{{Infobox software | name = OpenAPS | title = | logo = | logo caption = | logo_size = | logo_alt = | screenshot = | caption = | screenshot_size = | screenshot_alt = | collapsible = | author = Dana Lewis, Scott Leibrand, Ben West | developer = | released = {{Start date and age|2015|df=yes}} | discontinued = | latest release version = 0.7.0 | latest release date = {{Start date and age|2019|11|10|df=yes}} | latest preview version = 0.7.1 | latest preview date = {{Start date and age|2019|05|13|df=yes}} | repo = {{URL|github.com/openaps}} | programming language = | operating system = Cross platform | platform = | size = | language = JavaScript, Python | language count = <!-- DO NOT include this parameter unless you know what it does --> | language footnote = | genre = Medical software | license = MIT License | website = {{URL|https://www.openaps.org/}} }}
The '''Open Artificial Pancreas System''' ('''OpenAPS''') project is a free and open-source project that aims to make basic artificial pancreas system (APS) technology available to everyone.<ref name="open-aps-home">{{cite web|title=Home page - What is OpenAPS - FAQ|publisher=OpenAPS|url=https://openaps.org|website=openaps.org|access-date=23 July 2017}}</ref> The OpenAPS project was designed with the idea of quickly getting the APS technology to more people using a direct approach, rather than waiting for clinical trials to be completed and regulatory approval to be granted.<ref name="open-aps-home"/>
== History == [[File:Dana Lewis at linux.conf.au.jpg|thumb|Dana Lewis at linux.conf.au in 2019]]
OpenAPS traces its origin to 2013, when Dana M. Lewis and Scott Leibrand became aware of privately shared software created by John Costik. This software (which also led to development of the Nightscout project) enabled access and transfer of continuous glucose monitor (CGM) data to cloud computing infrastructure. Lewis, a Type 1 Diabetes patient, was dissatisfied with her commercial device: the device's alarm for hypoglycemic status (which can be life-threatening, if untreated) was too quiet to wake Dana up while sleeping.<ref name='makezine' /> To address this, Lewis and Leibrand extended the CGM-in-the-cloud software to create a custom high volume alarm. After this initial project, they then used the same CGM-in-the-cloud software to create the Do-It-Yourself Pancreas System (DIYPS) software, which provided a decision assist system for insulin delivery.
This decision automation was able to become a "closed loop" with the help of an open source decoding-carelink project created by Ben West to communicate with Medtronic insulin pumps, enabling data retrieval and issuance of insulin-dosing commands to pumps that support it.<ref>{{URL|https://www.github.com/bewest/decoding-carelink}}</ref> With this update, the DIYPS system became "OpenAPS".
Lewis has since presented the OpenAPS at conferences,<ref name='frontiers'>{{URL|http://www.frontiersconference.org/speakers/dana-lewis}}</ref><ref name='medx'>{{Cite web|url=https://medicinex.stanford.edu/medx-speakers/dana-lewis/|title = Dana Lewis| date=16 May 2017 }}</ref> and has been profiled in various news articles.<ref name='makezine' /><ref name='forbes'>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccaheilweil1/2017/06/15/this-woman-designed-and-texts-her-own-pancreas/ | title=This Woman Designed - And Texts - Her Own Pancreas | author=Rebecca Heilweil | work=Forbes | date=June 15, 2017 | accessdate=2017-07-25 }}</ref><ref name='alabama-local'>{{cite web|url=http://www.al.com/news/huntsville/index.ssf/2017/05/daniel_lewis_built_her_own_art.html | title=Alabamian with diabetes built her own artificial pancreas, gives away plan for free | author=Lee Roop | work=AL.com | date=May 23, 2017 | accessdate=2017-07-25 }}</ref>
==Software==
The OpenAPS software can run on a small computer such as a Raspberry Pi or Intel Edison and automates an insulin pump's insulin delivery to keep blood glucose in a target range.<ref name="makezine">{{cite web|title=OpenAPS Offers Open Source Tools for Diabetes Management|last=Martin|first=Lisa|url=http://makezine.com/2017/03/31/openaps/|website=Make: DIY Projects and Ideas for Makers|date=31 March 2017}}</ref> It does this by monitoring CGM data, algorithmically determining when insulin doses should occur, and issuing commands to the insulin pump to deliver these doses. OpenAPS is a subset of a broader "CGM in the Cloud" social movement; this includes the Nightscout project, which allows CGM users access to their blood sugar data in real time by putting the data in the cloud.<ref name="makezine" /><ref name="cgm-in-the-cloud">{{cite web|title=CGM in the Cloud: The How, Why, and Why Not of Remote CGM Watching|first=Kerri|last=Sparling|url=https://diatribe.org/cgm-cloud-how-why-and-why-not-remote-cgm-watching|website=diaTribe|date=14 August 2021|orig-date=first published 12 September 2014}}</ref> {{As of|2022|7}} the OpenAPS project knew of over 2,720 people worldwide with various types of DIY closed loop implementations, for over 62 million real-world testing hours.<ref name="outcomes">{{cite web|title=Outcomes|publisher= OpenAPS|url=https://openaps.org/outcomes/|date=5 July 2022}}</ref>
== Regulatory concerns ==
As with the Nightscout project more generally and as a non-commercial open source project, OpenAPS has not been subject to regulation; this has raised some regulatory concerns, particularly since each user builds their own implementation of the system.<ref name="open-aps-home"/><ref name='jama_lee'>{{cite journal | last1 = Lee | first1 = Joyce M. | last2 = Hirschfield | first2 = Emily | last3 = Wedding | first3 = James | date = 2016-04-12 | title = A Patient-Designed Do-It-Yourself Mobile Technology System for Diabetes: Promise and Challenges for a New Era in Medicine | url = http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2512793 | journal = JAMA | volume = 315 | issue = 14 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2016.1903 | access-date = 2017-05-05 | pmid = 27115262 | pages = 1447–8 | url-access = subscription }}</ref>
This has also raised some ethical concerns by regulators and researchers.<ref name="lancet">{{cite journal|last1=Farrington|first1=Conor|title=Hacking diabetes: DIY artificial pancreas systems|journal=The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology|date=May 2017|volume=5|issue=5|pages=332|doi=10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30397-7|doi-access=|pmid=27913173|quote=the danger with OpenAPS is that some despairing parent with limited technical knowledge will build things incorrectly, with untoward consequences for their offspring.}}</ref> The OpenAPS project emphasizes a "use at your own risk" approach, with the following disclaimer: {{Quote|text=[T]he ultimate answer to "is it safe" will be something each individual decides for themselves.}}
== Commercial alternatives ==
In September 2016, subsequent to the development of OpenAPS, the US FDA released its first approval for an automated insulin delivery device for type 1 diabetes, for Medtronic's MiniMed 670G hybrid closed-loop system.<ref name="fda-medtronic">{{cite web|title=FDA approves first automated insulin delivery device for type 1 diabetes {{!}} FDA|url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm522974.htm|website=FDA|accessdate=26 July 2017|language=en|date=28 September 2016}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
== References == {{reflist}}
== See also == {{Portal|Free software|Medicine}} * Open Insulin Project, an open source biohacking project aiming to produce medical-grade insulin * List of open-source health software
Category:Diabetes-related supplies and medical equipment Category:Free medical software