{{Short description|Genus of lichen-forming fungi}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Ochrolechia parella.jpg | image_caption = ''Ochrolechia parella'' | parent_authority = R.C.Harris ex Lumbsch & I.Schmitt (2006) | taxon = Ochrolechia | authority = A.Massal. (1852)<ref name="Massalongo 1852"/> | type_species = ''Ochrolechia tartarea'' | type_species_authority = (L.) Zahlbr. (1852) | subdivision = | synonyms_ref = <ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy"/> | synonyms = *''Korkir'' {{small|Adans. (1763)}} }}
'''''Ochrolechia''''' is the sole genus in the fungal family '''Ochrolechiaceae'''.<ref name="2024 Outline"/> It comprises about 40 species of crustose lichens. These lichens typically form uneven, often thick, crust-like growths on various surfaces and are characterised by their white to pale grey thalli, which may have a greenish tint. The genus has a long evolutionary history, with fossils dating back to the Paleogene period, about 34 million years ago. ''Ochrolechia'' species have disc-like apothecia (fruiting bodies), which are usually yellowish or brownish-pink and often covered with a fine white powdery coating. The genus is widely distributed and includes both common and rare species, with some found in extreme environments such as arctic and alpine regions. ''Ochrolechia'' lichens produce diverse secondary metabolites, including orcinol depsides, depsidones, and xanthones.
==Taxonomy==
Genus ''Ochrolechia'' was proposed by the Italian lichenologist Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo in 1852.<ref name="Massalongo 1852"/> The family Ochrolechiaceae was first proposed by Richard C. Harris in 1990 as an informal designation ("ined."), and was later formally circumscribed by H. Thorsten Lumbsch and Imke Schmitt in 2006. The family was initially conceived to include ''Ochrolechia'' and tentatively the ''Varicellaria'' and ''Variolaria'' groups of species that were formerly classified within the large genus ''Pertusaria''.<ref name="Schmitt et al. 2006"/>
The family is characterised by:<ref name="Schmitt et al. 2006"/>
*{{lichengloss|crustose}} thallus containing green algae *disc-shaped, {{lichengloss|zeorine}}, {{lichengloss|hemiangiocarpous}} fruiting bodies *cup-shaped, hyaline excipulum *amyloid or non-amyloid hymenium *branched, septate, anastomosing {{lichengloss|paraphysoids}} *strongly amyloid asci containing 1–8 spores *hyaline ascospores, either non-septate or with a single septum *immersed pycnidia
Ochrolechiaceae is now monogeneric, containing only the type genus ''Ochrolechia''. The genus ''Varicellaria'', which was tentatively included when the family was first proposed, has since been elevated to its own family, Varicellariaceae, which was proposed in 2011 and validly published in 2018.<ref name="Hodkinson & Lendemer 2011"/><ref name="Kraichak et al. 2018"/>
==Fossil history==
Paleontological studies have revealed that ''Ochrolechia'' existed as far back as the Paleogene period, approximately 34 million years ago. This discovery was made through the analysis of well-preserved amber fossils from Europe. These fossils include several ''Ochrolechia'' specimens that show morphological similarities to modern species, such as ''O. subplicans'' and ''O. xanthostoma''. Two of these ancient ''Ochrolechia'' specimens were found hosting lichenicolous fungi of the genus ''Lichenostigma'', indicating a long-standing symbiotic relationship between these fungi and their lichen hosts. The presence of such fossils provides calibration points for understanding the evolutionary timeline of both ''Ochrolechia'' and ''Lichenostigma''.<ref name="Kaasalainen et al. 2019"/>
==Description==
The genus ''Ochrolechia'' comprises crustose lichens that typically form uneven, often thick, crust-like growths. The thallus, or body, of these lichens can vary in appearance from smooth and continuous to slightly cracked ({{lichengloss|rimose}}). In some cases, the thallus may appear as scattered, convex warts or, more rarely, as minutely shrubby due to the presence of tiny {{lichengloss|papillae}} or spine-like extensions. The colour of the thallus ranges from white or pale grey to dark grey, often with a greenish tint. A {{lichengloss|prothallus}}, which is a preliminary growth that may be visible around the edges of the thallus, is sometimes present and grey, though it may also be absent.<ref name="Cannon et al. 2021"/>
The upper surface of the thallus generally lacks a distinct protective layer ({{lichengloss|cortex}}), or may have a very thin cortex made up of thin-walled fungal filaments (hyphae). The lichen's symbiotic partner, or {{lichengloss|photobiont}}, is a {{lichengloss|chlorococcoid}} alga, which contributes to the lichen's overall colour and undertakes photosynthesis.<ref name="Cannon et al. 2021"/>
The reproductive structures of ''Ochrolechia'', the {{lichengloss|apothecia}}, are disc-like and typically expanded, though in rare cases, they may be pore-like ({{lichengloss|poriform}}). The {{lichengloss|discs}} are usually yellowish or brownish-pink in colour, often covered with a fine white powdery coating known as pruina. The apothecia are surrounded by a well-developed {{lichengloss|thalline margin}}, which is a rim of tissue derived from the thallus itself. In some species, a narrow {{lichengloss|true exciple}}, the tissue surrounding the hymenium (spore-producing layer), is visible.<ref name="Cannon et al. 2021"/>
The hymenium in ''Ochrolechia apothecia'' is relatively tall, measuring between 150 and 200 μm. The {{lichengloss|hamathecium}}, which supports the developing spores, consists of thin, densely branched, and interconnected filaments known as paraphyses. The asci, or spore-producing cells, contain between two and eight spores, and have thick, amyloid walls, meaning they stain blue with iodine and are similar to those found in the genus ''Pertusaria''. The {{lichengloss|ascospores}} themselves are relatively large, lack internal divisions ({{lichengloss|aseptate}}), have relatively thin walls considering their size, and are smooth in texture.<ref name="Cannon et al. 2021"/>
''Ochrolechia'' also reproduces asexually through pycnidia, which are flask-shaped structures embedded in the thallus. The conidia (asexual spores) produced by the pycnidia are cylindrical to elongated and are straight rather than curved.<ref name="Cannon et al. 2021"/>
Chemically, ''Ochrolechia'' species are known to produce orcinol depsides and depsidones, particularly gyrophoric and lecanoric acids, as well as xanthones and fatty acids. These compounds contribute to the lichen's characteristics and can be used in chemical spot tests to help identify the species.<ref name="Cannon et al. 2021"/>
==Species== {{As of|2024|August}}, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 41 species of ''Ochrolechia''.<ref name="CoL-Species Fungorum"/> thumb|right|''Ochrolechia szatalaensis'' thumb|right|''Ochrolechia trochophora'' thumb|right|''Ochrolechia upsaliensis'' *''Ochrolechia aegaea'' {{small|Kukwa (2009)}}<ref name="Kukwa 2009"/> *''Ochrolechia africana'' {{small|Vain. (1926)}}<ref name="Vainio 1926"/> *''Ochrolechia alaskana'' {{small|(Verseghy) Kukwa (2009)}}<ref name="Kukwa 2009"/> *''Ochrolechia alectoronica'' {{small|Imshaug ex Kantvilas & Fryday (2021)}}<ref name="Kantvilas & Fryday 2021"/> *''Ochrolechia alticola'' {{small|Q.Ren (2017)}}<ref name="Ren 2017"/> *''Ochrolechia androgyna'' {{small|(Hoffm.) Arnold (1885)}} *''Ochrolechia antillarum'' {{small|Brodo (1991)}}<ref name="Brodo 1991"/> *''Ochrolechia arborea'' {{small|(Kreyer) Almb. (1949)}} *''Ochrolechia brodoi'' {{small|Kukwa (2011)}}<ref name="Kukwa 2011"/> *''Ochrolechia cooperi'' {{small|T.Sprib. (2020)}}<ref name="Spribille et al. 2020"/> *''Ochrolechia frigida'' {{small|(Sw.) Lynge (1928)}} *''Ochrolechia gowardii'' {{small|Brodo (1991)}}<ref name="Brodo 1991"/> *''Ochrolechia gyrophorica'' {{small|(A.W.Archer) A.W.Archer & Lumbsch (1997)}} *''Ochrolechia inaequatula'' {{small|(Nyl.) Zahlbr. (1913)}} *''Ochrolechia incarnata'' {{small|(Leight.) Kukwa, I.Schmitt & Ertz (2018)}} *''Ochrolechia insularis'' {{small|Kantvilas & Elix (2011)}}<ref name="Lumbsch et al. 2011"/> *''Ochrolechia inversa'' {{small|(Nyl.) J.R.Laundon (1963)}} *''Ochrolechia juvenalis'' {{small|Brodo (1991)}}<ref name="Brodo 1991"/> *''Ochrolechia kerguelensis'' {{small|Ertz & Kukwa (2016)}}<ref name="Ertz et al. 2016"/> *''Ochrolechia lijiangensis'' {{small|Q.Ren (2017)}}<ref name="Ren 2017"/> *''Ochrolechia longispora'' {{small|Brodo & Q.Ren (2017)}}<ref name="Ren 2017"/> *''Ochrolechia macrosperma'' {{small|(Müll. Arg.) R.W.Rogers (1982)}} *''Ochrolechia microstictoides'' {{small|Räsänen (1936)}} *''Ochrolechia minuta'' {{small|(Degel.) T.Sprib. (2020)}}<ref name="Spribille et al. 2020"/> *''Ochrolechia montana'' {{small|Brodo (1991)}}<ref name="Brodo 1991"/> *''Ochrolechia neoisidiata'' {{small|Elix (2007)}}<ref name="Elix 2007"/> *''Ochrolechia pallenti-isidiata'' {{small|Z.F.Jia & Q.Ren (2009)}}<ref name="Ren 2017"/> *''Ochrolechia pallescens'' {{small|(L.) A.Massal. (1853)}} *''Ochrolechia parella'' {{small|(L.) A.Massal. (1852)}} *''Ochrolechia pseudopallescens'' {{small|Brodo (1991)}}<ref name="Brodo 1991"/> *''Ochrolechia pseudotartarea'' {{small|(Vain.) Verseghy (1962)}} *''Ochrolechia raynorii'' {{small|E.A.Tripp & J.L.Watts (2025)}}<ref name="Manzitto-Tripp & Watts 2025"/> – Colorado, US *''Ochrolechia rhodoleuca'' {{small|(Th.Fr.) Brodo (1988)}} *''Ochrolechia rugomarginata'' {{small|Q.Ren (2017)}}<ref name="Ren 2017"/> *''Ochrolechia splendens'' {{small|Lumbsch & Messuti (2003)}}<ref name="Lumbsch et al. 2003"/> *''Ochrolechia subathallina'' {{small|H.Magn. (1940)}}<ref name="Magnusson 1939"/> *''Ochrolechia subisidiata'' {{small|Brodo (1991)}}<ref name="Brodo 1991"/> *''Ochrolechia subpallescens'' {{small|Verseghy (1962)}}<ref name="Verseghy 1962"/> *''Ochrolechia subrhodotropa'' {{small|(A.W.Archer) K.Schmitz & Lumbsch (1994)}} *''Ochrolechia subrosella'' {{small|Z.F.Jia & Z.T.Zhao (2005)}}<ref name="Jia & Zhao 2005"/> *''Ochrolechia subviridis'' {{small|(Høeg) Erichsen (1930)}} *''Ochrolechia szatalaensis'' {{small|Verseghy (1958)}}<ref name="Verseghy 1958"/> *''Ochrolechia tartarea'' {{small|(L.) A.Massal. (1852)}} *''Ochrolechia tiroliensis'' {{small|(Erichsen) Hafellner & Türk (2001)}} *''Ochrolechia trochophora'' {{small|(Vain.) Oshio (1968)}} *''Ochrolechia turneri'' {{small|(Sm.) Zopf (1896)}} *''Ochrolechia upsaliensis'' {{small|(L.) A.Massal. (1852)}} *''Ochrolechia weymouthii'' {{small|Jatta (1911)}}<ref name="Jatta 1911"/> *''Ochrolechia xanthostoma'' {{small|(Sommerf.) K.Schmitz & Lumbsch (1994)}}
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}}
{{Taxonbar |from=Q2713302 |from2=Q3348738}}
Category:Pertusariales Category:Pertusariales genera Category:Lichen genera Category:Taxa described in 1852 Category:Taxa named by Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo