinancing20070612"/>{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}} dBASE, IBM, and Db2 were among the many competitors Oracle marketing criticized by name.{{r|oracle19850520}} Conversely, another Oracle ad quoted Microsoft's Bill Gates, Sun's Scott McNealy, Hewlett-Packard's John A. Young, and Apple Computer's John Sculley as agreeing with Ellison on Oracle's database breakthroughs.<ref name="oracle19920615">{{Cite magazine |date=1992-06-15 |title=What Have Bill Gates, Scott McNealy, John Sculley, John Young And Larry Ellison Agreed To Cooperate On? |url=https://archive.org/details/computerworld2624unse/page/7/mode/1up?view=theater |access-date=2025-06-27 |magazine=Computerworld |pages=7, 9 |volume=XXVI |issue=24}}</ref> Larry Rowe of Ingres said "you could never come up with a strategy to beat Oracle because whatever you said today, two days later Ellison was saying it with more marketing dollars".{{r|rdbmsingressybase20070613}} Jacobs said, by contrast:{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}}
{{blockquote|It really surprises me when people say Oracle's a great marketing machine because by definition, if you think a company has great marketing, they don't. If you think they have great technology then they do have a great marketing machine. Larry's belief has fundamentally always been that marketing isn't critical; he's famous for saying, "If you're not building the product and you're not selling it, tell me what it is you do." Because those are the things that he felt were important. So marketing has never been a focus.}}
The "benchmark wars" began in the early 1980s;{{r|rdbmsingressybase20070613}} Roger Sippl of Informix said that when his company's product beat Oracle on 27 of 30 benchmarks, advertisements titled "Oracle wins again!" appeared citing the three it won,<ref name="rdbmsinformix20070612">{{Cite interview |interviewer=Luanne Johnson |title=RDBMS Workshop: Informix |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102702566-05-01-acc.pdf |access-date=2025-05-30 |publisher=Computer History Museum |date=2007-06-12}}</ref> and Ellison allegedly called Dave DeWitt at the University of Wisconsin after he developed a benchmark unfavorable to Oracle, threatening to get the professor fired.{{r|rdbmsingressybase20070613}} Schuster and Held recalled "a not very pleasant environment because it was so directly competitive". They and Sippl described "a vicious cycle" of companies battling each other over, for example, whose distributed database had the best two-phase commit:<ref name="oracle19920914">{{Cite magazine |date=1992-09-14 |title=Two-Phase Commit Sybase vs. Oracle7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd79q0UEQc8C&pg=PA9 |access-date=February 15, 2026 |magazine=Computerworld |page=9 |type=advertisement |volume=XXVI |issue=37}}</ref>{{r|rdbmslateryears20070612}}{{r|rdbmsinformix20070612}}{{r|rdbmsfinancing20070612}}
{{blockquote|The ads weren't to let me show you how my product helps you solve your business problem, Mr. Customer. It's let me tell you how much better I am than the guy down the street to the point of taking out billboards.}}
Even IBM participated in the "billboard wars".{{r|rdbmsfinancing20070612}} By 1995 Oracle had 44% of the $2.4 billion relational database market; Sybase had 17% and Informix had 16%. By 1996 Informix, after acquiring Illustra, became Oracle's most important rival.<ref name="clark19961202">{{Cite news |last=Clark |first=Don |date=1996-12-02 |title=Informix Revamps Databases With Approach to Multimedia |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB849485211357681000 |access-date=2025-05-31 |work=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> The intense war between Informix CEO Phil White and Ellison made front-page news in Silicon Valley for three years. Informix claimed that Oracle had hired away Informix engineers to disclose important trade secrets about an upcoming product. Informix finally dropped its lawsuit against Oracle in 1997.<ref>{{cite web |last=Galante |first=Suzanne |date=June 9, 1997 |title=Informix drops Oracle lawsuit |url=http://news.cnet.com/Informix-drops-Oracle-lawsuit/2100-1023_3-200353.html |website=CNET}}</ref> Held said{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}}
{{blockquote|And, in one year, we kind of turned the focus from Sybase to Informix, and basically they never knew what hit them. It was such a concerted effort. I mean, it was amazing how you could get product management, marketing, and sales focused. We had a thing, "Where in the world is Phil White," because Phil White was their best sales person. If he went into an account, one of our best guys was in right after them to make sure that they didn't win that business. It was such amazingly focused effort. And within 12 months, Informix was basically on the floor.}}
In November 2005, a book detailing the war between Oracle and Informix was published, titled ''The Real Story of Informix Software and Phil White''. It gave a detailed chronology of the battle of Informix against Oracle, and how Informix Software's CEO Phil White landed in jail because of his obsession with overtaking Ellison.
After what Held described as "the period of time where some of the wheels came off, first at Ingres then at Sybase, and then at Informix", Oracle was the only substantial independent database vendor until Microsoft SQL Server became widespread in the late 1990s<ref name="rdbmslateryears20070612">{{Cite interview |interviewer=Burton Grad |title=RDBMS Plenary Session: The Later Years |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102701921-05-01-acc.pdf |access-date=2025-05-30 |publisher=Computer History Museum |date=2007-06-12}}</ref> and IBM acquired Informix Software in 2001 (to complement its Db2 database). Oracle has competed for new database licenses on UNIX, GNU, and Windows operating systems primarily against IBM's Db2 and Microsoft SQL Server.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Support |first=Spinnaker |date=2024-01-17 |title=Comparative List of Oracle Competitors |url=https://www.spinnakersupport.com/blog/2024/01/17/oracle-competitors/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Spinnaker Support |language=en-US}}</ref>
In 2004, Oracle's sales grew at a rate of 14.5% to $6.2 billion, giving it 41.3% and the top share of the relational-database market (''InformationWeek'' – March 2005), with market share estimated at up to 44.6% in 2005 by some sources.<ref name="Oracle.com">{{cite web |date=September 7, 2010 |title=Infrastructure | Oracle Analyst Reports |url=http://www.oracle.com/corporate/analyst/reports/infrastructure/dbms/idc-201692.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031164300/http://www.oracle.com/corporate/analyst/reports/infrastructure/dbms/idc-201692.pdf |archive-date=October 31, 2008 |access-date=July 7, 2011 |publisher=Oracle.com}}</ref> Oracle Corporation's main competitors in the database arena remain IBM Db2 and Microsoft SQL Server, and to a lesser extent Sybase and Teradata,{{r|rdbmslateryears20070612}}<ref name="Oracle.com" /> with free databases such as PostgreSQL and MySQL also having a significant<ref>[http://db-engines.com/en/ranking DB-Engines Ranking - popularity ranking of database management systems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221093447/https://db-engines.com/en/ranking |date=February 21, 2020 }}. Db-engines. Retrieved July 14, 2013.</ref> share of the market. EnterpriseDB, based on PostgreSQL, has {{As of|2008|alt= recently}} made inroads<ref>{{cite web |last=Lai |first=Eric |date=November 20, 2006 |title=Vonage places call for EnterpriseDB database |url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&taxonomyName=networking&articleId=9005227&taxonomyId=16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527080045/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&taxonomyName=networking&articleId=9005227&taxonomyId=16 |archive-date=May 27, 2007 |website=Computerworld |df=mdy-all}}</ref> by proclaiming that its product delivers Oracle-compatible SQL and procedural language features at a much lower price-point.
Oracle's main competitors in the database market include IBM and Microsoft, and in enterprise applications,<ref>{{cite web |last=Pang |first=Albert |date=2021-12-24 |title=Top 10 ERP Software Vendors, Market Size and Market Forecast 2020-2025 |url=https://www.appsruntheworld.com/top-10-erp-software-vendors-and-market-forecast/ |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=Apps Run The World |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Pang |first=Albert |date=2021-12-24 |title=Top 10 Utilities Software Vendors, Market Size and Market Forecast 2020-2025 |url=https://www.appsruntheworld.com/top-10-utilities-software-vendors-and-market-forecast/ |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=Apps Run The World |language=en-US}}</ref> SAP. On March 22, 2007, Oracle sued SAP, accusing it of fraud and unfair competition.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gullo |first1=Karen |last2=Guglielmo |first2=Connie |name-list-style=amp |date=March 22, 2007 |title=Oracle Claims Rival SAP Stole Software and Data (Update4) |work=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=atMLL7_FAEkw |access-date=March 22, 2007}}</ref>
In the market for business intelligence software, many other software companies, both small and large, have successfully competed in quality with Oracle and SAP products. Business intelligence vendors can be categorized into the "big four" consolidated BI firms such as Oracle, who has entered BI market through a recent trend of acquisitions (including Hyperion Solutions), and the independent "pure play" vendors such as MicroStrategy, Actuate, and SAS.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pendse |first=Nigel |date=March 7, 2008 |title=Consolidations in the BI industry |url=http://www.bi-verdict.com/fileadmin/FreeAnalyses/consolidations.htm |website=The OLAP Report |access-date=October 29, 2010 |archive-date=July 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710120947/http://www.bi-verdict.com/fileadmin/FreeAnalyses/consolidations.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Oracle Financials was ranked in the Top 20 Most Popular Accounting Software Infographic by Capterra in 2014, beating out SAP and a number of its other competitors.<ref>{{cite web |title=Best Donation Management Software - 2015 Reviews of the Most Popular Systems |url=http://nonprofit-software.com/ |access-date=April 17, 2015}}</ref>
====Oracle and SAP==== From 1988, Oracle Corporation and the German company SAP AG had a decade-long history of cooperation, beginning with the integration of SAP's R/3 enterprise application suite with Oracle's relational database products. Despite the SAP partnership with Microsoft, and the increasing integration of SAP applications with Microsoft products (such as Microsoft SQL Server, a competitor to Oracle Database), Oracle and SAP continue their cooperation. According to Oracle Corporation, the majority of SAP's customers use Oracle databases.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oracle – the No.1 Database for Deploying SAP Applications |url=http://www.oracle.com/newsletters/sap/index.html |access-date=November 11, 2008 |publisher=Oracle Corporation |quote=Two thirds of SAP customers around the world, in every industry, choose to run their applications on Oracle databases.}}</ref>
In 2004, Oracle began to increase its interest in the enterprise-applications market (in 1989, Oracle had already released Oracle Financials). A series of acquisitions by Oracle Corporation began, most notably with those of PeopleSoft, Siebel Systems, and Hyperion.
SAP recognized that Oracle had started to become a competitor in a market where SAP had the leadership, and saw an opportunity to lure in customers from those companies that Oracle Corporation had acquired. SAP would offer those customers special discounts on the licenses for its enterprise applications.
Oracle Corporation would resort to a similar strategy, by advising SAP customers to get "OFF SAP" (a play on the words of the acronym for its middleware platform "Oracle Fusion for SAP"),<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Oracle Helping SAP Customers to get 'OFF SAP' |date=June 14, 2005 |publisher=Oracle Corporation |url=http://www.oracle.com/corporate/press/2005_jun/sap.html}}</ref> and also by providing special discounts on licenses and services to SAP customers who chose Oracle Corporation products.
Oracle and SAP (the latter through its recently acquired subsidiary TomorrowNow) competed in the third-party enterprise software maintenance and support market. On March 22, 2007, Oracle filed a lawsuit against SAP. In Oracle Corporation v. SAP AG Oracle alleged that TomorrowNow, which provides discount support for legacy Oracle product lines, used the accounts of former Oracle customers to systematically download patches and support documents from Oracle's website and to appropriate them for SAP's use.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 3, 2007 |title=Oracle sues SAP |url=http://www.oracle.com/sapsuit |publisher=Oracle Corporation}}</ref> Some analysts have suggested the suit could form part of a strategy by Oracle Corporation to decrease competition with SAP in the market for third-party enterprise software maintenance and support.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gohring |first1=Nancy |last2=Montalbano |first2=Elizabeth |title=Maintenance Contracts at Heart of Oracle, SAP Dispute |url=http://www.cio.in/news/viewArticle/ARTICLEID=3017 |journal=CIO India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080519024115/http://www.cio.in/news/viewArticle/ARTICLEID=3017 |archive-date=May 19, 2008 |access-date=June 9, 2008}}
[http://blogs.zdnet.com/Greenbaum/?p=105 The lawsuit As barometer: SAP finally scores big with TomorrowNow ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070327081752/http://blogs.zdnet.com/Greenbaum/?p=105 |date=March 27, 2007 }} Joshua Greenbaum, March 22, 2007, ZDNet</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=steve.curtis@supportrevolution.com |date=2020-09-23 |title=Oracle & SAP are waging a secret war against third-party support |url=https://www.supportrevolution.com/oracle-sap-secret-support-war/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Support Revolution |language=en-GB}}</ref>
On July 3, 2007, SAP admitted that TomorrowNow employees had made "inappropriate downloads" from the Oracle support website. However, it claims that SAP personnel and SAP customers had no access to Oracle intellectual property via TomorrowNow. SAP's CEO Henning Kagermann stated that "Even a single inappropriate download is unacceptable from my perspective. We regret very much that this occurred." Additionally, SAP announced that it had "instituted changes" in TomorrowNow's operational oversight.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=SAP Responds to Oracle Complaint |date=July 3, 2007 |publisher=SAP |url=http://www.tnlawsuit.com/uploads/pdf/pressrelease/pressrelease_ResponsetoOracleComplaint.pdf |access-date=September 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326201734/http://www.tnlawsuit.com/uploads/pdf/pressrelease/pressrelease_ResponsetoOracleComplaint.pdf |archive-date=March 26, 2009}}</ref>
On November 23, 2010, a U.S. district court jury in Oakland, California, found that SAP AG must pay Oracle Corp $1.3 billion for copyright infringement, awarding damages that could be the largest-ever for copyright infringement. While admitting liability, SAP estimated the damages at no more than $40 million, while Oracle claimed that they are at least $1.65 billion. The awarded amount is one of the 10 or 20 largest jury verdicts in U.S. legal history. SAP said it was disappointed by the verdict and might appeal.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Levine |first=Dan |date=November 23, 2010 |title=SAP to pay Oracle $1.3 billion in landmark decision |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6AL4IN20101124 |access-date=November 23, 2010}}</ref> On September 1, 2011, a federal judge overturned the judgment and offered a reduced amount or a new trial, calling Oracle's original award "grossly" excessive.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 1, 2011 |title=Judge overturns Oracle's $1.3B award against SAP |url=http://www.itworld.com/it-managementstrategy/199445/bulletin-judge-overturns-oracles-13b-award-against-sap |access-date=September 5, 2011 |website=ITworld}}</ref> Oracle chose a new trial.
On August 3, 2012, SAP and Oracle agreed on a judgment for $306 million in damages, pending approval from the U.S. district court judge, "to save time and expense of [a] new trial". After the accord has been approved, Oracle can ask a federal appeals court to reinstate the earlier jury verdict. In addition to the damages payment, SAP has already paid Oracle $120 million for its legal fees.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 3, 2012 |title=Oracle Says SAP to Pay $306 Million in Copyright Deal |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-08-02/oracle-says-sap-to-pay-306-million-in-copyright-deal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803200435/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-08-02/oracle-says-sap-to-pay-306-million-in-copyright-deal |archive-date=August 3, 2012 |access-date=August 6, 2012}}</ref>
===Slogans=== * "Information driven"<ref>{{cite web |last=Aryal |first=Mina |date=2015-05-24 |title=Best Slogans of Information Technology Companies |url=https://ictframe.com/slogans-of-it-companies/ |access-date=2019-01-19 |website=ICT Frame Technology |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2014-06-12 |title=A List of 120+ Slogans of Information Technology Companies |url=https://advergize.com/marketing/120-list-of-slogans-from-information-technology-companies/ |access-date=2019-01-19 |website=Advergize |language=en-US}}</ref> * For the Oracle Database: "Can't break it, can't break in"<ref>{{cite web |last=Lemos |first=Robert |date=February 6, 2002 |title=Guru says Oracle's 9i is indeed breakable |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1001-831142.html |access-date=October 5, 2011 |publisher=CNET News}}</ref> and "Unbreakable"<ref>{{cite web |last=Davidson |first=Mary Ann |author-link=Mary Ann Davidson |date=February 2002 |title=Unbreakable: Oracle's Commitment to Security |url=http://www.cgisecurity.com/database/oracle/pdf/unbreak3.pdf |access-date=March 21, 2010 |series=An Oracle White Paper |publisher=Oracle Corporation |location=Redwood Shores, California |page=2 |quote=Beginning in November 2001, Oracle began a marketing campaign: Unbreakable. The security portions of the campaign reference Oracle's 14 independent security evaluations [...]}}</ref> * "Enabling the Information Age"<ref>{{Cite journal |date=September 15, 1997 |title=Oracle8 Database Messaging |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQYAAAAAMBAJ&q=oracle+enabling+the+information+age&pg=PA7 |journal=CIO |volume=10 |issue=21 |page=7}}</ref> * "Enabling the Information Age Through Network Computing"<ref>{{cite web |title=Oracle Discoverer User Guide |url=http://gkmc.utah.edu/ebis_class/2003s/Oracle/DISCVR31/USER/titlcpy.htm |access-date=2019-01-19 |website=gkmc.utah.edu |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806022056/http://gkmc.utah.edu/ebis_class/2003s/Oracle/DISCVR31/USER/titlcpy.htm }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hummeltenberg |first=Wilhelm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wjKBgAAQBAJ&q=%22Enabling+the+Information+Age+Through+Network+Computing%22&pg=PA201 |title=Information Management for Business and Competitive Intelligence and Excellence: Proceedings der Frühjahrstagung Wirtschaftsinformatik '98 |date=2013-04-09 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |isbn=978-3-322-84950-2 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Developer/2000 Guidelines for Building Applications |url=http://sqltech.cl/doc/dev2000/guide21/gd21titl.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418024953/http://sqltech.cl/doc/dev2000/guide21/gd21titl.htm |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref> * {{As of| 2008 | alt = As of 2008}}: "The Information Company"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farber |first=Dan |date=December 9, 2004 |title=Oracle joins or refashions the information age |work=ZDNet |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/oracle-joins-or-refashions-the-information-age/ |access-date=October 9, 2014}}</ref> * As of 2010: "Software. Hardware. Complete."<ref>{{cite web |date=2010-07-14 |title=Oracles introduces new 10GbE products. Software. Hardware. Complete? |url=https://www.ecnmag.com/news/2010/07/oracles-introduces-new-10gbe-products-software-hardware-complete |access-date=2019-01-19 |website=Electronic Component News |publisher=Yankee Group |language=en |archive-date=February 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219152627/http://www.eeworldonline.com/news/2010/07/oracles-introduces-new-10gbe-products-software-hardware-complete }}</ref> * As of late 2010: "Hardware and Software, Engineered to Work Together"<ref>{{cite web |date=2012-09-26 |title=Oracle Engineered Systems-The Newest Flavor of IT Systems |url=http://www.dbta.com/Editorial/Think-About-It/Oracle-Engineered-Systems-The-Newest-Flavor-of-IT-Systems-84891.aspx |access-date=2019-01-19 |website=Database Trends and Applications |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=July 17, 2014 |title=Hardware and Software, Engineered to Work Together |url=http://www.oracle.com/us/assets/openworld-march2014-2245394.pdf |access-date=January 19, 2019}}</ref> * As of mid 2015: "Integrated Cloud Applications and Platform Services"<ref>{{cite web |title=Oracle Brand {{!}} Oracle Tagline Lockup |url=https://www.oracle.com/webfolder/s/brand/identity/tagline-lockup/index.html |access-date=2019-01-19 |website=www.oracle.com}}</ref>
== Corporate affairs ==
=== Finances === {| class="wikitable floatright" |+Sales by region (2025)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oracle Corporation: Business Segments and Geographical Breakdown of Revenue |url=https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/ORACLE-CORPORATION-13620698/finances-segments/ |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=www.marketscreener.com |language=en-US}}</ref> !Region !share |- |United States |55.9% |- |United Kingdom |4.5% |- |Germany |3.2% |- |Japan |3.1% |- |Other countries |33.4% |} Oracle was ranked No. 82 in the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fortune 500 Companies 2018: Who Made the List |url=http://fortune.com/fortune500/list/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110190356/http://fortune.com/fortune500/list/ |archive-date=November 10, 2018 |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=Fortune |language=en-US}}</ref> According to Bloomberg, Oracle's CEO-to-employee pay ratio is 1,205:1. The CEO's compensation in 2017 was $108,295,023. Oracle is one of the approved employers of ACCA and the median employee compensation rate was $89,887.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Melin |first1=Anders |title=Oracle's $108 Million Comp for Hurd and Catz Distorts CEO Pay Ratio |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/ceo-pay-ratio/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005230822/https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/ceo-pay-ratio/ |archive-date=October 5, 2018 |access-date=2018-11-13 |website=Bloomberg |language=en-US}}</ref> {| class="wikitable float-left" style="text-align: right;" |+Development since 2005<ref>{{cite web |title=Oracle Net Income 2006-2018 {{!}} ORCL |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/ORCL/oracle/net-income |access-date=2018-10-22 |publisher=Macrotrends}}</ref> !Year !Revenue<br />in million US$ !Net Income<br />in million US$ ! EOY adj price per<br />share in US$ !Employees |- |2005 |11,799 |2,886 |9.98 | |- |2006 |14,380 |3,381 |14.01 | |- |2007 |17,996 |4,274 |18.46 | |- |2008 |22,430 |5,521 |14.49 | |- |2009 |23,252 |5,593 |20.20 | |- |2010 |26,820 |6,135 |25.98 | |- |2011 |35,622 |8,547 |21.44 | |- |2012 |37,121 |9,981 |28.25 | |- |2013 |37,180 |10,925 |32.68 |122,000 |- |2014 |38,275 |10,955 |38.88 |122,000 |- |2015 |38,226 |9,938 |32.02 |132,000 |- |2016 |37,047 |8,901 |34.23 |136,000 |- |2017 |37,728 |9,335 |42.76 |138,000 |- |2018 |39,831 |3,825 |41.33 |137,000 |- |2019 |39,506 |11,083 |49.32 |136,000 |- |2020 |39,068 |10,135 |61.26 |135,000 |- |2021 |40,479 |13,746 |83.85 |132,000 |- |2022 |42,440 |6,717 |79.95 |143,000 |- |2023 |49,954 |8,503 |104.69 |164,000 |- |2024 |52,961 |10,467 |165.26 |159,000 |- |2025 |57,399 |12,443 | |162,000 |}
=== Personnel === * Larry Ellison: ex-executive chairman and CTO (since September 2014), co-founder of the company, previously CEO (1977–2014),<ref name="nytimes-ellison-step-down">{{Cite news |last=Hardy |first=Quentin |date=September 18, 2014 |title=Larry Ellison to Step Down as Oracle's Chief |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/19/technology/larry-ellison-steps-down-as-chief-of-oracle.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=September 19, 2014 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> previously chairman (1990–2004). As of September 2021, he owned 42% of the company.<ref name="toc162163_22" /> As of 2025 Ellison remains a top executive but no longer CEO.<ref name="pbs">{{Cite news |date=September 23, 2025 |title=TikTok's algorithm to be licensed to U.S. joint venture led by tech giant Oracle and investment firm Silver Lake |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/tiktoks-algorithm-to-be-licensed-to-u-s-joint-venture-led-by-tech-giant-oracle-and-investment-firm-silver-lake |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref> * Safra Catz: executive vice chair (since September 2025), previously CEO (2014–2025),<ref name="nytimes-ellison-step-down" /> co-president (since 2004) and CFO.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hickens |first=Michael |date=March 21, 2013 |title=New Rivals Clip Oracle's Wings |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324103504578374884239534960 |access-date=March 23, 2013 |work=The Wall Street Journal |pages=B1–2 |type=paper}}</ref> In 2016, she was ranked tenth on ''Fortune's'' Most Powerful Women list.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-09-08 |title=Safra Catz |url=http://fortune.com/most-powerful-women/safra-catz-10/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505004954/http://fortune.com/most-powerful-women/safra-catz-10/ |archive-date=May 5, 2019 |access-date=2017-09-14 |work=Fortune |language=en-US}}</ref> * Jeff Henley: vice chairman (since September 2014), previously chairman (2004–2014) and CFO (1991–2004). * Mark Hurd: former CEO (2014–2019),<ref name="nytimes-ellison-step-down" /> previously co-president (2010–2014). In 2007, Mark Hurd was ranked {{Numero|16}} on ''Fortune''{{'}}s list of the 25 Most Powerful People in Business.<ref>{{cite web |title=25 most powerful people in business |url=https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/fortune/0711/gallery.power_25.fortune/16.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129213938/http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/fortune/0711/gallery.power_25.fortune/16.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 29, 2007 |access-date=2015-04-17 |website=Fortune}}</ref> He died in 2019. * Charles Phillips: former co-president and director (2003–2010); replaced by Mark Hurd. * Bob Miner: co-founder of the company and co-architect of Oracle Database. Led product design and development for Oracle Database (1977–1992). Spun off a technology group within Oracle in 1992. Oracle board member until 1993. He died in 1994. * Ed Oates: co-founder of the company. Retired from Oracle in 1996. * Umang Gupta: former vice president and general manager (1981–1984). Wrote the first business plan for the company. He died in 2022. * Bruce Scott: The first hired employee (after the co-founders; employee number 4) at Oracle (then Software Development Laboratories). Scott served as the co-author and co-architect of the Oracle database up to Version 3. He left Oracle in 1982.<ref name="founders" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-09-08 |title=Scott/Tiger in Oracle |url=https://oralytics.com/2012/09/08/scotttiger-in-oracle/ |access-date=2020-02-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> *Marc Benioff: former protégé of Ellison and the youngest to be promoted to vice president at the time. He left to found and lead Salesforce in 1999.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kim |first=Eugene |date=August 12, 2015 |title=The epic 30-year bromance of billionaire CEOs Larry Ellison and Marc Benioff |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/larry-ellison-marc-benioff-relationship-2015-8 |website=Insider}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=February 5, 2004 |title=Larry ups the ante |url=https://www.economist.com/business/2004/02/05/larry-ups-the-ante |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref>
==== Board of directors ==== {{As of|2025|9}}, the company's board consisted of the following directors:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oracle.com/corporate/executives/board-of-directors/|title=Oracle Board of Directors|website=www.oracle.com}}</ref>
* Larry Ellison, executive chairman and CTO * Safra Catz, executive vice chair * Jeff Henley, vice chairman * Awo Ablo, President of Programs and Strategy * Jeffrey S. Berg, chairman of Northside Services and former CEO of International Creative Management * Michael Boskin, Professor of Economics and Hoover Institution Senior Fellow at Stanford University * Bruce R. Chizen, Senior Adviser to Permira Advisers and Former CEO of Adobe * George H. Conrades, former CEO of Akamai Technologies * Rona Fairhead, Baroness Fairhead, former UK minister of state at the Department for International Trade * Charles Wick Moorman IV, former CEO of Amtrak and the Norfolk Southern Railway * Leon Panetta, former CIA director and United States Secretary of Defense * William G. Parrett, former CEO of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu * Naomi O. Seligman, Senior Partner at Ostriker von Simson
==Controversies== ===Trashgate=== In 2000, Oracle attracted attention from the computer industry and the press after hiring private investigators to uncover unfavorable information from organizations sympathetic to rival Microsoft. During the investigation, Oracle was accused of attempting to purchase trash from a janitor at the Association for Competitive Technology. This resulted in an antitrust trial against Microsoft.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Markoff |first=John |last2=Richtel |first2=Matt |date=2000-06-28 |title=Oracle Hired a Detective Agency To Investigate Microsoft's Allies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/28/business/oracle-hired-a-detective-agency-to-investigate-microsoft-s-allies.html |access-date=2026-02-23 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
The Chairman of Oracle Corporation, Larry Ellison, defended his company's hiring of an East Coast detective agency, calling the snooping a "public service". The investigation reportedly included a $1,200 offer to janitors at the Association for Competitive Technology to look through Microsoft's trash.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yarow |first=Jay |title=LARRY ELLISON: How He Tried To Disrupt Microsoft And Failed |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/larry-ellison-2011-5 |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref>
==="Can't break it, can't break in"=== In 2002, Oracle Corporation marketed many of its products using the slogan "Can't break it, can't break in", or "Unbreakable".<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 7, 2002 |title=Bugs bust open 'unbreakable' Oracle 9i |work=ZDNet |url=http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/application-development/2002/02/07/bugs-bust-open-unbreakable-oracle-9i-2103903/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308164139/http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/application-development/2002/02/07/bugs-bust-open-unbreakable-oracle-9i-2103903/ |archive-date=March 8, 2012 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
However, two weeks after its introduction, David Litchfield, Alexander Kornbrust, Cesar Cerrudo and others demonstrated a suite of successful attacks against Oracle products.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 16, 2002 |title=Oracle security claim |work=The Register |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/01/16/oracle_security_claim/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 7, 2002 |title=How to hack unbreakable Oracle |work=The Register |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/02/07/how_to_hack_unbreakable_oracle/}}</ref> Oracle Corporation's chief security officer Mary Ann Davidson said that, rather than representing a literal claim of Oracle's products' impregnability, she saw the campaign in the context of fourteen independent security evaluations<ref>{{cite web |title=Oracle list of major Security certifications |url=http://www.oracle.com/technology/deploy/security/seceval/pdf/seceval_matrix.pdf |publisher=Oracle Corporation}}</ref> that Oracle Corporation's database server had passed.
===Relationship with John Ashcroft=== In 2004, then-United States Attorney General John Ashcroft sued Oracle Corporation to prevent it from acquiring a multibillion-dollar intelligence contract. After Ashcroft's resignation from government, he founded a lobbying firm, The Ashcroft Group, which Oracle hired in 2005. With the group's help, Oracle went on to acquire the contract.{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}}
===Cover Oregon Healthcare Exchange=== Oracle Corporation was awarded a contract by the State of Oregon's Oregon Health Authority (OHA) to develop Cover Oregon, the state's healthcare exchange website, as part of the U.S. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. When the site tried to go live on October 1, 2013, it failed, and registrations had to be taken using paper applications until the site could be fixed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oracle was Primary Cause of Oregon's Failed Health Insurance Exchange Website |url=https://oversightdemocrats.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/democrats-oversight.house.gov/files/documents/CO%20Staff%20Report%20FINAL.PDF |website=House.gov}}</ref>
In August 2014, Oracle Corporation sued Cover Oregon for breach of contract,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manning |first=Jeff |date=August 8, 2014 |title=Cover Oregon: Oracle comes out swinging, files lawsuit, accuses Kitzhaber of 'campaign' |work=Oregon Live |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2014/08/oracle_cover_oregon_lawsuit.html |access-date=August 27, 2014}}</ref> and then later that month the state of Oregon sued Oracle Corporation, in a civil complaint for breach of contract, fraud, filing false claims and "racketeering".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gallagher |first=Sean |date=August 25, 2014 |title=Oregon Attorney General sues Oracle for 'racketeering activity' |work=Ars Technica |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2014/08/oregon-attorney-general-sues-oracle-for-racketeering-activity/ |access-date=August 27, 2014}}</ref> In September 2016, the two sides reached a settlement valued at over $100 million to the state, and a six-year agreement for Oracle to continue modernizing state software and IT.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foden-Vencil |first=Kristian |date=September 15, 2016 |title=Oregon, Oracle Reach $100 Million Settlement Over Cover Oregon Healthcare Exchange. News {{!}} OPB |work=Oregon Public Broadcast |url=http://www.opb.org/news/article/oregon-oracle-cover-oregon-healthcare-exchange/ |access-date=September 16, 2016 |archive-date=September 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916193627/http://www.opb.org/news/article/oregon-oracle-cover-oregon-healthcare-exchange/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Lucas |first=Dan |title=Who's to blame for the Cover Oregon failure? |url=https://eu.statesmanjournal.com/story/opinion/columnists/dan-lucas/2016/05/31/blame-cover-oregon-failure/85174300/ |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=Statesman Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Budnick and Manning |first=Nick and Jeff |date=March 19, 2014 |title=Oracle's Contracts for Cover Oregon Health Insurance Exchange Bypassed Standard Rules, Lacked Teeth |url=https://www.govtech.com/health/Oracles-Contracts-for-Cover-Oregon.html |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=www.govtech.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Turner |first=Grace-Marie |title=Oregon's Failed ObamaCare Exchange Is A Warning For Other States |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/gracemarieturner/2015/03/31/oregons-failed-obamacare-exchange-is-a-warning-for-other-states/?sh=fd5221425fdf |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>
{{Anchor|tracking class action}} ===Class action tracking lawsuit=== In August 2022, a class action lawsuit was filed against Oracle by the law firm Lieff Cabraser. The lawsuit alleged that Oracle engaged in "deliberate and purposeful surveillance of the general population via their digital and online existence", specifically focusing on Oracle operating a surveillance machine that tracked and recorded personal data in real-time. The litigants alleged that through such surveillance, the company violated the Federal Electronic Communications Privacy Act, California's state constitution, the California Invasion of Privacy Act, competition law, and California Common Law.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Class-Action Lawsuit Accuses Oracle of Tracking 5 Billion People |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/oracle-faces-class-action-lawsuit-over-tracking-5-billion-people |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=PCMAG |date=August 23, 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Oracle Earns Billions Illegally Selling Net User Data, Suit Says - Law360 |url=https://www.law360.com/articles/1523379/oracle-earns-billions-illegally-selling-net-user-data-suit-says |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=www.law360.com |language=en}}</ref>
The lawsuit was settled in July 2024 for $115 million.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schuman |first=Evan |title=Oracle's $115 million privacy settlement could change industry data collection methods |url=https://www.cio.com/article/3476784/oracles-115-million-privacy-settlement-could-change-industry-data-collection-methods.html |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=CIO |language=en}}</ref>
=== Violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act === Between 2011 and 2024, Oracle was investigated for engaging in bribery practices that violated the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act across its subsidiaries in South Africa, India, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates. In all instances, the company settled with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SEC.gov {{!}} SEC Charges Oracle Corporation With FCPA Violations Related to Secret Side Funds in India |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2012-2012-158htm |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=www.sec.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Stempel |first=Jonathan |date=September 27, 2022 |title=Oracle to pay about $23 mln to resolve a second SEC bribery case |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/official-oracle-pay-about-23-mln-resolve-second-sec-bribery-case-2022-09-27/ |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kunert |first=Paul |title=Oracle pays $23 million to the SEC to settle bribery charges |url=https://www.theregister.com/2022/09/27/oracle_fined_23_million_sec/ |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=www.theregister.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-11 |title=Oracle 'no comment' on IFMS corruption allegations - TechCentral |url=https://techcentral.co.za/oracle-no-comment-on-treasury-corruption-allegations/178481/ |access-date=2024-04-02 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-28 |title=SIU takes aim at Oracle in treasury corruption probe - TechCentral |url=https://techcentral.co.za/siu-takes-aim-oracle-treasury-corruption/242189/ |access-date=2024-04-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>
=== Reaction to the Gaza war === Following the beginning of the Gaza war in 2023, Oracle's top executives, including Safra Catz and Larry Ellison, publicly aligned the company with Israel's military operations. They issued statements of solidarity, paid double salaries to Israeli employees, and donated to organizations connected to Israel's wartime response.<ref name="Ynet2025">{{cite news|url= https://www.ynetnews.com/tech-and-digital/article/h1w11pj11aee |author-first1= Ayala |author-last1=Or-El |date=2025-10-18 |title= 'We don't mind losing customers': Oracle execs stand with Israel, redefining corporate values |work= Ynet |access-date= 2025-10-20}}</ref> In 2024, Catz said to Israeli business news outlet CTech, "For employees, it's clear: if you're not for America or Israel, don't work here".<ref name="Shulman 24">{{cite news |last1=Shulman |first1=Sophie |title=Oracle CEO: "If we continue on our current trajectory, reaching a valuation of a trillion dollars is inevitable" |url=https://www.calcalistech.com/ctechnews/article/t05ji8sue |access-date=9 December 2025 |work=CTech |date=14 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> In 2025, ''The Intercept'' spoke with Oracle employees who supported Palestine, but were afraid to speak out in their workplace. Sixty-eight Oracle employees signed an open letter criticizing the company's ties to Israel.<ref name="Gee 25">{{cite news |last1=Gee |first1=Georgia |title=Poised to Take Over TikTok, Oracle Is Accused of Clamping Down on Pro-Palestine Dissent |url=https://theintercept.com/2025/02/18/oracle-tiktok-israel-palestine-gaza/ |access-date=9 December 2025 |work=The Intercept |date=18 February 2025}}</ref>
===Fraud Accusations by the US Department of Justice=== On July 29, 2010, the United States Department of Justice (DoJ) filed suit against Oracle Corporation alleging fraud. The lawsuit argues that the government received deals inferior to those Oracle gave to its commercial clients. The DoJ added its heft to an already existing whistleblower lawsuit filed by Paul Frascella, who was once senior director of contract services at Oracle.<ref>{{cite web |last=Skillings |first=Jon |date=July 30, 2010 |title=Justice Department sues Oracle, alleging fraud |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/justice-department-sues-oracle-alleging-fraud/ |access-date=2021-11-02 |website=CNET |language=en}}</ref> It was settled in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gross |first=Grant |date=2011-10-06 |title=Oracle to pay $199.5 million in gov't contracting settlement |url=https://www.networkworld.com/article/2181875/oracle-to-pay--199-5-million-in-gov-t-contracting-settlement.html |access-date=2021-11-02 |website=Network World |language=en}}</ref>
===Lawsuit against Google=== {{main|Oracle v. Google}}
Oracle, the plaintiff, acquired ownership of the Java computer programming language when it acquired Sun Microsystems in January 2010.<ref name="ReutersJune2011">{{Cite news |date=2011-06-18 |title=Oracle seeks up to $6.1 billion in Google lawsuit |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-oracle-google-lawsuit/oracle-seeks-up-to-6-1-billion-in-google-lawsuit-idUSTRE75H0FP20110618 |access-date=2018-01-29|last=Levine|first=Dan|editor-first=Todd|editor-last=Eastham}}</ref> The Java software includes sets of pre-developed software code to allow programs and apps to accomplish common tasks in a consistent manner. The pre-developed code is organized into separate "packages" which each contain a set of "classes". Each class contains numerous methods, which instruct a program or app to do a certain task. Software developers "became accustomed to using Java's designations at the package, class, and method level".<ref name="Quimbee">{{cite web |title=Oracle America, Inc. v. Google, Inc. |url=https://www.quimbee.com/cases/oracle-america-inc-v-google-inc |access-date=2018-01-29 |website=Quimbee |language=en}}</ref>
Oracle and Google (the defendant) tried to negotiate an agreement for Oracle to license Java to Google, which would have allowed Google to use Java in developing programs for mobile devices using the Android operating system. However, the two companies never reached an agreement. After negotiations failed, Google created its own programming platform, which was based on Java, and contained 37 copied Java packages as well as new packages developed by Google.<ref name="Quimbee" />
===HP and Oracle lawsuit=== On June 15, 2011, HP filed a lawsuit in California Superior Court in Santa Clara, claiming that Oracle had breached an agreement to support the Itanium microprocessor used in HP's high-end enterprise servers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Jack |date=June 16, 2011 |title=HP unleashes lawyers on Oracle over Itanium support |url=http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/business-of-it/2011/06/16/hp-unleashes-lawyers-on-oracle-over-itanium-support-40093131/ |access-date=June 17, 2011 |publisher=ZDNet UK}}</ref> Oracle called the lawsuit "an abuse of the judicial process"<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 7, 2011 |title=HP, Oracle exchange court jabs in escalating Itanium support showdown |work=ZDNet |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/hp-oracle-exchange-court-jabs-in-escalating-itanium-support-showdown/ |access-date=September 5, 2011}}</ref> and said that had it known SAP's Léo Apotheker was about to be hired as HP's new CEO, any support for HP's Itanium servers would not have been implied.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 30, 2011 |title=Oracle fires back at HP in Itanium suit, doesn't mince words |work=ZDNet |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/oracle-fires-back-at-hp-in-itanium-suit-doesnt-mince-words/ |access-date=September 5, 2011}}</ref>
On August 1, 2012, a California judge said in a tentative ruling that Oracle must continue porting its software at no cost until HP discontinues its sales of Itanium-based servers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gallagher |first=Sean |date=August 1, 2012 |title=HP wins judgment in Itanium suit against Oracle |work=Ars Technica |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/08/hp-wins-judgement-in-itanium-suit-against-oracle/ |access-date=July 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=McMillan |first=Robert |date=August 1, 2012 |title=HP Wins Big Victory Over Oracle in Battle of the Itanium |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2012/08/hp-itanium-2/ |access-date=August 6, 2012}}</ref> HP was awarded $3 billion in damages against Oracle in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bright |first=Peter |date=June 30, 2016 |title=HP awarded $3B in damages from Oracle over Itanium database cancelation |work=Ars Technica |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/06/hp-awarded-3b-in-damages-from-oracle-over-itanium-database-cancellation/ |access-date=July 1, 2016}}</ref> HP argued Oracle's canceling support damaged HP's Itanium server brand. Oracle had announced that it would appeal both the decision and damages, but the decision stayed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brittain |first=Blake |date=June 15, 2021 |title=Oracle loses bid to upend HP's $3 billion win |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/transactional/oracle-loses-bid-upend-hps-3-billion-win-2021-06-14/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Quach |first=Katyanna |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Oracle really does owe HPE $3b after Supreme Court snub |url=https://www.theregister.com/2022/05/17/hp_oracle_supreme_court/ |website=The Register}}</ref>
===GSA business bidding ban=== On April 20, 2012, the US General Services Administration banned Oracle from the most popular portal for bidding on GSA contracts for undisclosed reasons. Oracle has previously used this portal for around four hundred million dollars a year in revenue.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hoover |first=J. Nicholas |date=2012-04-20 |title=Feds Banish Oracle From Popular Contract Vehicle |url=https://www.informationweek.com/regulations/feds-banish-oracle-from-popular-contract-vehicle/d/d-id/1103982 |access-date=2017-10-04 |website=InformationWeek}}</ref> In 2011, Oracle settled with the General Services Administration for $199.5 million in a lawsuit filed under the False Claims Act.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 7, 2011 |title=Oracle to Pay $199.5 Million to Settle Overbilling Charges |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/07/business/oracle-agrees-to-pay-to-settle-an-overbilling-claim.html |agency=Bloomberg News |url-access=subscription |access-date=September 16, 2013}}</ref>
==Events and acquisitions==
===Acquisition of Sun Microsystems=== {{Main|Acquisition of Sun Microsystems by Oracle Corporation}}
In January 2010, Oracle completed its acquisition of Sun Microsystems, valued at more than $7 billion, a move that transformed Oracle from solely a software company to a manufacturer of both software and hardware. The acquisition was delayed for several months by the European Commission because of concerns about MySQL, but was unconditionally approved in the end.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Mergers: Commission clears Oracle's proposed acquisition of Sun Microsystems |date=January 21, 2010 |publisher=European Commission |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/10/40 |access-date=April 17, 2015}}</ref> In September 2011, U.S. State Department Embassy cables were leaked to WikiLeaks. One cable revealed that the U.S. pressured the E.U. to allow Oracle to acquire Sun.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mick |first=Jason |date=September 1, 2011 |title=U.S. Pressured EU to Approve the Oracle's Acquisition of Sun |url=http://www.dailytech.com/US%20Pressured%20EU%20to%20Approve%20the%20Oracles%20Acquisition%20of%20Sun/article22581.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118215252/http://www.dailytech.com/US%20Pressured%20EU%20to%20Approve%20the%20Oracles%20Acquisition%20of%20Sun/article22581.htm |archive-date=January 18, 2012 |access-date=September 2, 2011 |website=Daily Tech |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
The Sun acquisition was closely watched by free software users and some companies, due to the fear that Oracle might end Sun's traditional support of free projects.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vance |first=Ashlee |author-link=Ashlee Vance |date=September 21, 2010 |title=Oracle Growth Plans Worry Rivals and Customers |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/22/technology/22oracle.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Widenius |first=Monty |author-link=Monty Widenius |title=Save MySQL! |url=http://www.helpmysql.org |access-date=January 31, 2010 |quote=[Signer hereby asks] competition authorities around the world to block Oracle's acquisition of Sun unless one of the structural solutions selected by [signer] below is put in place as a legally binding requirement: (select at least one; all combinations are possible) MySQL must be divested to a suitable third party that can continue to develop it under the GPL. Oracle must commit to a linking exception for applications that use MySQL with the client libraries (for all programming languages), for plugins and libmysqld. MySQL itself remains licensed under the GPL. Oracle must release all past and future versions of MySQL (until December 2012) under the Apache Software License 2.0 or similar permissive license so that developers of applications and derived versions (forks) have flexibility concerning the code.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Paul |first=Ryan |date=April 20, 2009 |title=Oracle buys Sun: understanding the impact on open source |url=https://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2009/04/oracle-acquires-sun-ars-explores-the-impact-on-open-source.ars |access-date=March 6, 2011 |website=Ars Technica}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Fiveash |first=Kelly |date=March 9, 2010 |title=Open source boss quits Oracle |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/03/09/simon_phipps_quits_sun_oracle/ |website=The Register}}</ref> Since the acquisition, Oracle has discontinued OpenSolaris and StarOffice, and sued Google over the Java patents Oracle acquired from Sun.<ref name="arsjava2">{{cite web |last=Paul |first=Ryan |date=August 14, 2010 |title=Oracle's Java lawsuit undermines its open source credibility |url=https://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2010/08/oracles-java-lawsuit-undermines-its-open-source-credibility.ars |access-date=March 6, 2011 |website=Ars Technica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Weintraub |first=Seth |date=August 12, 2010 |title=Oracle files suit over Android's use of Java |publisher=CNN |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2010/08/12/oracle-files-suit-over-androids-use-of-java/ |access-date=January 31, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119081751/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2010/08/12/oracle-files-suit-over-androids-use-of-java/ |archive-date=November 19, 2010}}</ref>
=== Cerner acquisition === {{Main|Oracle Health}}
On December 20, 2021, Oracle announced that it agreed to acquire Cerner Corporation (now ''Oracle Health'' and ''Oracle Life Sciences'') for approximately {{USD|28.3 billion}}, creating a dedicated Industry Business Unit within the company. Cerner is the largest international supplier of health information technology, such as electronic health records (EHR), revenue cycle solutions, and biomedical device integration platforms, and has its headquarters in Kansas City, Missouri, US.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=20 December 2021 |title=Oracle Buys Cerner |url=https://www.oracle.com/au/news/announcement/oracle-buys-cerner-2021-12-20/ |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Oracle}}</ref> The deal closed in early July 2022 after receiving final approval from European regulators, making it Oracle's largest acquisition and one of the largest in corporate history.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Landi |first=Heather |date=7 June 2022 |title=Oracle closes $23B deal to buy EHR giant Cerner |url=https://www.fiercehealthcare.com/health-tech/oracle-gets-european-approval-28m-cerner-deal-set-close-next-week |access-date=1 October 2024 |work=Fierce Healthcare}}</ref>
Oracle's purchase of Cerner was part of an effort to introduce Oracle products into the healthcare market, particularly in the United States although Oracle plans to expand Cerner's global operations.<ref name=":3" />
In September 2024, Oracle announced new investments and the release of Oracle Clinical Digital Assistant, a generative AI system that automatically creates consultation documentation and proposes orders.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oracle CloudWorld 2024 delivers AI, database and OCI updates {{!}} TechTarget |url=https://www.techtarget.com/searchcloudcomputing/opinion/Oracle-CloudWorld-2024-delivers-AI-database-and-OCI-updates |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Search Cloud Computing |language=en}}</ref>
Oracle has acquired the following technology companies:
# PeopleSoft (2005), an ERP company<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Lindsay |date=2025-01-02 |title=It's been 20 years since Oracle bought two software rivals, changing the market forever |url=https://www.theregister.com/2025/01/02/twenty_years_since_oracle_bought_peoplesoft/ |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=The Register}}</ref> # Siebel (2006), a CRM company<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paige |first=Michael |date=2006-02-01 |title=Oracle completes Siebel acquisition |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/oracle-completes-siebel-acquisition |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=MarketWatch |language=EN-US}}</ref> # BEA Systems (2008), an enterprise infrastructure software company<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tanaka |first=Wendy |title=BEA Waited And Reaped |url=https://www.forbes.com/2008/01/16/oracle-bea-acquisition-tech-enter-cx_wt_0116oracle.html |access-date=2026-03-08 |work=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> # Dyn (2016), an internet infrastructure company<ref>{{Cite news |last=Finley |first=Klint |title=Why Oracle Just Bought the Company That Brought Down the Internet |url=https://www.wired.com/2016/11/oracle-just-bought-dyn-company-brought-internet/ |access-date=2026-03-08 |work=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> # DataFox (2018), a predictive intelligence software company<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lunden |first=Ingrid |date=2018-10-23 |title=Oracle acquires DataFox, a developer of 'predictive intelligence as a service' across millions of company records |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/10/22/oracle-acquires-datafox-a-developer-of-predictive-intelligence-as-a-service-and-a-trove-of-company-information/ |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> # Datascience (2018), a data analysis company<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kilgore |first=Tomi |date=2018-05-16 |title=Oracle Buys Datascience to Boost Big-Data Analytics Offerings |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/oracle-buys-datascience-to-boost-big-data-analytics-offerings-1526475990 |access-date=2026-03-08 |work=Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> # Iridize (2018), a user training company<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stoler |first=Tofi |date=2025-09-18 |title=Oracle Acquires Tel Aviv-Based User Training Startup Iridize |url=https://www.calcalistech.com/ctech/articles/0%2C7340%2CL-3746447%2C00.html |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=CTech}}</ref> # LiveData Utilities (2020), a utilities network management company<ref>{{Cite web |title=LiveData Utilities Acquired by Oracle |url=https://merger.com/transaction/livedata-utilities-oracle/ |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=Mirus Capital Advisors |language=en-US}}</ref> # GloriaFood (2021), an online ordering and marketing company<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-08 |title=Oracle acquires GloriaFood to expand cloud POS platform apps |url=https://www.foodtruckoperator.com/news/oracle-acquires-gloriafood-to-expand-cloud-pos-platform-apps/ |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=Food Truck Operator |language=en}}</ref> # Adi Insights (2022), a workforce management solution company<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brooks |first=Steve |date=2022-05-09 |title=Oracle buys SuiteApp Time Management vendor |url=https://www.enterprisetimes.co.uk/2022/05/09/oracle-buys-suiteapp-time-management-vendor/ |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=Enterprise Times |language=en-GB}}</ref> # FOEX (2022), a software development company for enterprise web application creation<ref>{{Cite web |last=IQ |first=S&P Capital |date=2022-11-08 |title=Oracle Corporation completed the acquisition of FOEX GmbH. {{!}} MarketScreener |url=https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/ORACLE-CORPORATION-13620698/news/Oracle-Corporation-completed-the-acquisition-of-FOEX-GmbH-42238143/ |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=www.marketscreener.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
=== Oracle Health data breach === In March 2025, a threat actor claimed to have stolen 6 million data records from Oracle Health (formerly Cerner).<ref>{{cite news | last=Jones |first=David | date = 28 March 2025 | title = Cybersecurity firms brace for impact of potential Oracle Cloud breach | url=https://www.cybersecuritydive.com/news/cybersecurity-providers-oracle-cloud-breach/743857/ | access-date=2025-09-13 | work=Cybersecurity Dive}}</ref> Oracle claimed that its Oracle Cloud Infrastructure was not breached and that no customer data from it was exposed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kovacs |first=Eduard |date=2025-03-24 |title=Oracle Denies Cloud Breach After Hacker Offers to Sell Data |url=https://www.securityweek.com/oracle-denies-cloud-breach-after-hacker-offers-to-sell-data/ |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=SecurityWeek |language=en-US}}</ref> Some legacy Cerner servers experienced unauthorized access, but Oracle has not confirmed the scale of impact.<ref>{{cite news | last=Diaz | first=Naomi |date =14 April 2025 | title=Oracle Health sued over alleged data breach affecting US hospitals | url=https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/legal-regulatory-issues/oracle-health-sued-over-alleged-data-breach-affecting-us-hospitals/ | access-date=2025-09-13 | work=Becker's Hospital Review}}</ref> In April 2025, the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) issued a warning to Oracle customers to secure their environments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-16 |title=CISA Releases Guidance on Credential Risks Associated with Potential Legacy Oracle Cloud Compromise {{!}} CISA |url=https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/alerts/2025/04/16/cisa-releases-guidance-credential-risks-associated-potential-legacy-oracle-cloud-compromise |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=www.cisa.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Jones |first=David | date = 17 April 2025 | title = CISA warns companies to secure credentials amid Oracle Cloud breach claims | url=https://www.cybersecuritydive.com/news/cisa-secure-credentials-oracle-cloud-data/745613/ | access-date=2025-09-13 | work=Cybersecurity Dive}}</ref>
=== U.S. TikTok's operations === On September 13, 2020, Bloomberg News reported that Oracle won a bidding war with other U.S.-based companies to take over social media company TikTok's operations in the United States following the company's pressure to forcibly be shut down by the Trump administration. Oracle was described as a "trusted tech partner" by TikTok.<ref>{{cite web |date=2020-09-13 |title= Oracle Wins Deal for TikTok's U.S. Operations |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-13/oracle-is-said-to-gain-advantage-in-deal-for-tiktok-in-u-s |url-access=subscription |first1=Shelly |last1=Banjo |first2=Dina |last2=Bass |first3=Saleha |last3=Mohsin |access-date=2020-09-14 |website=Bloomberg }}</ref> On September 19, 2020, the Trump administration approved of the sale of TikTok's US operations to Oracle "[delaying] — by one week — restrictions that were originally to take effect" on September 20 as indicated by the United States Department of Commerce.<ref>{{cite news |date=2020-09-19 |title=Trump says he has approved a deal for purchase of TikTok |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/19/tech/donald-trump-tiktok-deal-approval/index.html |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=CNN |first1=Brian |last1=Fung }}</ref>
As September 25, 2025, TikTok was bought by Silver Lake and Abu Dhabi's MGX. Oracle will own 45% of the app in the US, and ByteDance 35% after delays with the ban for the 4th time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Levy |first=Ari |date=2025-09-25 |title=Oracle, Silver Lake and MGX will be main investors in TikTok U.S., sources say |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/25/oracle-silver-lake-mgx-tiktok.html |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Lindner |first1=Lauren Hirschemmett |last2=Maheshwari |first2=Sapna |date=2025-09-16 |title=Trump Delays TikTok Ban Again as a Deal Takes Shape |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/16/technology/tiktok-fourth-delay.html |access-date=2025-09-27 |language=en}}</ref>
Oracle will store data of US TikTok users on its cloud computers,<ref name="reuters">{{Cite news |last1=Mason |first1=Jeff |last2=Shepardson |first2=David |last3=Mason |first3=Jeff |date=September 22, 2025 |title=Trump team says TikTok deal nears, with Oracle, Silver Lake among investors |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/trump-will-sign-order-declaring-tiktok-deal-meets-2024-law-requirements-2025-09-22/ |access-date=2025-09-25 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> and it will be involved in the new TikTok spinoff's cybersecurity.<ref name="pbs"/>
=== Anduril partnership ===
Oracle partnered with the arms company Anduril Industries to provide their Lattice military software platform to the governments of United States, United Kingdom and Australia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oracle and Anduril Industries Partner to Deliver AI-Powered Defense Solutions from the Datacenter to the Tactical Edge |url=https://www.oracle.com/news/announcement/ocw24-oracle-and-anduril-industries-partner-to-deliver-ai-powered-defense-solutions-from-the-datacenter-to-the-tactical-edge-2024-09-10/ |website=www.oracle.com |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref>
==Offices== Oracle Corporation's world headquarters are located in Austin, Texas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oracle Corporation (ORCL) Company Profile & Facts - Yahoo Finance |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/ORCL/profile/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250122144512/https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/ORCL/profile/ |archive-date=2025-01-22 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US}}</ref> In April 2024, Oracle announced plans to build its largest office hub, with 8,500 jobs, in Nashville, Tennessee.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Capoot |first=Ashley |date=2024-04-23 |title=Oracle is moving its world headquarters to Nashville to be closer to health-care industry |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/04/23/oracle-is-moving-its-world-hq-to-nashville.html |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>
Oracle has a large office complex located on the San Francisco Peninsula in the Redwood Shores area of Redwood City. This complex was home to Oracle world headquarters from 1989 to 2020. It is located on the former site of Marine World/Africa USA, which moved from Redwood Shores to Vallejo in 1986. Oracle Corporation originally leased two buildings on the Oracle Parkway site, moving its finance and administration departments from the corporation's former headquarters on Davis Drive, Belmont, California. Eventually, Oracle purchased the complex and constructed four additional buildings.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 24, 2024 |title=Oracle's Larry Ellison Says Planned Nashville Campus Will Be Company's 'World Headquarters' |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/business/articles/2024-04-24/oracles-larry-ellison-says-planned-nashville-campus-will-be-companys-world-headquarters |work=US News and World Report}}</ref>
The distinctive Oracle Parkway buildings, nicknamed the Emerald City,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rich |first=Laura |date=July 23, 2010 |title=When it comes to {{sic|nolink=y|acqui|stion|expected=acquisition}} plans, it's Oracle vs Oracle |publisher=CNNMoney.com |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2010/07/23/is-oracle-spending-big-on-acquisitions/ |access-date=March 27, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827184259/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2010/07/23/is-oracle-spending-big-on-acquisitions/ |archive-date=August 27, 2010 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> served as sets for the futuristic headquarters of the fictional company "NorthAm Robotics" in the Robin Williams film ''Bicentennial Man'' (1999).<ref>{{cite web |title=Trivia for Bicentennial Man |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0182789/trivia |access-date=March 27, 2011 |publisher=Internet Movie Database}}</ref> The campus also represented the headquarters of Cyberdyne Systems in the movie ''Terminator Genisys'' (2015).<ref>{{cite web |title=Trivia for Terminator Genisys |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1340138/trivia |access-date=July 9, 2015 |publisher=Internet Movie Database}}</ref>
{{wide image|Oracle Redwood City February 2013 panorama.jpg|1200px|Oracle offices and former headquarters in Redwood Shores, California}}
<gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="200"> File:Oracle Redwood City May 2011 001.jpg|300 Oracle Parkway in Redwood Shores File:Oracle HQ3.jpg|Oracle offices in Redwood Shores, with Oracle Plaza building in left foreground File:Oracle Conference Center, Oracle HQ.JPG|Oracle Conference Center in Redwood Shores File:Oracle Fountain (6532480).jpg|Fountain in the Oracle lake, Redwood Shores File:Oracle at Thames Valley Park.jpg|Oracle has a major business campus at Thames Valley Park in Reading in England File:Oracle Aoyama Center 01.JPG|Oracle Aoyama Center Building, with Lexus International Gallery Aoyama File:OracleMarkham.JPG|Oracle in Markham, Ontario File:Oracle office in Melbourne.jpg|Oracle office in Melbourne, Australia </gallery>
== Corporate structures == Oracle Corporation operates in multiple markets and has acquired many companies to help it do so. In some cases these companies became the starting points for global business units (GBUs) targeting particular vertical markets. Oracle Corporation's GBUs include:<ref name="Sanati-18Dec2017">{{Cite news |last=Sanati |first=Cyrus |date=16 August 2016 |title=Inside Oracle's Acquisition Machine |work=Fortune |url=http://fortune.com/2016/08/15/oracle-acquisition-machine/ |access-date=18 December 2017}}</ref>
* Communications * Construction and engineering (formerly the Primavera GBU) * Energy and Water * Financial services * Food and Beverages * Health sciences * Hospitality * Retail
==Sponsorships== In 1994 and 1995, Oracle sponsored Benetton Formula.
From 2001 to 2021, Sean Tucker's stunt biplane was sponsored by Oracle and performed frequently at air shows around the US.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Smithsonian Air and Space Museum lands famed aerobatic plane|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/05/10/smithsonian-museum-oracle-plane/|work=The Washington Post|date=2021-05-10|access-date=2025-11-30|issn=0190-8286|language=en-US}}</ref>
In October 2006, the Golden State Warriors and the Oracle Corporation announced a 10-year agreement in which the Oakland Arena would become known as the Oracle Arena.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 20, 2006 |title=Golden State Warriors, Oracle Reach Arena Naming Rights Agreement |work=Warriors.com |publisher=NBA Media Ventures, LLC |url=http://www.nba.com/warriors/news/Oracle_Naming_Rights_Agreement.html |access-date=June 14, 2019}}</ref> The agreement ended after the 2018–2019 NBA season when the Warriors relocated to the Chase Center in San Francisco.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harrington |first=Jim |date=September 3, 2019 |title=With Warriors gone, the new name of Oracle Arena in Oakland is… |work=The Mercury News |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/09/03/with-warriors-gone-the-new-name-of-oracle-arena-is/ |access-date=October 17, 2020}}</ref> In January 2019, the San Francisco Giants entered into a 20-year agreement to rename its stadium Oracle Park.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 10, 2019 |title=Giants' home has been renamed Oracle Park |url=http://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/25724823 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref>
thumb|BMW Oracle Racing USA-71, at the German Sailing Grand Prix Kiel 2006. It was moored at Oracle headquarters in Redwood Shores, California, until 2014.Larry Ellison's sailing team competes as Oracle Team USA. The team won the America's Cup twice, in 2010 (as BMW Oracle Racing)<ref>{{cite web |last=Shankland |first=Stephen |date=February 16, 2010 |title=Ellison's team wins long-sought sailing trophy |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-10453845-264.html |website=CNET |access-date=October 5, 2010 |archive-date=March 13, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313031533/http://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-10453845-264.html }}</ref> and in 2013,<ref>{{cite web |date=September 25, 2013 |title=Oracle Team USA stages massive comeback to win 34th America's Cup |url=http://www.americascup.com/en/34th-americas-cup/18441_final-preview-barker-vs-spithill-for-winner-take-all-race-at-1315.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312213827/http://www.americascup.com/en/34th-americas-cup/18441_final-preview-barker-vs-spithill-for-winner-take-all-race-at-1315.html |archive-date=March 12, 2014 |access-date=March 12, 2014 |publisher=America's Cup |df=mdy-all}}</ref> despite being penalized for cheating.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 3, 2009 |title=Oracle hit with stiff penalty |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2013/09/03/oracle-hit-with-stiff-penalty-over.html |access-date=2019-11-14 |website=www.bizjournals.com |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=CNBC |date=August 26, 2013 |title=Did Larry Ellison cheat in the America's Cup? |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2013/08/26/did-larry-ellison-cheat-in-the-americas-cup.html |website=CNBC}}</ref>
From the 2022 Formula One season, Oracle signed a five-year deal worth $500 million to become title sponsors of Red Bull Racing, after already being a sponsor effective from the 2021 season.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-02-09 |title=Red Bull F1 clinches new $500M title sponsorship with Oracle |url=https://apnews.com/article/sports-technology-business-auto-racing-max-verstappen-800371ff9393347d9dd73618cd6fb6f7 |access-date=2022-02-09 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref>
==See also== {{Portal|Texas|Companies|Telecommunication|Electronics|Technology}} * Cover Oregon * Oracle Applications * Oracle Certification Program * Oracle Clinical * Oracle Database * Oracle Linux * Oracle User Group
==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
==Further reading== * {{Cite journal |last=Mendelsohn |first=Andrew |date=April–June 2013 |title=The Oracle Story: 1984–2001 |journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=10–23 |doi=10.1109/MAHC.2012.56 |bibcode=2013IAHC...35b..10M |id=INSPEC Accession Number 13640647 |s2cid=17907189}}
==External links== {{Commons category}} <!-- ATTENTION! Please do not add links without discussion and consensus on the talk page. Undiscussed links will be removed. --> * {{Official website}} * {{OpenSecrets}} {{Finance links | name = Oracle Corporation | symbol = ORCL | sec_cik = 1341439 | yahoo = ORCL | google = ORCL:NYSE }} * {{OpenCorp|Oracle}}
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