{{Short description|Javanese accountant, intellectual and politician}} '''Raden Pandji Wirasmo Notonindito''' (born 1900), often referred to as '''Dr. Notonindito''', was a Javanese accountant, intellectual and politician in the Dutch East Indies. He founded the short-lived Indonesian Fascist Party in 1933.
==Biography== ===Early life=== Notonindito was born into an elite family in Rembang, Central Java, Dutch East Indies, apparently in 1900.<ref>{{cite web |title=Daftar Nama |url=http://digilib.isi.ac.id/3023/1/Daftar%20Tajuk%20Nama%20Pengarang%20Indonesia.pdf |publisher=Perpustakaan Nasional RI |access-date=31 May 2021 |language=id |date=2007}}</ref> He was son of a nobleman named Raden Pandji Notomidjojo; among his brothers were Raden Pandji Notosoebagio, future judge and father of Haryati Soebadio, Suharto-era minister, and Raden Pandji Pawitrohadinoto, who would become vice-chair of the Landraad in the 1920s.<ref name="DL 1927">{{cite news |title=De moord op den ondervoorzitter van den Kedirischen Landraad. |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010278324:mpeg21:p005 |work=De Locomotief |date=1927-03-04 |language=nl}}</ref><ref name="IC 1925">{{cite news |title=BINNENLAND. Vier repatrieerende Javaansche juristen. |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010277984:mpeg21:p009 |work=De Indische courant |date=1925-09-16 |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aryanti (1928-...) |url=https://dapobas.kemdikbud.go.id/home?show=isidata&id=78 |website=Data Pokok Kebahasaan dan Kesastraan |publisher=Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa |access-date=31 May 2021 |language=id |date=2019}}</ref> In 1918 he graduated from the MULO school, then continued his education at the {{lang|nl|Telefoon Cursus}} in Weltevreden (now part of Jakarta). He became interested in Theosophy and became a member of the Theosophical Society.<ref>{{cite news |title=Een nieuw Studiefonds |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:011039710:mpeg21:a0026 |work=Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad |date=1921-10-21 |language=nl}}</ref> In the autumn of 1921 he sailed to Rotterdam to continue his studies in Europe.<ref>{{cite news |title=Passagierslijst |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010995552:mpeg21:p006 |work=Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië |date=1921-10-25 |language=nl}}</ref> He was among a new generation of Indonesian students who had been born around the turn of the century and who studied European accounting and economics.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Poeze |first1=Harry |last2=van Dijk |first2=Cees |last3=van der Meulen |first3=Inge |title=In Het Land Van De Overheerser: I: Indonesiërs in Nederland 1600-1950 |date=1986 |publisher=Brill |page=166 |language=nl}}</ref> He made his way to The Hague first, studying business communication, and then to Berlin, taking a doctorate in Economics and Commerce there, graduating in 1924 with a thesis about business in Java.<ref>{{cite news |title=Examen-Mercurius. |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB04:000142536:mpeg21:p007 |work=Haagsche courant |date=1923-02-01 |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Een Javaan te Berlijn Gepromoveerd |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000428060:mpeg21:a00083 |work=Algemeen handelsblad voor Nederlandsch-Indië |date=1924-05-11 |language=nl}}</ref> After that he returned to the Indies, settling in Pekalongan and became an accountant.<ref name="IC 1925" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Ontevredenheid in Chineesche hendelskringen te Tegal. |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB23:001698063:mpeg21:p00001 |work=De Locomotief |date=1925-11-25 |language=nl}}</ref>
===Colonial era career and politics=== In Pekalongan, Notonindito soon involved himself in politics and cultural affairs. He was offered the role as chairman of the local branch of Boedi Oetomo, a Javanese cultural organization, in 1926, although he declined.<ref>{{cite news |title=Boedi Oetomo. |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB23:001704043:mpeg21:a00109 |work=De Locomotief |date=1926-07-17 |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=De R.P. Notonindito |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB23:001704049:mpeg21:a00110 |work=De Locomotief |date=1926-07-20 |language=nl}}</ref> He became co-editor of a new biweekly Indonesian language journal, {{lang|id|Pelita Indonesia}}, alongside a fellow accountant named Alimana.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pekalongan. |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010278227:mpeg21:p001 |work=De Indische courant |date=1926-11-09 |language=nl}}</ref> He became the only Indonesian member of the local government's finance committee in Pekalongan.<ref>{{cite news |title=PEKALONGAN - Raadscommissies |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB23:001704138:mpeg21:a00101 |work=De Locomotief |date=1926-08-25 |language=nl}}</ref> For a time he involved himself in the Sarekat Islam Party, a successor organization to the once-influential Sarekat Islam.<ref>{{cite news |title=Het P.S.I.-Congres |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB23:001706077:mpeg21:a00118 |work=De Locomotief |date=1927-10-01 |language=nl}}</ref> It was during the 1927 congress of that party that Notonindito was nominated to lead a new Chamber of commerce for Indonesians in Pekalongan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Het P.S.I.-Congres |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB23:001706080:mpeg21:a00008 |work=De Locomotief |date=1927-10-03 |language=nl}}</ref> This new organization, organized as an affiliate of the Sarekat Islam Party, would eventually be called the {{lang|id|Perhimpoenan Dagang Indonesia}} (Indonesian: Indonesian trade assembly), known in Dutch as the {{lang|nl|Indonesische Handelsvereeniging Pekalongan}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=De P.D.I. |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010278474:mpeg21:p001 |work=De Indische courant |date=1928-01-09 |language=nl}}</ref><ref name="AH 1928">{{cite news |title=De Indonesische Handelsvereeniging Pekalongan |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000449023:mpeg21:p00001 |work=Algemeen handelsblad voor Nederlandsch-Indië |date=1928-10-26 |language=nl}}</ref>
In early 1927 his family was struck by two losses, as his father died, and his brother Raden Pandji Pawitrohadinoto, the vice-chairman of the Landraad (colonial parliament), was assassinated by gunshot.<ref name="DL 1927" />
In May 1928 he resigned from the Pekalongan local council, but by the early 1930s he had apparently returned to it.<ref>{{cite news |title=PEKALONGAN Verkiezing Gemeenteraad. |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB23:001710049:mpeg21:p00007 |work=De Locomotief |date=1928-05-21 |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Voornaamste voorschriften en personalia betreffende de decentralisatie en de bestuurshervorming, alsmede de Grondwet en de Indische staatsregeling |date=1931 |publisher=Landsdrukkerij |location=Batavia (Dutch East Indies) |page=226 |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB21:048786000:00230 |language=nl}}</ref> In 1929 he also apparently joined Sukarno's Indonesian National Party, and eventually became its chairman in Pekalongan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Een protestvergadering der P. S. I. |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB19:000466024:mpeg21:p00002 |work=Algemeen handelsblad voor Nederlandsch-Indië |date=1929-04-29 |language=nl}}</ref>
In the early 1930s Notonindito relocated from Pekalongan to Bandung. There he became a member of the city finance council and also sat on the council of Bandung Regency.<ref name="DL 1933 2">{{cite news |title=De inheemsche Fascisten. Thans onderwerping, doch in de toekomst vrijheid. Het program van de Partij Fascist Indonesia. |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB23:001749043:mpeg21:a00144 |work=De Locomotief |date=1933-07-24 |language=nl}}</ref>
===Indonesian Fascist Party=== In the summer of 1933, newspapers in Java reported that Notonindito had broken with the Indonesian National Party and founded his own party which he called the {{lang|id|Partai Fasis Indonesia}} (Indonesian Fascist Party).<ref name="DL 1933">{{cite news |title=Een Inheemsche "Nifo". Notonindito richt Partij Fascist Indonesia op. |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB23:001749040:mpeg21:p00009 |work=De Locomotief |date=1933-07-22 |language=nl}}</ref> The party was said to have as its goal an independent Java with a descendant of Sutawijaya (founder of the Mataram Sultanate) as its constitutional monarch.<ref name="DL 1933" /> The party also wished the Indies to become a confederation of such independent kingdoms with a non-aggression pact with the Netherlands.<ref name="DL 1933 2" /> Reaction to the new party was generally quite negative in the Indies press.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parindra's loyal cadres. Fascism and anticolonial nationalism in late colonial Indonesia, 1935-1942 |url=https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/parindras-loyal-cadres-fascism-and-anticolonial-nationalism-late-colonial |website=International Institute for Asian Studies |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref> For example, a newspaper associated with the Indonesian National Party, {{lang|id|Menjala}}, stated that solutions to the Indies' problems should be found in the present, not in the Feudal past.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hartanto |first1=Agung Dwi |title=Seabad pers kebangsaan, 1907-2007 |date=2007 |publisher=I:Boekoe |location=Jakarta |isbn=9789791436021 |page=439 |edition=1}}</ref> {{lang|id|Sikap}}, likewise, thought that such a project was against the interests of the common Indonesian and that a twisting of Javanese historical figures into Fascist mythology was poorly considered, whereas the editors of {{lang|id|Djawa Barat}} thought the party was counterproductive and harmful.<ref name="OIMP 1933">{{cite journal |title=DE VOLKSBEWEGING. |journal=Overzicht van de Inlandsche en Maleisisch-Chineesche Pers |date=1933-08-05 |issue=31 |pages=484–5}}</ref> Notonindito quickly denied to newspapers that he had "accepted the offer" of this party to become its leader.<ref>{{cite news |title=Notonindito en de Inheemsche Fascisten. |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB23:001749056:mpeg21:p00010 |work=De Locomotief |date=1933-07-31 |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=De Partai Fascis Indonesia. |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010284681:mpeg21:p002 |work=De Indische courant |date=1933-07-31 |language=nl}}</ref> Nonetheless, investigation by De Locomotief seemed to indicate that the part did indeed exist and that it had a few dozen members at that time.<ref name="DL 1933 2" /> It is unclear what happened with the party after that.
After the episode with the Indonesian Fascist Party, he also became increasingly interested in Japanese presence in the Indies. He became co-chair of a local organization in Bandung called the {{lang|nl|Japanese-Indonese-Institute}}.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Japan. |journal=Overzicht van de Inlandsche en Maleisisch-Chineesche Pers |date=1933-12-02 |issue=48 |page=764 |url=https://www.delpher.nl/nl/tijdschriften/view?identifier=MMKITLV3:002233023:00016&query=Notonindito&coll=dts&sortfield=datedesc&page=1&maxperpage=20&rowid=3 |language=nl}}</ref>
===Independent Indonesia=== After Indonesia declared independence in 1945, Notonindito continued to involve himself in politics and education. He published one of the first Economics textbooks in Indonesian in Bandung in 1946.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wirasmo Notonindito |first1=R. P. |title=Pengantar peladjaran ekonomi |url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS1.INLIS000000000256202 |website=Onesearch |publisher=A.C. Nix & Co |access-date=31 May 2021 |date=1946}}</ref> During the Indonesian National Revolution he became associated with future foreign minister Soenario, working as economic advisor to his business (the {{lang|nl|Soenario-Concern}}) and working together as commissioners for the Indonesia Advisory Body ({{langx|id|Badan Penasehat Indonesia}}).<ref>{{cite news |title=G.I.M. - EN B.P.I. - LEDEN GEARRESTEERD. |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMNIOD04:000092480:mpeg21:p002 |work=Algemeen Indisch dagblad |date=1947-07-05 |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Advertisement. Soenario-Concern. |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMNIOD04:000092290:mpeg21:p002 |work=Algemeen Indisch dagblad |date=1947-05-03 |language=nl}}</ref>
In 1952 he became involved in the Indonesian Chartered Accountants' Society ({{langx|id|Perserikatan Accountant Indonesia Beridiazah}}).<ref>{{cite news |title=Naar het voorbeeld van NIVA Indonesische accountants verenigen zich. |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010896144:mpeg21:a0026 |work=Algemeen Indisch dagblad : de Preangerbode |date=1952-10-02 |language=nl}}</ref> In 1955 he, along with a Dr. Cochrane and an accountant named Challik aimed to found a new national Economic academy in Bandung.<ref>{{cite news |title=Economische Academie |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010896313:mpeg21:p002 |work=Algemeen Indisch dagblad : de Preangerbode |date=1956-11-22 |language=nl}}</ref>
==References== {{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Notonindito}} Category:1900 births Category:Year of death missing Category:Priyayi Category:Javanese people Category:20th-century Dutch East Indies people Category:People from Rembang Regency Category:Indonesian anti-communists Category:Indonesian nationalists Category:Asian fascists