Zviahel

{{short description|City in Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukraine}} {{Expand Ukrainian|topic=geo|date=November 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Zviahel | native_name = {{lang|uk|Звягель}} | settlement_type = City | image_skyline = {{multiple image | perrow = 1/2 | border = infobox | total_width = 270 | image1 = Будинок Мезенцева.jpg{{!}}Mezentsev Palace | image2 = Храм Христа Царя Всесвіту РКЦ - panoramio.jpg{{!}}Church of Christ the King | image3 = Меморіальний музей Лесі Українки.JPG | caption1 = Mezentsev Palace | caption2 = Church of Christ the King | caption3 = Museum of Lesya Ukrainka}} | image_flag = Nov volinskiy prapor.png | image_shield = Novohrad volynskyj herb.png | nickname = | motto = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{Flagu|Ukraine}} | subdivision_type1 = Oblast | subdivision_name1 = Zhytomyr Oblast | subdivision_type2 = Raion | subdivision_name2 = Zviahel Raion | established_title = First mentioned | established_date = 1256 | established_title1 = City status | established_date1 = 1795 | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Volodymyr Zahryvyi | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 26,67 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | population_as_of = 2022 | population_note = | population_total = 55086 | population_metro = | population_density_km2 = auto | pushpin_map = Ukraine Zhytomyr Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_label_position =  | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Zviahel | pushpin_mapsize = | coordinates = {{coord|50|35|0|N|27|38|0|E|region:UA|display=inline,title}} | elevation_m = 218| | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 11700—11709 | area_code = 1811000000 | blank_info = | blank1_info = | website = http://novograd.osp-ua.info/ | footnotes = | subdivision_type3 = Hromada | subdivision_name3 = Zviahel urban hromada }} '''Zviahel''' ({{langx|uk|Звягель}}, {{IPA|uk|ˈzʲwʲɑɦelʲ|IPA}}; {{Langx|yi|זוויל|Zvil}}) is a city in Zhytomyr Oblast, northern Ukraine. The city serves as the administrative center of Zviahel Raion (district).<ref name="7376642Zviahel" /> According to a 2025 estimate, its population was approximately 54,3 thousand inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Паспорт громади |url=https://nov-rada.gov.ua/pro-misto/pasport-mista/ |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=Нововолинська міська рада |language=uk}}</ref>

The city is located on the main route that links Lviv to Kyiv (E40). It is located on the Sluch River, which forms the eastern border of Volhynia.

==Name== The city has previously been known as ''Vozviahel'' ({{lang|uk|Возвягель}}), ''Zviahol'' ({{lang|uk|Звяголь}}), ''Zviahal'' ({{lang|uk|Звягаль}}), Dzwihel and ''Novohrad-Volynskyi'' ({{lang|uk|Новоград-Волинський}}).

Originally known as ''Zviahel'' (from {{Langx|pl|Zwiahel}}), the city was renamed to ''Novohrad-Volynskyi'' in 1795 after annexation of territories of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by the Russian Empire soon after the Third Partition of Poland.<ref name="7376642Zviahel">{{in lang|uk}} [https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/11/16/7376642/ In Ukraine, the city of Novohrad-Volynskyi was renamed], Ukrainska Pravda (16 November 2022)</ref>

Since the 1991 Act of Declaration of Independence of Ukraine there have been several attempts to rename the city.<ref name="250762Zviahel">{{in lang|uk}} [https://suspilne.media/250762-novograd-volinskij-perejmenuvali-na-zvagel-deputati-povernuli-istoricnu-nazvu-mista/ Novohrad-Volynskyi was renamed Zviahel – deputies returned the historical name of the city], Suspilne Movlennia (16 June 2022)</ref> Public discussions on renaming the city to Zviahel began in April 2022.<ref name="250762Zviahel"/> On 16 June 2022 the city council renamed the city again to Zviahel.<ref name="250762Zviahel"/> The decision was supported by 22 of the 30 deputies present, while four deputies opposed and abstained.<ref name="250762Zviahel"/> The name change was then to be approved by the deputies of the Zhytomyr Oblast Council<ref name="250762Zviahel"/> and the final decision on renaming the city had then to be made by the Ukrainian parliament,<ref name="250762Zviahel"/> which took place on 16 November 2022.<ref name="7376642Zviahel"/> thumb|Former full coat of arms of Novohrad-Volynskyi (used 1994–2022) On 31 March 2022, the city council decided to remove the letter Z (which was a reference to the name Zviahel) from its coat of arms (it was on the bell, in both the small and full version).<ref name="223824Zviahel"/> This was done because the letter Z was widely used by the Russian army during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and has become a propaganda tool in Russia.<ref name="223824Zviahel">{{in lang|uk}} [https://suspilne.media/223824-zmina-simvoliki-na-zitomirsini-z-gerbiv-odniei-z-gromad-pribrali-literu-z/ Change of symbols: in Zhytomyr region the letter "Z" was removed from the coats of arms of one of the communities], Suspilne Movlennia (31 March 2022)</ref>

==History== The city was mentioned in the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle under the year of 1256 as the town of Zviahel. The original settlement was an Old Ruthenian town of Bolokhov Land located on the right bank of Sluch.<ref name=ehu03>Zvizdetskyi, B. ''[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Vozviahl Vozvyahl (ВОЗВЯГЛЬ)]''. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine. 2003</ref> In 1257 it was razed by Daniel of Galicia.

The next mentioning of the settlement is found in 1432 as a rebuilt one on the left bank upstream from the original site.<ref name=ehu03/> Since 14th century it belonged to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania owned by Zwiahelski princely family.<ref name=ehu03/> In 1501 to 1554 the town belonged to Ostrogski princely family.<ref name=ehu03/> In 1507 Konstanty Ostrogski built here a castle.<ref name=ehu03/> After formation of Volhynian Voivodeship, it was located in Lutsk County. Following the 1569 Union of Lublin it was passed on to the Crown of Poland.<ref name=ehu03/>

During the Khmelnytsky Uprising, Cossacks destroyed portion of the city's fortification and burnt down the Catholic church (''kosciol'').<ref name=ehu03/> In September 1648 in the city was formed an insurgency group of local peasants led by Mykhalo Tysha.<ref name=ehu03/> In 1650s in Zwiahel existed Zwiahel Regiment.<ref name=ehu03/>

In 18th century the city belonged to Lubomirski princely family.<ref name=ehu03/>

The city had an important Jewish community. In the late 19th century it was home to 9,378 Jews, more than half the population of the town. Pogroms killed approximately 1,000 Jews in 1919.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ron Doctor |url=https://kehilalinks.jewishgen.org/Novohrad_Volynskyy/history.asp |title=Zhvil, Novohrad-Volins'kyy, ShtetLinks - JewishGen.org |publisher=Kehilalinks.jewishgen.org |date=2018-09-30 |accessdate=2022-03-16}}</ref> After the Treaty of Riga, Novohrad-Volynskyi became part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union.

In 1936, part of the Polish population was expelled by the Soviets to Kazakhstan.<ref>{{cite book|author= |title=Deportacje ludności polskiej do Kazachstanu w 1936 roku. Zarys historyczny|year=2016|language=pl|publisher=Kancelaria Senatu|location=Warszawa|pages=25–26}}</ref>

=== World War II === By the start of World War II only 6,840 Jews remained, (30% of the total population). Hundreds of Jews were murdered in mass executions perpetrated by an Einsatzgruppen in 1941. Many survivors were imprisoned in harsh conditions in a ghetto and murdered in November 1942,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/he/research/ghettos_encyclopedia/ghetto_details.asp?cid=650 |script-title=he:המכון הבין-לאומי לחקר השואה – יד ושם |website=Yad Vashem |language=he}}</ref> and an important part of the town was destroyed during the war.

=== 21st century === In February 2013, the Novohrad-Volynskyi city council decided to dismantle the monument to Lenin, which was installed in front of the city council building, and move it to Slavy Park with extra-budgetary funds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pohlyad.com/news/n/9840|title=У Новоград-Волинську демонтують пам'ятник Леніну|website=Новий Погляд|date=2013-02-15|accessdate=2013-08-05|archive-date=2016-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310083134/http://pohlyad.com/news/n/9840}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unian.ua/news/553651-u-novograd-volinskomu-pamyatnik-leninu-pav-jertvoyu-postupu-natsiji-vpered.html|title=У Новоград-Волинському пам'ятник Леніну пав жертвою поступу нації вперед|website=УНІАН|date=2013-02-15|accessdate=2013-08-05|archive-date=2013-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218024713/http://www.unian.ua/news/553651-u-novograd-volinskomu-pamyatnik-leninu-pav-jertvoyu-postupu-natsiji-vpered.html}}</ref> After that, the local communists sued, but the cases were lost in the first instance and in the Court of Appeal of the Zhytomyr Oblast.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kommersant.ua/doc/2245493|title=''Александр Радчук''. "Свобода" отсудила право снести памятник Владимиру Ленину|website=Коммерсантъ Украина. № 128 (1831)|date=2013-08-01|accessdate=2013-08-05|archive-date=2013-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805151914/http://kommersant.ua/doc/2245493}} {{in lang|ru}}</ref> A sundial installation was installed instead of the Lenin monument.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.1.zt.ua/news/misto/lenina-u-novogradi-volinskomu-zaminit-godinnik.html|title=Леніна у Новограді-Волинському замінить годинник|website=1.zt.ua|date=2013-02-25|accessdate=2013-08-05|archive-date=2016-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223124725/http://www.1.zt.ua/news/misto/lenina-u-novogradi-volinskomu-zaminit-godinnik.html}}</ref>

In 2015, Viktor Veselskyi was elected to the post of mayor. In connection with the Law of Ukraine on decommunization in the city, the Soviet names of streets, alleys, squares and boulevards were renamed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.04141.com.ua/news/3210844/govori-pravilno-spisok-novih-nazv-vulic-novograda-volinskogo|title=Перелік вулиць, провулків, майдани та бульварів міста з уточненими назвами станом на 29.01.2021|website=04141.com.ua|date=2021-09-21}}</ref>

On 16 June 2022, the local council decided to return the historical name Zviahel to the city, and it was also proposed to change the name of the Novohrad-Volynskyi Raion (district) to Zviahel Raion.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Депутати Новоград-Волинського проголосували за перейменування міста на Звягель|url=https://ua.interfax.com.ua/news/general/839713.html|website=Інтерфакс-Україна|accessdate=2022-06-17|language=uk}}</ref> In November, the draft law was submitted to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Новоград-Волинському хочуть повернути історичну назву: пропозиція вже в Раді|url=https://www.rbc.ua/rus/news/novograd-volinskomu-hochut-povernuti-istorichnu-1667841981.html|website=РБК-Україна|accessdate=2022-11-09|language=uk}}</ref> By the resolution of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine dated 16 November 2022, the historical name of Zviahel was returned to the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Про перейменування міста Новоград-Волинський Новоград-Волинського району Житомирської області|url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/2779-20|website=Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України|accessdate=2023-01-02|language=uk}}</ref>

==Demographics== ===Ethnicity=== Distribution of the population by ethnicity according to the 2001 Ukrainian census:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Національний склад міст |url=https://datatowel.in.ua/pop-composition/ethnic-cities |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=Datatowel.in.ua |language=uk}}</ref>{{bar box|title=Ethnic groups in Zviahel|titlebar=#ddd|left1=|right1=percent|bars={{bar percent|Ukrainians|dodgerblue|85.29}} {{bar percent|Russians|purple|8.51}} {{bar percent|Poles|yellow|4.29}} {{bar percent|Belarusians|red|0.57}} {{bar percent|Jews|grey|0.33}} {{bar percent|Gypsies|black|0.27}} {{bar percent|Germans|blue|0.11}} {{bar percent|Moldovans|pink|0.09}} {{bar percent|Armenians|brown|0.08}}}}

===Languages=== Native language composition according to the 2001 Ukrainian census:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Рідні мови в об'єднаних територіальних громадах України |trans-title=Native languages in the united territorial communities of Ukraine |url=https://socialdata.org.ua/projects/mova-2001 |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=socialdata.org.ua |language=uk}}</ref> {{bar box|title=First languages in Zviahel|titlebar=#ddd|left1=|right1=percent|bars={{bar percent|Ukrainian|dodgerblue|89.4}} {{bar percent|Russian|purple|10.0}} {{bar percent|Romani|black|0.2}} {{bar percent|Belarusian|red|0.1}} {{bar percent|Polish|yellow|0.1}} {{bar percent|others|gray|0.1}}}}

==Geography== ===Climate=== {{Weather box |location = Novohrad-Volynskyi (1981–2010) |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |width = auto |Jan high C = -1.0 |Feb high C = 0.3 |Mar high C = 5.5 |Apr high C = 14.0 |May high C = 20.5 |Jun high C = 23.0 |Jul high C = 24.8 |Aug high C = 24.3 |Sep high C = 18.7 |Oct high C = 12.5 |Nov high C = 4.8 |Dec high C = 0.1 |year high C = 12.3 |Jan mean C = -3.3 |Feb mean C = -2.8 |Mar mean C = 1.5 |Apr mean C = 8.6 |May mean C = 14.6 |Jun mean C = 17.3 |Jul mean C = 19.1 |Aug mean C = 18.2 |Sep mean C = 13.2 |Oct mean C = 7.8 |Nov mean C = 2.0 |Dec mean C = -2.2 |year mean C = 7.8 |Jan low C = -5.9 |Feb low C = -5.6 |Mar low C = -1.8 |Apr low C = 4.0 |May low C = 9.1 |Jun low C = 12.2 |Jul low C = 14.1 |Aug low C = 13.1 |Sep low C = 8.9 |Oct low C = 4.2 |Nov low C = -0.3 |Dec low C = -4.4 |year low C = 4.0 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 37.8 |Feb precipitation mm = 37.1 |Mar precipitation mm = 37.4 |Apr precipitation mm = 41.9 |May precipitation mm = 52.6 |Jun precipitation mm = 86.9 |Jul precipitation mm = 92.4 |Aug precipitation mm = 63.5 |Sep precipitation mm = 56.6 |Oct precipitation mm = 40.8 |Nov precipitation mm = 44.3 |Dec precipitation mm = 43.3 |year precipitation mm = 634.6 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 9.2 |Feb precipitation days = 9.4 |Mar precipitation days = 9.1 |Apr precipitation days = 8.2 |May precipitation days = 8.5 |Jun precipitation days = 10.6 |Jul precipitation days = 10.4 |Aug precipitation days = 8.2 |Sep precipitation days = 8.8 |Oct precipitation days = 7.7 |Nov precipitation days = 8.6 |Dec precipitation days = 10.0 |year precipitation days = 108.7 |Jan humidity = 83.6 |Feb humidity = 81.7 |Mar humidity = 77.2 |Apr humidity = 68.3 |May humidity = 67.9 |Jun humidity = 72.8 |Jul humidity = 74.1 |Aug humidity = 74.1 |Sep humidity = 78.4 |Oct humidity = 79.9 |Nov humidity = 84.4 |Dec humidity = 85.4 |year humidity = 77.3 |source 1 = World Meteorological Organization<ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210717143555/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20%282%29.xls | archive-date = 17 July 2021 | url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20(2).xls | title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010 | publisher = World Meteorological Organization | access-date = 17 July 2021}}</ref> }}

==Education== In Zviahel, there are 11 secondary specialized schools (including Lyceum No. 1, No. 4, and No. 11), 4 higher education institutions, 9 libraries, 3 museums, as well as music and art schools.

Among the most well-known higher education institutions are the Medical College, founded in September 1936, as well as the Zviahel Polytechnic Applied College and the Economic-humanitarian professional college.

==Notable people== *Lesya Ukrainka (1871–1913), poet and writer *Peter Krasnow (1886–1979), artist *Sam Muchnick (1905–1998), professional wrestling promoter (National Wrestling Alliance) *Baruch Korff (1914–1995), Jewish activist known as "Nixon's rabbi" *Elena Yakovleva (born 1961), actress *Oleksandr Pavliuk (born 1965), general and commander of the Ukrainian Ground Forces *Valerii Zaluzhnyi (1973), general and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine *Oleksandr Kovalchuk (1974), politician *Oleh Mikats (born 1975), general and serving as the commander of the Operational Command East *Dmytro Kostiuk (born 1993), Ukrainian journalist and politician *Oleh Hychko (1996–2022), soldier

==Twin towns – sister cities== {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine}} Zviahel is twinned with:<ref>{{cite web|title=Міста-партнери Звягелю|url=http://novograd.osp-ua.info/?ch=4&fl=mista-prtnery%2F|website=novograd.osp-ua.info|publisher=Novohrad-Volynskyi|language=uk|access-date=2020-04-02|archive-date=2021-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128140419/http://novograd.osp-ua.info/?ch=4&fl=mista-prtnery%2F|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=20em}} *{{flagicon|POL}} Bełchatów, Poland *{{flagicon|UKR}} Dolyna, Ukraine *{{flagicon|UKR}} Halych, Ukraine *{{flagicon|GEO}} Khashuri, Georgia *{{flagicon|POL}} Łomża, Poland *{{flagicon|GER}} Ludwigshafen, Germany *{{flagicon|UKR}} Myrhorod, Ukraine *{{flagicon|BLR}} Rahachow, Belarus *{{flagicon|FIN}} Suomussalmi, Finland  {{div col end}}

==Gallery== <gallery> File:Дворец Мезенцева.jpg|Mezentsev Palace File:Вокзал залізничний в Новограді.jpg|Zviahel railway station File:Будинок, в якому жила Леся Українка та пам'ятник Л. Українці.jpg|Lesya Ukrainka's House File:Denkmal für die Opfer des Faschismus auf dem Massengrab für die im 2. Weltkrieg erschossenen Juden.jpg|Holocaust monument File:Atlas Cosmographicae (Mercator) 102.jpg|Dzwihel is between Teteriv and Sluch File:Осінній псевдозамок Звягеля.jpg|Zviahel Fortress File:Фортеця, р. Случ..jpg|Zviahel Fortress over Sluch River File:Площа Лесі Українки у Н.-Волинському.jpg|Lesya Ukrainka Square </gallery>

==References== {{reflist}}

==External links== * [http://www.novograd.osp-ua.info/ Official Web Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205215755/http://novograd.osp-ua.info/ |date=2020-12-05 }} (expired) * [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CN%5CO%5CNovohrad6Volynskyi.htm Novohrad-Volynskyi]. Encyclopedia of Ukraine *{{in lang|en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120301033852/http://ukrainian.travel/en/pro-ukrayinu/cities/novograd-volinskiy Find out Novograd-Volynskyi @ Ukrainian.Travel]

Category:Zviahel Category:Cities in Zhytomyr Oblast Category:Novograd-Volynsky Uyezd Category:Historic Jewish communities in Ukraine Category:Cities of regional significance in Ukraine Category:Holocaust locations in Ukraine Category:Ostrogski family Category:1919 mass murders