{{Short description|Collection of research libraries promoting open access}} {{Infobox Organization | name = Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition | image = SPARC logo 2018.png | image_size = | caption = | formation = {{start date and age|1998}} | focus = Open access publishing | headquarters = Washington, D.C., U.S. | language = English | leader_title = | leader_name = Heather Joseph | subsidiaries = Alliance for Taxpayer Access<br>Coalition of Open Access Policy Institutions | affiliations = SPARC Europe<br>SPARC Japan<br>SPARC Africa | abbreviation = SPARC | website = {{URL|https://sparcopen.org|sparcopen.org}}<br>{{URL|https://sparceurope.org|sparceurope.org}} }} The '''Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition''' ('''SPARC''') is an international alliance of academic and research libraries developed by the Association of Research Libraries in 1998 which promotes open access to scholarship.<ref name=brown2008>{{cite book|author1= David J. Brown |author2= Richard Boulderstone |title= Impact of Electronic Publishing: The Future for Publishers and Librarians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JPyY9RG7J38C |via=Google Books |year= 2008|publisher=K.G. Saur |location=Germany |isbn=978-3-598-44013-7 |pages=200–201 }}</ref> The coalition currently includes some 800 institutions<ref name=brown2008 /> in North America, Europe, Japan, China, Africa and Australia.
Richard Johnson served as director 1998–2005.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/19980720/24272-pw-plan-for-low-cost-journals-online.html |title=Plan for Low-cost Journals Online |date=July 20, 1998 |journal=Publishers Weekly |location=US |volume= 244 |number= 29 }}</ref> Heather Joseph became executive director in 2005.<ref>{{citation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202072559/https://www.libraryjournal.com/clear/CA6408230.html#news1 |url=https://www.libraryjournal.com/clear/CA6408230.html |url-status=dead |title= SPARC at Ten: A Decade Later, Organization Still Aims to Be Part of The Solution |date=January 18, 2007 |archive-date=December 2, 2008 |work=Library Journal }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SPARC Staff|url=http://www.sparc.arl.org/about/staff|work=SPARC|access-date=11 September 2013|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905161619/http://www.sparc.arl.org/about/staff|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==History== [[File:Access 2 research video by SPARC.ogv|thumb|A video released by SPARC in support of Access2Research, a 2012 petition for open-access mandates in the USA.]] The idea of SPARC was presented at the 1997 annual meeting of the Association of Research Libraries.<ref name=groen>{{cite book|last=Groen|first=Frances K.|title=Access to medical knowledge : libraries, digitization, and the public good|year=2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Mar.|isbn=978-0-8108-5272-3|pages=218–220}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2000/05/11/will-journal-publishers-perish |title=Will journal publishers perish? |newspaper=The Economist |location=UK |date=May 11, 2000 }}</ref> Kenneth Frazier,<ref>{{citation |work= New York Times |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/08/health/soaring-prices-spur-a-revolt-in-scientific-publishing.html |title=Soaring Prices Spur a Revolt in Scientific Publishing |date=December 8, 1998 |author=Carol Kaesuk Yoon }}</ref> librarian at the University of Wisconsin, proposed that attendees at the meeting develop a fund to create a new publication model for academic journals wherein many libraries contributed to that fund, and from that fund, the contributors would create new publications on some model which lowered the costs of all journals.<ref name=groen/> As founding director, Rick Johnson led the establishment of SPARC in 2002 as a result of so many librarians expressing the desire for reform.<ref name=groen/>
thumb|left|Logo of SPARC Europe SPARC Europe was established with LIBER in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.sparc.arl.org/about|work=SPARC|access-date=11 September 2013|archive-date=16 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516234024/http://www.sparc.arl.org/about|url-status=dead}}</ref> David Prosser became director in 2002.<ref>{{cite journal |title=SPARC Europe Hires Director |journal= Library Journal |date=August 30, 2002 }}</ref>
Starting in 2006 the SPARC Innovators Award has been given semi-annually to recognize an individual, institution, or group exemplifying SPARC principles.<ref name="2007-06-SPARC">{{cite web |title=Former SPARC Innovators |url=https://sparcopen.org/our-work/innovator/former/ |access-date=2021-05-09 |website=sparcopen.org}}</ref>
SPARC has established itself as an international alliance of academic and research libraries working "to correct imbalances in the scholarly publishing system". Its focus is to stimulate the emergence of new scholarly communication models that expand the dissemination of scholarly research and reduce financial pressures on libraries. Action by SPARC in collaboration with stakeholders – including authors, publishers, and libraries – builds on the opportunities created by the networked digital environment to advance the conduct of scholarship. Leading academic organizations have endorsed SPARC. ''SPARC Europe Seal for Open Access Journals'' offers certification for journals choosing the CC-BY license (Creative Commons) and provide the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) with metadata on article level.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/portals-and-platforms/goap/access-by-region/europe-and-north-america/|title= Europe and North America - Global Open Access Portal |publisher= UNESCO |access-date= 2017-05-11}}</ref>
==SPARC Author Addendum== SPARC publishes an addendum which authors may use to negotiate with academic publishers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Using the SPARC Author Addendum|url=https://sparcopen.org/our-work/author-rights/brochure-html/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-02-07|website=SPARC|language=en-US}}</ref> The form provides a templated request by authors to add to the copyright transfer agreement which the publisher sends to the author upon acceptance of their work for publication. Authors which use the form typically retain the rights to use their own work without restriction, receive attribution, and to self-archive. The form gives the publisher the right to obtain a non-exclusive right to distribute a work for profit and to receive attribution as the journal of first publication.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|year=2013|title=Author rights|url=https://sparcopen.org/our-work/author-rights|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-02-07|work=SPARC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Access-Reuse Addendum to Publication Agreement|url=https://sparcopen.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Access-Reuse_Addendum.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-02-07|work=SPARC}}</ref>{{unreferenced|section|date=October 2015}} == See also == *Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association, of which SPARC Europe is a founding member *Open Access *Open educational resources policy *Library publishing *Open Access Movement in India
== References == {{Reflist|30em}}
==Further reading== * {{citation |work=New York Times |url= |title=Librarians Unite Against Cost of Journals |date=December 25, 2000 |author= David D. Kirkpatrick |author-link=David D. Kirkpatrick }} * {{citation |title=OpenCon: Students and Early-Career Researchers for Open Access, Open Education, and Open Data |work=Information Today |issn=8755-6286 |location=US |date=December 2, 2014 }}
== External links == {{commons category}} *{{Official website|http://sparcopen.org/}}
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Category:Open access projects Category:Scholarly communication Category:Organizations established in 1998 Category:Articles containing video clips Category:Lobbying organizations in the United States Category:Political advocacy groups in the United States Category:Organizations based in Washington, D.C.