{{short description|Lisbon, Portugal in Roman times}} {{Infobox ancient site |name = Olisipo |native_name = |alternate_name = |image = |alt = |caption = |map_type = Portugal |map_alt = |map_size = 250 |location = Portugal |region = Lisbon metropolitan area |coordinates = {{coord|38.7122204|-9.1339731|scale:5000|format=dms|display=title,inline}} |type = |part_of = |length = |width = |area = |height = |builder = |material = |built = |abandoned = |epochs = |cultures = |dependency_of = |occupants = |event = |excavations = |archaeologists = |condition = |ownership = |management = |public_access = |website = |notes = }} '''Municipium Cives Romanorum Felicitas Julia Olisipo''' (in Latin: ''Olisippo'' or ''Ulyssippo''; in Greek: ''Ὀλισσιπών'', ''Olissipṓn'', or ''Ὀλισσιπόνα'', ''Olissipóna'') was the ancient name of modern-day Lisbon while it was part of the Roman Empire.

==Background== thumb|Roman Hispania (Iberia) in approx. 10 AD During the Punic Wars, after the defeat of Hannibal, the Romans decided to deprive Carthage of its most valuable possession, Hispania. After the defeat of the Carthaginians by Scipio Africanus in eastern Hispania, the pacification of western Hispania was led by Consul Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus. He obtained the alliance of Olisipo (which sent men to fight alongside the Roman legions against the northwestern Celtic tribes) by integrating it into the Roman Republic in 138 BC. Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus also fortified the city, building city walls as a defence against Lusitanian raids and rebellions.

Between 31 BC and 27 BC the city became a municipium.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.portugalromano.com/2011/01/museu-da-cidade-lisboa/ |title=Museu da Cidade (Lisboa) » Portugal Romano |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-date=2012-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406233635/http://www.portugalromano.com/2011/01/museu-da-cidade-lisboa/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Local authorities were granted self-rule over a territory that extended {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=off}}. Exempt from taxes, its citizens (belonging to the Galeria tribe) were given the privileges of Roman citizenship (''Cives Romani''), and the city was integrated within the Roman province of Lusitania (whose capital was Emerita Augusta).

Among the majority of Latin speakers lived a large minority of Greek traders and slaves. Lisbon's name was written ''Ulyssippo'' in Latin by the geographer Pomponius Mela.<ref name="MelaGronovius1748">{{cite book|author1=Pomponius Mela|author2=Gronovius|author3=Schott|author4=Núñez de Guzmán|title=Pomponii Melae De situ orbis libri III cum notis integris Hermolai Barbari, Petri Joannis Olivarii, Fredenandi Nonii Pintiani, Petri Ciacconii, Andreae Schotti, Isaaci Vossii et Jacobi Gronovii, accedunt Petri Joannis Nunnesii Epistola de patria Pomponii Melae et adnotata... Et J. Perizonii Adnotata... curante A. Gronovio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FrxU9PCncu0C&pg=PA246|year=1748|publisher=apud Samuelem Luchtmans et Fil., Academiae typographos|page=246}}</ref> The city population is estimated to have been around 30,000 at the time.

Earthquakes were documented in 60 BC, several between 47 and 44 BC, several in 33 AD, and a strong quake in 382 AD, but the exact amount of damage to the city is unknown.

==The city==

===Buildings=== During the time of Augustus (63 BC to 14 AD) the Romans built a large theatre (which was restored in 57 AD on the order of Caius Heius Primus).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museuteatroromano.pt/ |title=Museuteatroromano.pt &#124; Registrado en DonDominio |website=www.museuteatroromano.pt |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531183811/http://www.museuteatroromano.pt/ |archive-date=31 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iha.fcsh.unl.pt/uploads/RHA_2_1.pdf |title=Do Teatro Grego ao Teatro Romano de Lisboa | trans-title=From the Greek Theater to the Roman Theater of Lisbon|access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425232349/http://www.iha.fcsh.unl.pt/uploads/RHA_2_1.pdf |archive-date=2012-04-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The galleries underneath the current ''Rua da Prata'' date from 20–35 AD;<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/?idc=170&idi=32272 | title=Sítio da Câmara Municipal de Lisboa: Página principal}}</ref> they were rebuilt in 330 AD.<ref name="hemerotecadigital.cm-lisboa.pt">{{Cite web | url=http://hemerotecadigital.cm-lisboa.pt/OBRAS/RevMunicipal/N49/N49_master/N49.pdf | title=Revista Municipal | access-date=2024-05-31 | year=1951 }}</ref> Uncovered in 1771 following Lisbon's devastating earthquake, the true purpose of these underground Roman passages has been subject to varying interpretations. Contemporary consensus leans towards them being a cryptoporticus—a structural innovation of the Roman Empire times, used to stabilize and level the ground for significant constructions, particularly in uneven terrains.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-22 |title=Galerias Romanas: The Roman Galleries in Lisbon, Portugal |url=https://romanempiretimes.com/galerias-romanas-roman-galleries-in-lisbon-portugal/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Roman Empire Times |language=en}}</ref>

The ''Thermae Cassiorum'' (Cassian Baths, named for Quintus Cassius Longinus and Lucius Cassius, were built in 44 AD. The building was renovated in 336 AD.<ref name="hemerotecadigital.cm-lisboa.pt"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/jspui/bitstream/10316/12857/1/As%20termas%20dos%20C%C3%A1ssios%20em%20Lisboa.pdf |title=Centro Cultural de Cascais - Museu Nacional de Arqueologia - Museu Arqueológico de S. Miguel de Odrinhas |access-date=2011-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419014039/https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/jspui/bitstream/10316/12857/1/As%20termas%20dos%20C%C3%A1ssios%20em%20Lisboa.pdf |archive-date=2012-04-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.igespar.pt/media/uploads/revistaportuguesadearqueologia/12_2/191_207.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407140214/http://www.igespar.pt/media/uploads/revistaportuguesadearqueologia/12_2/191_207.pdf | archive-date=2014-04-07 | title=Capitel das Thermae Cassiorum de Olisipo | first=Lidia | last=Fernandes | website=www.igespar.pt | language=pt | trans-title=Capital of the Thermae Cassiorum of Olisipo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://smobile.blogs.sapo.pt/199119.html|title = O que a cave (Mal) esconde: Termas dos Cássios}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eda-bea.es/pub/record_card_1.php?order=3&page=917&rec=21280|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419002820/http://eda-bea.es/pub/record_card_1.php?order=3&page=917&rec=21280|url-status=usurped|archive-date=April 19, 2012|title=HispaniaEpigraphica Online Database - Record Card}}</ref>

Several temples were built in the city, dedicated to Jupiter, Concordia, Diana or Minerva (on the castle hill), Cybele (near current ''Largo da Madalena''), Tethys (current ''São Nicolau'' church) and {{not a typo|Idae}} Phrygiae (an uncommon cult from Asia Minor), to the Imperial Cult and to Vestal Virgins (in ''Chelas'').<ref name="Macedo1874">{{cite book|author=Joaquim Antonio de Macedo|title=A Guide to Lisbon and Its Environs, Including Cintra and Mafra ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C546AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA213|year=1874|publisher=Simpkin, Marshall|pages=212–214}}</ref>

A large necropolis from the 1st–4th centuries AD existed under ''Praça da Figueira''<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/8130/2/5_Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o.pdf | title=“Marcas de oleiro” em terra sigillata da Praça da Figueira (Lisboa): contribuição para o conhecimento da economia de Olisipo | trans-title=“Potter’s marks” on terra sigillata in Praça da Figueira (Lisbon): contribution to knowledge of the economy of Olisipo | access-date=2024-05-31 | website=repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt}}</ref> and it is known that a large forum (probably in current ''Largo dos Lóis'') and an aqueduct were built.

A circus and hippodrome was built around the 3rd or 4th century AD.

Residential buildings (''domus'') within blocks (''insulae)'' existed in the area between the modern castle hill and downtown.

The city wall was strengthened in the 4th to 5th century AD, and around the city there were also bridges (in Sacavém and Alcântara) and ''villae''.

<gallery mode="packed"> File:Lisboa - Ruínas do Teatro Romano.jpg|Lisbon Roman theatre File:PedraRomanaSe.JPG|Roman theatre stone re-used in the Lisbon Cathedral File:Cerca Velha - Portas do Sol.JPG|Part of the old city wall File:Rua dos Correeiros's Archaeological Centre.jpg|Rua dos Correeiros Archaeological Centre </gallery>

===Economy=== Economically, Olisipo was known for its ''garum'', a sort of fish sauce highly prized by the elites of the Empire and exported in ''amphorae'' to Rome and other cities. Wine, salt and the city's famously fast horses were also exported.

The city came to be very prosperous through suppression of piracy and technological advances, which allowed a boom in the trade with the newly Roman Provinces of Britannia (particularly Cornwall) and the Rhine, and through the introduction of Roman culture to the tribes living by the river Tagus in the interior of Hispania.

The city was connected by a broad road to Western Hispania's two other large cities, Bracara Augusta in the province of Tarraconensis (today's Portuguese Braga), and Emerita Augusta, the capital of Lusitania (now Mérida in Spain).

===Government=== Around 80 BC, the Roman Quintus Sertorius led a rebellion against the dictator Sulla. During this period, he organized the tribes of Lusitania (and Hispania) and was on the verge of forming an independent province in the Sertorian War when he died.

The city was ruled by an oligarchical council dominated by two families, the Julii and the Cassii. The Caecilii also held some power. Petitions are recorded addressed to the governor of the province in Emerita and to Emperor Tiberius, such as one requesting help dealing with "sea monsters" allegedly responsible for shipwrecks.

The city was administered by two ''duumviri'' and two ''aediles''. * Lucius Iulius Maelo Caudicus was one of the ''duumviri'' in the 1st century AD. * Lucius Iulius Iustus (son of Lucius Iulius Reburrus) was one of the city aediles in the 1st or 2nd century AD.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www4.crb.ucp.pt/biblioteca/mathesis/mat12/mathesis12_27.pdf |title=Inscrições Romanas Do Termo De Loures |access-date=2011-10-28 |archive-date=2011-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930171203/http://www4.crb.ucp.pt/biblioteca/Mathesis/Mat12/Mathesis12_27.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Between 140 and 150 Lucius Statius Quadratus, a governor, was in Olisipo. In 185 Sextus Tigidius Perennis, governor of Lusitania, visited the region. Between 200 and 209 Junius Celanius, a governor, also came to Olisipo.

Lucidius was the native Roman governor of the city in 468, having helped the Suebi under Remismund to take it.

===Religion=== Olisipo, like most great cities in the Western Empire, was a centre for the dissemination of Christianity. Its first attested Bishop was St. Potamius (c. 356), and there were several martyrs killed during persecutions, such as the Diocletianic Persecution; Verissimus, Maxima, and Julia are the most significant names. According to legend, the three were sons of a Roman senator, martyred in Lisbon in the 4th century, under the Roman governor Ageian or Tarquinius in the time of Emperor Diocletian. A temple was then built in the Campolide area, whose ruins still existed in the Middle Ages {{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}. The relics of the saints are kept in the Santos-o-Velho Church.<ref name="Cardoso">{{cite journal |last1=Cardoso |first1=João Luís |title=As "Pedras do Martírio" dos Santos Mártires de Lisboa: confirmação das observações de Carlos Ribeiro (1813-1882) |url=https://repositorioaberto.uab.pt/handle/10400.2/10579 |journal=Al-Madan |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804120940/https://repositorioaberto.uab.pt/handle/10400.2/10579 |archive-date=4 August 2021 |pages=129–133 |date=November 2020|volume=23 }}</ref>

In the middle of the 4th century the Olisipo diocesis was formed.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://repositorio.ul.pt/bitstream/10451/3855/1/ulfl096138_tm.pdf | title=Contributo para a caracterização do mundo rural olisiponense | trans-title=Contribution to the characterization of the rural world of Olisiponense | website=repositorio.ul.pt | access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref>

There is also the legend of Saint Ginés (''São Gens''), presented as one of the first martyr bishops of Lisbon and remembered in the ''Nossa Senhora do Monte'' chapel.

At the end of Roman rule, Olisipo was one of the first Christian cities.

==Roman architectural remains in the region== <gallery mode="packed"> File:Hispania roads.svg|Roman roads in Hispania File:Barragem romana Belas1.JPG|Roman dam of Belas, near Lisbon File:Sítio Arqueológico de Colaride 03.jpg|Archaeological Site of Colaride File:Vila Romana de Frielas1.JPG|Roman villa of Frielas File:Aquae Ductus photographed by P.G. de Mendonça at Gargantada, AMADORA, PORTUGAL (Wikidata Q93896734).jpg|The {{Ill|Aqueduto Romano de Olisipo na Amadora|lt=|pt|Aqueduto romano da Amadora}} </gallery> The city was a ''caput viarium'' of the Roman road to Bracara Augusta and the three roads to Emerita Augusta. Olisipo controlled a vast region, bordered by the Alcabrichel and Ota rivers in the north.

The territory includes the following Roman archaeological finds, known settlements or place names:

===In the current Sintra municipality=== *Archaeological Site of Alto da Vigia<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arqueologia.igespar.pt/POC/?sid=sitios.resultados&subsid=2247134 |title=POC – Programa Operacional da Cultura |publisher=Arqueologia.igespar.pt |access-date=2011-10-28 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20110704025703/http://arqueologia.igespar.pt/POC/?sid%3Dsitios.resultados%26subsid%3D2247134 |archive-date=2011-07-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (Praia das Maçãs, Sintra) *Archaeological Site of Colaride<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=32191 |title=Monumentos |publisher=Monumentos.pt |access-date=2011-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.igespar.pt/en/patrimonio/pesquisa/geral/patrimonioimovel/detail/155895/ |title=Igespar Ip &#124; Heritage |publisher=Igespar.pt |access-date=2011-10-28}}</ref> (Alto de Colaride, Sintra) *Archaeological Museum of São Miguel de Odrinhas<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.igespar.pt/pt/patrimonio/pesquisa/geral/patrimonioimovel/detail/69698/ |title=Igespar Ip &#124; Património |language=pt |publisher=Igespar.pt |date=1959-11-30 |access-date=2011-10-28}}</ref> (Odrinhas, Sintra) *Roman dam of Belas<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.romanaqueducts.info/aquasite/lisboa/index.html |title=Lisboa (Portugal) |publisher=Romanaqueducts.info |date=2005-03-25 |access-date=2011-10-28}}</ref> (Belas, Sintra) *Roman bridge at Catribana<ref>{{cite web|author=Portugal Romano |url=http://www.portugalromano.com/2011/09/ponte-e-via-romana-de-catribana-sintra/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927034132/http://www.portugalromano.com/2011/09/ponte-e-via-romana-de-catribana-sintra/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=September 27, 2011 |title=Ponte e via romana de Catribana (Sintra) |publisher=Portugalromano.com |date=2011-09-18 |access-date=2011-10-28}}</ref> (Catribana, Sintra) *Roman bridge at Albarraque (Rio de Mouro, Sintra) *Roman bridge at Várzea de Baixo<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arqueologia.igespar.pt/POC/?sid=sitios.resultados&subsid=48939 |title=POC – Programa Operacional da Cultura |publisher=Arqueologia.igespar.pt |access-date=2011-10-28 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20100611195637/http://arqueologia.igespar.pt/POC/?sid%3Dsitios.resultados%26subsid%3D48939 |archive-date=2010-06-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (Colares (Sintra)) *Roman bridge at Cheleiros<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=6383 |title=Monumentos |publisher=Monumentos.pt |access-date=2011-10-28}}</ref> (Cheleiros, Sintra) *Roman villa of Santo André de Almoçageme<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museuarqueologicodeodrinhas.pt/fieldwork/4/santo-andr%C3%A9-de-almo%C3%A7ageme.html |title=Field Work of Santo André de Almoçageme – Museum of Odrinhas |publisher=Museuarqueologicodeodrinhas.pt |access-date=2011-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424225540/http://www.museuarqueologicodeodrinhas.pt/fieldwork/4/santo-andr%C3%A9-de-almo%C3%A7ageme.html |archive-date=2012-04-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (Almoçageme, Sintra) *Roman villa of Amoreira (São João das Lampas, Sintra) *Roman villa of Barros do Casal Silvério (Montelavar, Sintra) *Roman villa of Granja dos Serrões<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.igespar.pt/pt/patrimonio/pesquisa/geral/patrimonioimovel/detail/7897591/ |title=Igespar Ip &#124; Património |language=pt |publisher=Igespar.pt |access-date=2011-10-28}}</ref> (Pêro Pinheiro, Sintra) *Roman villa of Corrais do Chão (Sintra) *Roman villa of São Marcos (São Marcos, Sintra) *Roman site of Vila Velha (Sintra) *Vicus of Faião (Terrugem, possible location for Chretina) *Roman mine of Monte Suimo (Serra da Carregueira, Sintra) *Fountain of Armés (Terrugem, Sintra) *Roman villa of Lugar do Mercador (Mucifal, Sintra) *Promontorium Lunae (Cabo da Roca, Sintra) *Mons Lunae (Serra de Sintra)

===In the current Cascais municipality=== *Roman villa of Alto da Cidreira<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.igespar.pt/pt/patrimonio/pesquisa/geral/arqueologico-endovelico/sitios/?sid=sitios.resultados&subsid=47522 |title=Igespar Ip &#124; Património &#124; |language=pt |publisher=Igespar.pt |access-date=2011-10-28}}</ref> (Alto da Cidreira, Cascais) *Roman villa of Vilares<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.neoepica.pt/trabs/vilares,%20cascais/index.htm |title=Sem título 0 |publisher=Neoepica.pt |access-date=2011-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425052217/http://www.neoepica.pt/trabs/vilares,%20cascais/index.htm |archive-date=2012-04-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (Murches, Cascais) *Roman villa of Casais Velhos<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=3066 |title=Monumentos |publisher=Monumentos.pt |access-date=2011-10-28}}</ref> (Areia, Cascais) *Roman villa of Outeiro de Polima or Freiria<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=6049 |title=Monumentos |publisher=Monumentos.pt |access-date=2011-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.igespar.pt/pt/patrimonio/pesquisa/geral/patrimonioimovel/detail/73626/ |title=Igespar Ip &#124; Património |language=pt |publisher=Igespar.pt |date=1990-07-17 |access-date=2011-10-28}}</ref> (São Domingos de Rana, Cascais) *Archaeological Site of Espigão das Ruivas<ref>{{cite web|author=Portugal Romano |url=http://www.portugalromano.com/2011/01/espigao-das-ruivas-porto-touro/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118023234/http://www.portugalromano.com/2011/01/espigao-das-ruivas-porto-touro/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=November 18, 2011 |title=Espigão das Ruivas – "Porto Touro" |publisher=Portugalromano.com |date=2011-01-27 |access-date=2011-10-28}}</ref> (Guincho Velho, Cascais) *Roman villa of Miroiço<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=6060 |title=Monumentos |publisher=Monumentos.pt |access-date=2011-10-28}}</ref> (Manique de Baixo, Cascais)

===In the current Amadora municipality=== *Roman villa of Quinta da Bolacha (Amadora)

===In the current Torres Vedras municipality=== *Roman baths of Cucos (another possible location for Chretina) (Cucos, Torres Vedras) *Roman villa of Freiria (Torres Vedras)

===In the current Loures municipality=== *Roman villa of Almoinhas<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=21390 |title=Monumentos |publisher=Monumentos.pt |access-date=2011-10-28}}</ref> (Loures) *Roman villa of Frielas<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jornaldasautarquias.com/pages/43/index.php?page=cultura |title=Edição 43 – Loures e Odivelas |publisher=Jornal das Autarquias |access-date=2011-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425071722/http://www.jornaldasautarquias.com/pages/43/index.php?page=cultura |archive-date=2012-04-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (Frielas, Loures) *Roman bridge at Frielas

==Fall of the Roman Empire==

===Alans=== Lisbon suffered invasions from the Sarmatian Alans and the Germanic Vandals, who controlled the region from 409 to 429. The city was taken by the Visigoths under Wallia in 419.

===Suebi=== The Germanic Suebi, who established the Suebic Kingdom of Galicia (modern Galicia and northern Portugal), with capital in Bracara Augusta (today's Braga) from 409 to 585, also controlled the region of Lisbon for long periods of time.

In 457, while Framta was still ruling, Maldras led a large raid on Lusitania.<ref name="Thompson167">Thompson, 167.</ref> The raiders sacked Lisbon by pretending to come in peace and, once admitted by the citizens, plundering the city.<ref name="Thompson171">Thompson, 171.</ref>

In 468 the city of Lisbon was occupied by the Suebi under Remismund with the help of a native Roman governor named Lucidius, but in effect Roman dominion over the city had ended.

<gallery mode="packed"> File:Alan kingdom hispania.png|Kingdom of the Alans in Hispania (409-426 AD) File:Iberia 500.svg|Iberian Peninsula around 500 AD </gallery>

==See also== *History of Lisbon *Lists of Roman sites *Roman cities in Portugal

==References== {{Reflist|2}}

==External links== *[http://geo.cm-lisboa.pt/index.php?id=6703 Olisipo map] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110910100033/http://www.museuteatroromano.pt/lisboaromana/Paginas/LisboaRomana.aspx Museu do Teatro Romano] *[https://fasesdaluacheia.blogspot.com/2007/05/vias-romanas-outros-percursos-em-sintra.html Vias romanas – outros percursos em Sintra] *[https://umgrandehotel.blogspot.com/2011/08/almocageme-e-os-itenerarios-das-vias.html Almoçageme e os itinerários das vias] *[http://www.igespar.pt/media/uploads/revistaportuguesadearqueologia/9_2/3/14-p.271-298.pdf Os mais recentes achados epigráficos do Castelo de S. Jorge, Lisboa] *[http://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/handle/1822/8130 “Marcas de oleiro” em terra sigillata da Praça da Figueira (Lisboa) : contribuição para o conhecimento da economia de Olisipo (séc. I a.C. – séc. II d.C.)]

Category:History of Lisbon Category:Roman towns and cities in Portugal