{{short description|Species of crustacean (caridean shrimp)}} {{Speciesbox | image = Woda-6 ubt.jpeg | image2 = Shelled northern shrimp.jpg | image2_caption = Living at Nordsøen Oceanarium (above), deshelled as typically sold for human consumption (below) | genus = Pandalus | species = borealis | authority = Krøyer, 1838 }}
'''''Pandalus borealis''''' is a species of caridean shrimp found in cold parts of the northern Atlantic and northern Pacific Oceans,<ref name="FAO"/> although the latter population now often is regarded as a separate species, ''P. eous''.<ref name=WoRMS>{{cite WoRMS |author=Fransen, Charles |year=2019 |title=Pandalus Leach, 1814 |id=107044 |access-date=24 December 2019 }}</ref> The Food and Agriculture Organization refers to them as the '''northern prawn'''. Other common names include pink shrimp, deepwater prawn, deep-sea prawn, Nordic shrimp, great northern prawn, northern shrimp,<ref name="FAO"/> coldwater prawn and Maine shrimp.
==Distribution== ''Pandalus borealis'' usually lives on a soft muddy bottoms at depths of {{cvt|20|to(-)|1330|m|ft}},<ref name="FAO">{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3425/en |title=''Pandalus borealis'' (Krøyer, 1838) |work=Species Fact Sheet |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |access-date=November 2, 2010}}</ref> in waters with a temperature of {{cvt|0|to(-)|8|C|F}},<ref>Muus, B., J. G. Nielsen, P. Dahlstrom and B. Nystrom (1999). Sea Fish. pp. 284–285. {{ISBN|8790787005}}</ref> although it has been recorded from {{cvt|9|to(-)|1450|m|ft}} and {{cvt|-2|to(-)|12|C|F}}.<ref name=SeaLifeBase>{{SeaLifeBase species | genus=Pandalus | species=borealis | month=June | year=2019 }}</ref> ''P. borealis'' thrives in waters where the salinity ranges between 32 and 35 ppt, depending on where the shrimp are at in their life cycle.<ref>{{Cite web|last=TJ|title=Coldwater Shrimp: Catch has been declining for more than a decade - Eurofish Magazine|url=http://eurofishmagazine.com/sections/species/item/120-catch-has-been-declining-for-more-than-a-decade|access-date=2020-12-11|website=eurofishmagazine.com|language=en-gb}}</ref> The distribution of the North Atlantic nominate subspecies ''P. b. borealis'' ranges from New England in the United States, Canada's eastern seaboard (off Newfoundland and Labrador and eastern Baffin Island in Nunavut), southern and eastern Greenland, Iceland, Svalbard, Norway and the North Sea as far south as the English Channel. The North Pacific ''P. b. eous'' is found from Japan and Korea, through the Sea of Okhotsk, across the Bering Strait, and as far south as the U.S. state of California.<ref name="FAO"/> Instead of regarding it as a subspecies, the North Pacific population is often recognized as a separate species, ''P. eous''.<ref name=WoRMS/>
==Ecology== Trophic DNA metabarcoding studies show that ''Pandalus borealis'' plays a key role in Arctic food webs, by feeding on a diverse array of prey, including gelatinous zooplankton and chaetognaths.<ref name="DNA metabarcoding reveals the impor">{{cite journal |last1=Urban |first1=Paulina |last2=Præbel |first2=Kim |last3=Bhat |first3=Shripathi |last4=Dierking |first4=Jan |last5=Wangensteen |first5=Owen S. |title=DNA metabarcoding reveals the importance of gelatinous zooplankton in the diet of Pandalus borealis, a keystone species in the Arctic |journal=Molecular Ecology |date=15 January 2022 |article-number=mec.16332 |doi=10.1111/mec.16332|hdl=2445/191277 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> High diversity of fish DNA can also be detected in their stomachs, probably as a result of their role as generalized scavengers. This has led some authors to propose ''Pandalus borealis'' as an efficient natural sampler for assessing molecular fish diversity in Arctic marine ecosystems.<ref name="DNA metabarcoding reveals the impor"/>
==Physiology== In their up to eight-year lifespan,<ref name="Seafish"/> males can reach a length of {{cvt|12|cm}}, while females can reach {{cvt|16.5|cm}} long,<ref name="FAO"/> although typical sizes are much smaller.<ref name="Seafish"/> The size of ''Pandalus borealis'' individuals can differ based on age, temperature of the environment and sex.<ref name=":0" /> Higher temperature water has been associated with faster growth.<ref name=":0" />
The shrimp are hermaphroditic, specifically protandrous hermaphrodites. They are born as male, but after approximately two and a half years, their testes turn to ovaries and they complete their lives as females.<ref name="Seafish">{{cite web |title=Responsible Sourcing Guide: Cold-water Prawns Version 1.1 |url=http://www.seafish.org/upload/file/cold_water_prawn_web_version/Prawn%20Factsheet2%20A4s.pdf |publisher=Seafish |date=April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904131924/http://www.seafish.org/upload/file/cold_water_prawn_web_version/Prawn%20Factsheet2%20A4s.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2009 |access-date=19 October 2019}}</ref> Northern shrimp's spawning season begins in the late summer, usually offshore. By early fall the females will start to extrude their eggs onto their abdomen. This is when they will move inshore where their eggs will hatch in the winter.<ref name=":0" /> {{clear}}
==Commercial fishing== [[File:Northern prawn, capture production, thousand tonnes, 1950-2022.svg|thumb|300x300px|{{center|Global capture production of Northern prawn (''Pandalus borealis'') in thousand tonnes from 1950 to 2022, as reported by the FAO<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fisheries and Aquaculture - Global Production |url=https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/collection/global_production?lang=en |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)}}</ref>}}]] thumb|{{center|Hauled aboard a shrimp boat}}
''Pandalus borealis'' is an important food resource, and has been widely fished since the early 1900s in Norway, and later in other countries following Johan Hjort's practical discoveries of how to locate them. In Canada, these shrimp are sold peeled, cooked and frozen in bags in supermarkets, and are consumed as appetizers.
Northern shrimp have a short life, which contributes to a variable stock on a yearly basis. However, the species is not considered overfished due to a large amount reported and a large amount harvested.
In Canada, the annual harvest limit is set to 164,000 tonnes (2008).<ref name="Seafish"/> The Canadian fishery began in the 1980s and expanded in 1990s.
In New England, Northern Shrimp were a valuable fishery stock from the late 1950s to 1978. Pandalus borealis was in high demand due to it being considered sweeter and tastier than Pacific Shrimp. Fishery production peaked in 1969 with landings at 28.3 million pounds.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=species - Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission|url=http://www.asmfc.org/species/northern-shrimp#:~:text=Historically,%20northern%20shrimp%20have%20provided,to%20the%20New%20England%20states.&text=Over%20the%20next%20decade,%20landings,1978%20due%20to%20stock%20collapse.|access-date=2020-12-11|website=www.asmfc.org}}</ref>
In 2013, the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission (which covers the Atlantic seaboard of the United States) determined that their stocks of ''P. borealis'' were too low and shut down the New England fishery. This was the first cancellation in 35 years.<ref>{{cite news|last=Porter|first=Tom|title=Fishery Closure Puts New England's Shrimp Season On Ice|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/12/07/249275097/fishery-closure-puts-new-englands-shrimp-season-on-ice|access-date=10 December 2013|newspaper=National Public Radio|date=7 December 2013}}</ref>
The fishery has yet to recover since it collapsed and studies from 2018 report that Northern Shrimp still remain in a depleted condition. With temperatures increasing yearly, and a low spawning stock biomass (SSB), the spawning conditions for Northern Shrimp remain unfavorable. Colder temperatures and higher spawning biomass would increase the recruitment and increase the population size in the long run.<ref name=":0" /> However, surface temperatures are continuing to rise yearly off the coast of Maine due to climate change and impacting the region's marine fisheries.<ref>Birkel, S.D. and Mayewski, P.A., 2018. Coastal Maine Climate Futures. Orono, ME: Climate Change Institute, University of Maine. 24pp</ref>
==Uses== Beyond human consumption, shrimp alkaline phosphatase (SAP), an enzyme used in molecular biology, is obtained from ''Pandalus borealis'', and the species' carapace is a source of chitosan, a versatile chemical used for such different applications as treating bleeding wounds, filtering wine or improving the soil in organic farming.
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== *{{Commons category-inline|Pandalus borealis|''Pandalus borealis''}}
{{Edible crustaceans}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q122181}}
Category:Caridea Category:Edible crustaceans Category:Commercial crustaceans Category:Crustaceans described in 1838 Category:Taxa named by Henrik Nikolai Krøyer