North Frisian language

{{Short description|Minority language of Germany}} {{Expand language|topic=|langcode=fy|langcode2=frr|date=February 2025}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}} {{Infobox language |name=North Frisian |nativename=[[Sylt North Frisian|Sylt]]: ''Nuurđfriisk'' [[Föhr North Frisian|Föhr]]/[[Amrum North Frisian|Amrum]]: ''nuurdfresk'' [[Heligoland Frisian|Heligoland]]: ''Noorfriisk'' [[Wiedingharde Frisian|Wiedingharde]]/[[Halligen Frisian|Halligen]]: ''nordfreesk'' [[Bökingharde North Frisian|Mooring]]: ''nordfrasch'' [[Karrharde Frisian|Karrharde]]: ''nordfräisch'' Central [[Goesharde Frisian|Goesharde]]: ''noordfreesch'' |imagecaption=Bilingual sign in German and North Frisian, respectively, in [[Husum]], [[Germany]] |image=Bilingual signs German-Frisian, police station Husum, Germany 0892.JPG |imagescale=0.6 |states=[[Germany]] |region=[[North Frisia]] |ethnicity=[[North Frisians]] |speakers=10,000 |date=1976 |ref=e18 |familycolor=Indo-European |fam2=[[Germanic languages|Germanic]] |fam3=[[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]] |fam4=[[Ingvaeonic|North Sea Germanic]] |fam5=[[Anglo-Frisian languages|Anglo-Frisian]]? |fam6=[[Frisian languages|Frisian]] |nation={{flagicon|Germany}} [[Languages of Germany|Germany]] *{{flag|Schleswig-Holstein}} |script=[[Latin script|Latin]] |agency=Nordfriisk Instituut |iso2=frr |iso3=frr |glotto=nort2626 |glottorefname=Northern Frisian |lingua=52-ACA-e (varieties: 52-ACA-eaa to -eak & extinct -eba & -ebb) |map=NordfriesischeDialekte.png |mapcaption=North Frisian dialects |map2=Lang Status 40-SE.svg |mapcaption2={{center|{{small|North Frisian is classified as Severely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}}} |notice=IPA }} [[File:LinguisticSituationSchleswigSlesvig.png|thumb|right|Linguistic map of Schleswig in the mid-19th century]]

'''North Frisian''' is a [[minority language]] of [[Germany]], spoken by about 10,000 people in [[North Frisia]].<ref name=sh>{{cite web|url=http://www.schleswig-holstein.de/DE/Fachinhalte/M/minderheiten/minderheiten_friesen.html |title=Minderheiten in Schleswig-Holstein – Friesen |language=de |publisher=Government of Schleswig-Holstein |access-date=4 April 2017}}</ref> The language is part of the larger group of the [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]] [[Frisian languages]]. The language comprises 10 dialects which are themselves divided into an insular and a mainland group.

North Frisian is closely related to the [[Saterland Frisian language]] of Northwest Germany and [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]] which is spoken in the Netherlands.

North Frisian is relict in Denmark.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Siewertsen |first=Benny |title=Friserne - vore glemte forfædre |publisher=Slot |year=2004 |pages=86 |language=da}}</ref>

==Classification== The closest relatives of North Frisian are the two other Frisian languages, the [[Saterland Frisian language|Saterland Frisian]] of north-western [[Lower Saxony]], Germany, and the [[West Frisian language]] spoken in the northern [[Netherlands]]. Together, the three sub-groups form the group of Frisian languages.

[[English language|English]] is also closely related to Frisian. The two are classified in a common [[Anglo-Frisian languages|Anglo-Frisian]] group,{{dubious|date=January 2026}} which is grouped among the [[Ingvaeonic languages]], together with [[Low German]]. The related Low German has developed differently since [[Old Saxon]] times and has lost many Ingvaeonic characteristics.<ref>{{cite book|first=Hans Frede |last=Nielsen |chapter=Frisian and the Grouping of the Older Germanic Languages |editor=Horst H. Munske |title=Handbuch des Friesischen – Handbook of Frisian Studies |publisher=Niemeyer |location=Tübingen |year=2001 |language=de, en |isbn=3-484-73048-X}}</ref>

==Dialects== ===Overview=== The North Frisian dialects can be grouped into two main dialectal divisions: mainland and insular dialects. Altogether, both groups have 10 dialects.<ref name=arhammar>{{cite web|last=Århammar |first=Nils |title=Das Nordfriesische, eine bedrohte Minderheitensprache in zehn Dialekten: eine Bestandsaufnahme |language=de |editor=Munske, Horst H. |work=Sterben die Dialekte aus? Vorträge am Interdisziplinären Zentrum für Dialektforschung an der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg |publisher=University of Erlangen-Nuremberg |year=2007 |url=http://www.opus.ub.uni-erlangen.de/opus/volltexte/2008/952/pdf/IZD_Arhammar_Das_Nordfriesische.pdf}}</ref> Since the beginning of Frisian linguistic studies in the 19th century, the following ten dialects have typically been noted as distinct:

====Insular North Frisian==== * [[Sylt Frisian]] (Söl'ring) * Föhr-Amrum Frisian ([[Föhr Frisian|Fering]], [[Amrum Frisian|Öömrang]]) * [[Heligolandic Frisian]] (Halunder)

====Mainland North Frisian==== * [[Wiedingharde Frisian]] (Wiringhiirder) * [[Bökingharde Frisian]] (Mooringer) * [[Karrharde Frisian]] (Karrharder) * [[Goesharde Frisian]] (Gooshirder) ** Northern Goesharde Frisian (incl. Hoorninger Fräisch & Hoolmer Freesch) ** Central Goesharde Frisian ** Southern Goesharde Frisian (extinct since early 1980s) * [[Halligen Frisian]] (Halifreesk)

The mainland and insular dialects clearly differ from each other because they were shaped by Frisian immigrants in different centuries. The islands of [[Sylt]], [[Föhr]] and [[Amrum]] were colonised in around AD 800, and the mainland was settled by Frisians in AD 1100.

There are also various influences of neighbouring languages on the dialects. On Sylt, Föhr and Amrum and in parts of the northern mainland such as Wiedingharde, there is a strong [[Danish language|Danish]] ([[South Jutlandic]]) influence, but on [[Heligoland]] and the rest of mainland North Frisia, the Low German influence is predominant. Moreover, there has historically been little exchange between the dialects and so hardly any [[lingua franca]] could develop and there was no cultural centre in North Frisia for which the dialect could have had a leading role.

=== Samples === The sentence displayed below in many variants reads, {{"'}}Shine, old moon, shine!', cried Häwelmann, but the moon was nowhere to be seen and the stars neither; they had all already gone to bed" (based on [[Theodor Storm]]'s ''Der kleine Häwelmann'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nordfriiskinstituut.de/karte.html |title=Die Nordfriesen und ihre Sprache |language=de |publisher=Nordfriisk Instituut |access-date=5 December 2011 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927154958/http://www.nordfriiskinstituut.de/karte.html |url-status=dead }} Click on the map to access the regional dialects.</ref>

; Insular [[Söl'ring]] (dialect of [[Sylt]])

: {{lang|frr|"Ljucht, ual Muun, ljucht!" skriilt Häwelmann, man di Muun wiar narigen tö sen en uk di Stiaren ek; ja wiar al altermaal tö Bēr gingen.}}

[[Fering]]-[[Öömrang]] (dialect of [[Föhr]] and [[Amrum]])

: {{lang|frr|"Locht, ual muun, locht!" rep Heewelmaan, man a muun wiar nochhuaren tu sen an a stäären uk ei; jo wiar al altermaal tu baad gingen.}}

[[Heligolandic]] (dialect of [[Helgoland]])

: {{lang|frr|"Lochte, ool Muun, lochte!" rüp Heäwelman, oawers de Muun wear naarni tu sin'n en uk de Steern ni; dja wear al allemoal tu Baad gingen.}}

; Mainland [[Northern Goesharde Frisian]], Hoorninger Fräisch variety of [[Langenhorn (Nordfriesland)|Langenhorn]]

: {{lang|frr|"Jocht, uule moune, jocht!" biilked Hääwelmoon, ors e moune waas närngs to schüns än da steere ok ai; ja weern al aal to beede gingen.}}

[[Wiedingharde Frisian dialect|Wiedingharde Frisian]]

: {{lang|frr|"Ljocht, uuile moone, ljocht!" biilked Hääwelmuon, män e moone was näärgen to schüns än uk e steere ai; jä würn al altomoale to beerd gingen.}}

[[Halligen Frisian]] (although it is spoken on the [[Halligen]] islands, it is linguistically grouped with the mainland dialects)

: {{lang|frr|"Jaacht, uale mööne, jaacht!" bölked Hääwelmoon, man de mööne woas näärngs to siinen än de steere uk ee; jä weern al altomaole to beed giangen.}}

[[Mooring dialect (North Frisian)|Mooring]] (dialect of [[Bökingharde]])

: {{lang|frr|"Jucht, üülje moune, jucht!" biiljked Hääwelmoon, ouers e moune wus nargne tu schüns än e stääre uk ai; ja wjarn ål åltumååle tu beed lim.}}

Despite the differences between the dialects, the Fering and Öömrang are highly similar; in this example nearly identical.

Another source that highlights the differences between all of the main dialects of North Frisian (even extinct ones) are [https://archive.org/details/lords-prayer-northfrisian translations of the Lord's Prayer.]

The following table further demonstrates the similarities and differences between the various dialects.<ref>After Walker and Wilts, p. 286</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! style="text-align:left" | Dialect ! style="text-align:center" | Father ! style="text-align:center" | Mother ! style="text-align:center" | Sister ! style="text-align:center" | Brother |- style="vertical-align:middle" | style="text-align:left" | [[Söl'ring]] | style="text-align:center" | {{lang|frr|Faađer}} | style="text-align:center" | {{lang|frr|Mooter}} | style="text-align:center" | {{lang|frr|Sester}} | style="text-align:center" | {{lang|frr|Bröđer}} |- style="vertical-align:middle" | style="text-align:left" | [[Fering]] | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | {{lang|frr|aatj}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | {{lang|frr|mam}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | {{lang|frr|saster}} | style="text-align:center" | {{lang|frr|bruler}} |- style="vertical-align:middle" | style="text-align:left" | [[Öömrang]] | style="text-align:center" | {{lang|frr|bruder}} |- style="vertical-align:middle" | style="text-align:left" | [[Halligen Frisian|Halligen]] | style="text-align:center" | {{lang|frr|baabe}} | style="text-align:center" | {{lang|frr|mäm}} | style="text-align:center" | {{lang|frr|soster}} | style="text-align:center" | {{lang|frr|bröör}} |- style="vertical-align:middle" | style="text-align:left" | [[Heligolandic|Halunder]] | style="text-align:center" | {{lang|frr|Foor}} | style="text-align:center" | {{lang|frr|Mem}} | rowspan="6" style="text-align:center" | {{lang|frr|Söster}} | style="text-align:center" | {{lang|frr|Bruur}} |- style="vertical-align:middle" | style="text-align:left" | [[Wiedingharde Frisian dialect|Wiedingharder Frisian]] | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | {{lang|frr|tääte}} | style="text-align:center" | {{lang|frr|määm}} | style="text-align:center" | {{lang|frr|broor}} |- style="vertical-align:middle" | style="text-align:left" | [[Karrharde Frisian]] | style="text-align:center" | {{lang|frr|mäm}} | style="text-align:center" | {{lang|frr|brauder}} |- style="vertical-align:middle" | style="text-align:left" | [[Mooring dialect (North Frisian)|Bökingharde Frisian]] | style="text-align:center" | {{lang|frr|taatje}} | style="text-align:center" | {{lang|frr|mam}} | style="text-align:center" | {{lang|frr|brouder}} |- style="vertical-align:middle" | style="text-align:left" | [[Goesharde Frisian|Central Goesharde Frisian]] | style="text-align:center" | {{lang|frr|ate}} | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" | {{lang|frr|mäm}} | style="text-align:center" | {{lang|frr|broor}} |- style="vertical-align:middle" | style="text-align:left" | [[Goesharde Frisian|Southern Goesharder Frisian]] | style="text-align:center" | {{lang|frr|fåår}}, {{lang|frr|fååðer}} | style="text-align:center" | {{lang|frr|brööðer}} |- style="vertical-align:middle" | style="text-align:left" | [[Goesharde Frisian|Northern Goesharder Frisian]] | style="text-align:center" | {{lang|frr|fååje}} | style="text-align:center" | {{lang|frr|soster}} | style="text-align:center" | {{lang|frr|brår}} |}

===Extinct dialects=== The [[Eiderstedt Frisian]] on the [[Eiderstedt]] peninsula were abandoned in favour of Low German during the 17th and 18th centuries. In contrast to the northern [[Hundred (county subdivision)|hundreds]], Eiderstedt was economically strong and wealthy and was oriented towards the southern, Low German parts of Schleswig-Holstein. Moreover, there was a strong Dutch immigration during the 16th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geschichte-s-h.de/vonabisz/hollaender.htm |first=Thomas |last=Steensen |language=de |title=Holländer |work=Geschichte in Schleswig-Holstein |publisher=Gesellschaft für Schleswig-Holsteinische Geschichte |year=2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118061709/http://www.geschichte-s-h.de/vonabisz/hollaender.htm |archive-date=18 January 2015 }}</ref>

A similar situation was to be found on the island of [[Strand (island)|Strand]], which was destroyed during the [[Burchardi flood]]. The population of the eastern, remaining part of Strand, the modern [[Nordstrand, Germany|Nordstrand]], did not succeed in rebuilding the dikes on their own. Therefore, many Frisian speaking people left their homeland on Strand or were otherwise not able to maintain their native language against mostly Dutch-speaking immigrants. On [[Pellworm]], the western remainder of Strand, the repair of the dikes was quickly accomplished and so the Frisian language was still spoken in the 18th century, until it also vanished due to changes in population structure. The old [[Strand Frisian]] was presumably closest to Halligen Frisian.

Likewise close to Halligen Frisian was the Wyk Frisian that used to be spoken in [[Wyk auf Föhr]] until the town completely shifted to Low German. The Wyk dialect is thought to have developed from the dialects of immigrants from the Halligen and Strand island.

The dialect that most recently died out is Southern Goesharde Frisian which became extinct with the death of its last speaker in the early 1980s. Other mainland dialects are also facing extinction.

North of the German-Danish border North Frisian was spoken only in some marsh-farms, located directly at the border.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Otto S.|last=Knottnerus|title=De vergeten Friezen - Mislukt pamflet van Benny Siewertsen over een boeiend thema|language=nl|year=2008 | magazine=De Vrije Fries|location=Leeuwarden|publisher=Fryske Akademy|isbn=978-90-6171-0165}} in reply to the pamphlet {{cite book|first=Benny |last=Siewertsen |title=Friserne – vore glemte forfædre |language=da |year=2004 |location=Lyngby |publisher=Slot Forlag |isbn=978-87-90476-08-3}}</ref>

==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" |[[Labial consonant|Labial]] ! colspan="2" |[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] ! rowspan="2" |[[Postalveolar consonant|Post- alveolar]] ! rowspan="2" |[[Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]] ! rowspan="2" |[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |- !plain ![[Palatalization (phonetics)|pal.]] |- ! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]] ![[Voicelessness|voiceless]] |{{IPA link|p}} |{{IPA link|t}} |{{IPA link|tʲ}} | |{{IPA link|k}} | |- ![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] |{{IPA link|b}} |{{IPA link|d}} |{{IPA link|dʲ}} | |{{IPA link|ɡ}} | |- ! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] ![[Voicelessness|voiceless]] |{{IPA link|f}} |{{IPA link|s}} | |{{IPA link|ʃ}} |{{IPA link|x}} |{{IPA link|h}} |- ![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] |{{IPA link|v}} |{{IPA link|z}} | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |{{IPA link|m}} |{{IPA link|n}} |{{IPA link|nʲ}} | |{{IPA link|ŋ}} | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]] | |{{IPA link|r}} | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | |{{IPA link|l}} |{{IPA link|lʲ}} | |{{IPA link|j}} | |}

* *The Föhr (Weesdring) dialect contrasts dental /{{IPA link|t̪}}, {{IPA link|d̪}}, {{IPA link|s̪}}, {{IPA link|z̪}}, {{IPA link|n̪}}, {{IPA link|l̪}}/ with alveolar /{{IPA link|t}}, {{IPA link|d}}, {{IPA link|s}}, {{IPA link|z}}, {{IPA link|n}}, {{IPA link|l}}/. */{{IPA link|z}}/ is replaced with a non-sibilant sound /{{IPA link|ð}}/ in the Sylt dialect. *The alveolar trill /{{IPA link|r}}/ is replaced with the uvular /{{IPA link|ʀ}}/ in the Bökingharde (Mooring) dialect.

===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="3" | ! colspan="4" |[[Front vowel|Front]] ! rowspan="3" |[[Central vowel|Central]] ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]] |- class="small" ! colspan="2" |[[Roundedness|unrounded]] ! colspan="2" |[[Roundedness|rounded]] |- !short !long !short !long !short !long |- ! [[Close vowel|Close]] |{{IPA link|i}} |{{IPA link|iː}} | |{{IPA link|yː}} | | |{{IPA link|uː}} |- ![[Near-close vowel|Near-close]] |{{IPA link|ɪ}} | |{{IPA link|ʏ}} | | |{{IPA link|ʊ}} | |- ! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]] |{{IPA link|e}} |{{IPA link|eː}} | |{{IPA link|øː}} |{{IPA link|ə}} | |{{IPA link|oː}} |- ! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]] |{{IPA link|ɛ}} |{{IPA link|ɛː}} |{{IPA link|œ}} |{{IPA link|œː}} | |{{IPA link|ɔ}} |{{IPA link|ɔː}} |- ![[Open vowel|Open]] | |{{IPA link|aː}} | | |{{IPA link|a}} | |{{IPA link|ɒː}} |}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Diphthongs ! ! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]] ![[Back vowel|Back]] |- ![[Close vowel|Close]] | colspan="2" |{{IPA|ia}} |{{IPA|ua}}, {{IPA|ui}} |- ! rowspan="2" |[[Mid vowel|Mid]] | colspan="2" |{{IPA|øi}} |{{IPA|ou}} |- |{{IPA|ɛi}} |{{IPA|œi}} |{{IPA|ɔi}}, {{IPA|ɔˑi}} |- align="center" ![[Open vowel|Open]] | colspan="2" |{{IPA|ai}}, {{IPA|aˑi}} |{{IPA|au}}, {{IPA|ɒːi}} |}

* One triphthong sound /{{IPA|uai}}/ only occurs in the Föhr dialect. * /{{IPA|ia}}/ and /{{IPA|ua}}/ do not occur in the Bökingharde (mainland) dialect. * /{{IPA|øi}}/ and /{{IPA|ɒːi}}/ only occur in the Föhr dialect. * /{{IPA|aˑi}}/, /{{IPA|œi}}/, /{{IPA|ɔˑi}}/, and /{{IPA|ou}}/ only occur in the Bökingharde dialect.<ref name="Walker and Wilts">Walker and Wilts</ref>

Despite the strong differences among the North Frisian dialects, there are still some traits of phonology that are more or less common to all dialects. Among them is the lowering from {{IPAblink|ɪ}} to {{IPAblink|a}}, which is mostly complete in the central dialects but is only at the stage {{IPAblink|ɛ}} or {{IPAblink|eː}} in the periphery. For example, the word "fish" translates to Mooring {{lang|frr|fasch}} and Fering-Öömrang {{lang|frr|fask}} but Söl'ring {{lang|frr|fesk}} (cf. Low German: {{lang|nds|Fisch/Fisk}}, {{langx|da|fisk}}, {{langx|de|link=no|Fisch}}, {{langx|nl|vis}}).

The distribution of the [[lenition]] of the unvoiced [[plosive]]s ''p'', ''t'' and ''k'' is similar as they have become voiced plosives and partially even developed to [[fricatives]] in the central dialects. That can be demonstrated from the [[verb]] "to know": Mooring {{lang|frr|waase}}, Fering-Öömrang {{lang|frr|wed}}, Sölring {{lang|frr|weet}}, Halunder {{lang|frr|wet}} (cf. West Frisian {{lang|fy|witte}}, Low German {{lang|nds|weten}}, German {{lang|de|wissen}}).

The North Frisian dialects differ from modern [[Standard German]] by a more diverse system of [[diphthong]]s and consonants. All of the dialects have an additional line of [[palatalization (sound change)|palatalization]]s, which is uncommon for a Germanic language. Until recently, an additional number of dental consonants contrasted phonemically with their alveolar counterparts in the [[Fering|dialect of Föhr]]. In general, the insular dialects feature a relatively complicated consonantal system, but the mainland dialects have more diverse vowels.

Recently, the phonological system of the North Frisian dialects has been strongly influenced by Standard German and is slowly adapting to its system.<ref name="Walker and Wilts"/>{{specify|date=June 2020}}

==Current situation== Officially, the number of North Frisian speakers ranges from 8,000 to 10,000<ref name=sh/> but linguists propose significantly lower numbers. In 2007, Århammar estimated a total of 5,000 speakers inside and 1,500 to 2,000 speakers outside North Frisia proper.<ref name=arhammar/> Exact surveys do not exist.

North Frisian is an endangered language, as in most places, children no longer learn it. In UNESCO's ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]'', North Frisian is classified as "severely endangered".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap.html |editor-last=Moseley |editor-first=Christopher |work=Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger |title=North Frisian |publisher=[[UNESCO]] Publishing |year=2010 |location=Paris |edition=3rd}}</ref> Exceptions are a few villages on the islands of [[Föhr]] and [[Amrum]] and the [[Risum-Lindholm]] area. Especially in the western parts of Föhr, the language community is still relatively common.<ref name=arhammar/> The number of speakers on Föhr and Amrum alone is estimated to around 3,500. The other dialects are, in fact, seriously endangered, like Karrharde Frisian, Central Goesharde and Halligen Frisian.

The elementary and grammar school on Amrum is called ''Öömrang Skuul'' and, among other subjects, focuses on teaching the local dialect. Fering is also taught in schools on Föhr and the ''Risum Skole/Risem Schölj'' in [[Risum-Lindholm]] on the mainland is a combined Danish-North Frisian elementary school.

All speakers of North Frisian are at least bilingual (North Frisian and [[Standard German|German]]). Many are trilingual (North Frisian, German and [[Low German]]) and, especially along the Danish border, quadrilingualism used to be widespread (North Frisian, Standard German, Low German and [[South Jutlandic]]).

In Schleswig-Holstein, North Frisian is protected by the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]] as a minority language. On 24 December 2004 a state law became effective in Schleswig-Holstein that recognises the North Frisian language for official use in the [[Nordfriesland]] district and on [[Heligoland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Friesisch-Gesetz|title=Gesetz zur Förderung des Friesischen im öffentlichen Raum |language=de |work=Wikisource}}</ref>

In 2025, as a recent initiative to document and mediate dialects, the AI-based online translator ‘halunder.ai’ for Heligoland Frisian (Halunder) was developed by Jakob Martens.

== See also == * [[Frisian languages]] * [[North Frisia]] * [[Frisians]] * [[Frisian Islands]]

== References == ; General references * {{cite book|first=Alastair G.H. |last=Walker |author2=Ommo Wilts |chapter=Die nordfriesischen Mundarten |editor=Horst H. Munske |title=Handbuch des Friesischen – Handbook of Frisian Studies |publisher=Niemeyer |location=Tübingen |year=2001 |language=de, en |isbn=3-484-73048-X}} * {{cite conference |last1 = Hüttenrauch |first1 = Tanno |last2 = Wehar |first2 = Michael |title = An Online Dictionary for Dialects of North Frisian |pages = 88–89 |publisher = European Language Resources Association (ELRA) |conference = Workshop on Resources and Technologies for Indigenous, Endangered and Lesser-resourced Languages in Eurasia (EURALI) @ LREC2022 |year = 2022 |url = http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2022/workshops/EURALI/pdf/2022.eurali-1.15.pdf}}

; Citations {{Reflist}}

== External links == {{InterWiki|code=frr|North Frisian}} * [http://www.nordfriiskinstituut.de Nordfriisk Instituut (North Frisian Institute)] homepage (mainly {{in lang|de}}) * [https://friisk.org Friisk.org] An online dictionary containing most dialects of North Frisian (mainly {{in lang|de}}) * [https://halunder.ai Halunder.ai] An online translator between German and Halunder * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070304050019/http://friiske.de/my.php?page=2&language=ie Friisk Foriining (Frisian Society)] homepage {{in lang|en}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070228081616/http://friiske.de/my.php?page=2&language=nf Friisk Foriining] {{in lang|frr}}

[[Category:North Frisian language| ]] [[Category:Endangered Germanic languages]] [[Category:Severely endangered languages]] [[Category:Languages of Germany]] [[Category:North Frisia]]