{{short description|Province of Saudi Arabia}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Northern Borders Province | native_name = منطقة الحدود الشمالية | official_name = | settlement_type = Province | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | total_width = 300 | align = center | caption_align = center | image1 = | caption1 = Aerial view of Arar City | width1 = 150 | image2 = | caption2 = Rafha landscape | width2 = 150 | image3 = | caption3 = Turaif night view | width3 = 150 }} | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | flag_alt = | image_shield = | shield_size = | shield_alt = | image_map = Al Ḥudud ash Shamaliyah in Saudi Arabia.svg | mapsize = | map_alt = | map_caption = Map of Saudi Arabia with the Northern Borders Province highlighted | coordinates = {{coord|30|0|N|41|0|E|region:SA_type:adm1st}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = Badiyat al-Sham | coor_pinpoint = | seat_type = Seat | seat = Arar City | parts_type = Governorates | parts_style = para | p1 = 3 | area_total_km2 = 111,797 | area_footnotes = | population_as_of = 2022 | population_footnotes = | population_total = 373,577 | population_note = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_blank2_title = | population_blank2 = | population_density_km2 = auto | demographics1_name1 = | demographics1_info1 = | demographics_type2 = | demographics2_name1 = | demographics2_info1 = | demographics2_name2 = | demographics2_info2 = | demographics2_name3 = | demographics2_info3 = | timezone1 = SAST | utc_offset = +03:00 | blank1_name_sec1 = | blank1_info_sec1 = | blank2_name_sec1 = | blank2_info_sec1 = | blank_name_sec2 = | blank_info_sec2 = | blank1_name_sec2 = | blank1_info_sec2 = | blank2_name_sec2 = | blank2_info_sec2 = | postal_code_type = ISO 3166-2 | postal_code = SA–08 | area_code = 014 | leader_title = Governor | leader_name = Faisal bin Khalid | government_type = Municipality | governing_body = Northern Borders Municipality | leader_party = | website = {{URL|https://arar-mu.momah.gov.sa/ar}} | footnotes = }} The '''Northern Borders Province'''{{efn|name=naming|also known as the '''Northern Borders Region''' (Arabic: منطقة الحدود الشمالية, romanized: Minṭaqat al-Ḥudūd ash-Shamāliyya)}} is a province in Saudi Arabia, situated in the northern region, bordering Iraq to the north and northwest, and Jordan to the west.<ref name="services_guide">{{cite web |title=The Sixteenth Services Guide 2017:Northern Borders Region |url=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/northern_borders_region_en.pdf |publisher=Central Authority for Statistics}}</ref>
== History == Historically, the location of the modern-day province served as a key passage for caravans and trade between the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, and Mesopotamia. It was established as an official administrative province in 1970, and its proximity to international borders has given it strategic importance since the formation of the Third Saudi State in the early 20th century. In recent decades, the province has witnessed growing development in infrastructure and industry, particularly in mining, as part of national efforts to stimulate growth in northern Saudi Arabia.<ref name="SaudipediaGeo" />
== Geography == The Northern Borders Province is located in the far north of Saudi Arabia. It shares international borders with Jordan to the northwest and Iraq to the north. Domestically, it borders the Eastern Province to the south, Al-Jouf Province to the west, Hail Province and Al-Qassim Province to the southwest. The province covers an area of approximately 104,000 square kilometers, making up about 5.3% of the total area of Saudi Arabia.<ref name="SaudipediaGeo">{{Cite web |title=Northern Borders Province |url=https://saudipedia.com/en/article/1139/geography/provinces-and-cities/northern-borders-province |website=Saudipedia |access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref>
The province experiences a continental desert climate, with hot summers and cold winters—temperatures can drop below freezing in winter, and occasional snowfall is observed on elevated terrain. Rainfall is sparse and mainly occurs during the winter and spring seasons.<ref name="Skyline">{{Cite web |title=Northern Borders Province Climate |url=https://skylineholding.com/en/blog/northern-borders-province |website=Skyline Holding |access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref>
Geologically, the province lies on the Arabian Shelf, and is known for its rich mineral deposits, particularly phosphate. It hosts the Waad Al-Shamal Industrial City, a major mining and industrial hub established to support Saudi Arabia’s economic diversification, with investments exceeding SAR 85 billion.<ref name="SaudipediaGeo" />
The Northern Borders Province also includes several protected natural reserves, such as Mu'ayla, Al-Owaisi, Al-Ghurabah, and a portion of the Harrat Al-Harrah reserve. These areas are home to desert wildlife and are associated with traditional hunting practices like falconry.<ref name="SaudipediaGeo" />
== Etymology == The name Al-Ḥudūd Aš-Šamāliyya (Arabic: الحدود الشمالية) translates literally to "the Northern Borders" in English. It is derived from two Arabic words: al-ḥudūd (الحدود), meaning "the borders" or "boundaries," and aš-šamāliyya (الشمالية), meaning "northern." The name reflects the province's geographical position in the far north of Saudi Arabia, where it borders Iraq and Jordan. The term emphasizes the region's role as a frontier zone and its historical significance as a point of connection and transition between the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant.
== Transportation == === Air === The Northern Borders Province has three domestic airports: * Arar Domestic Airport – serves the provincial seat, Arar. * Rafha Domestic Airport – serves Rafha. * Turaif Domestic Airport – serves Turaif.
=== Border crossing === The province is connected to Iraq via the Jadidat Arar border crossing. The crossing was closed in 1990 following the Gulf War, except during the Hajj season. In 2017, it was partially reopened for limited travel, and it was fully reopened on 18 November 2020, allowing travelers, visitors, and commercial transport between Saudi Arabia and Iraq.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iraq, Saudi Arabia Reopen Arar Border Crossing After 30 Years |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/18/iraq-saudi-reopen-arar-border-crossing-after-30-years |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=2020-11-18 |access-date=2025-05-27}}</ref>
== Education == {{See also|List of universities and colleges in Saudi Arabia|Education in Saudi Arabia}} The Northern Borders Province is served by Northern Borders University (NBU), the only university in the province. It was established in 2007 by royal decree following a visit by the late King Abdullah. The university's main campus is located in Arar, with additional branches in Rafha, Turaif, and Al-Uwayqilah. It offers a variety of academic programs across disciplines such as medicine, engineering, computer science, business, and education. The university serves both men and women.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nbu.edu.sa/about-university |title=About the University |website=Northern Border University |publisher=NBU |access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref>
The province also has a network of public schools administered by the Ministry of Education, serving students at the elementary, intermediate, and secondary levels. Schools are distributed across urban centers and smaller towns to ensure access to education for all residents.
In addition to the university, the province hosts several institutions for technical and vocational education and training. These institutions are managed by the Technical and Vocational Training Corporation (TVTC),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tvtc.gov.sa/ar/Training-Facilities/Pages/TechnicalColleges.aspx |title=Technical Colleges |website=Technical and Vocational Training Corporation (TVTC) |language=ar |access-date=30 May 2025}}</ref>
==Population== {{Historical populations |align=left |footnote=source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/cities/|title=Saudi Arabia: Regions & Major Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information|website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> |1992|229,060 |2004|279,971 |2010|321,880 |2022|373,577 |percentages=pagr }}
==Governorates== {{main|List of governorates of Saudi Arabia}} thumb|center|Map of The Northern Borders Province The province consists of three governorates, with Arar City serving as the seat of the province. The governorates can be categorized into Category A and Category B based on the availability of services.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Tapline story: How Saudi Arabia’s pipeline built towns in the north |work=Saudi Gazette |date=23 September 2025 |url=https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/655169/SAUDI-ARABIA/The-Tapline-story-How-Saudi-Arabias-pipeline-built-towns-in-the-north}}</ref> {{legend|silver|Seat}} {{legend|#cedff2|Governorate (A)}} {{legend|#FBCEB1|Governorate (B)}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;" ! # !! Governorate !! 2010 Census !! 2022 Census |- | – || style="background-color: silver; font-weight:bold;"| Arar || 191,402 || 202,719 |- | 1 || style="background-color: #cedff2;"| Rafha || 81,201 || 84,536 |- | 2 || style="background-color: #cedff2;"| Turaif || 49,277 || 66,004 |- | 3 || style="background-color: #FBCEB1;"| Al-Uwayqilah || 16,696 || 20,318 |}
== Provincial government == The province is governed by a governor (Emir) appointed by the King of Saudi Arabia, assisted by a deputy governor. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Governor !! Term of Office !! Monarch(s) |- | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Office established |- | Mohammed bin Ahmed || 1948 – 1957 || Abdulaziz, Saud |- | Abdullah bin Abdulaziz || 1957 – 4 July 2015 || Saud, Faisal, Khalid, Fahd, Abdullah, Salman |- | Mishal bin Abdullah || 13 July 2015 – 22 April 2017 || Salman |- | Faisal bin Khalid || 22 April 2017 – present || Salman |}
== See also == {{Portal|Saudi Arabia}} * Provinces of Saudi Arabia * List of governorates of Saudi Arabia * List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia ==Notes== {{notelist}}
== References == {{Reflist}}
{{Geographic location |Center = Northern Borders Region |North = |Northeast = {{flagicon|Iraq}}Al Anbar, Najaf, and Al Muthanna governorates |East = |Southeast = Eastern Region |South = Riyadh Region |Southwest = Ha'il Region |West = Al Jawf Region |Northwest = {{flagicon|Jordan}}Mafraq Governorate }}
{{Saudi cities}} {{Regions of Saudi Arabia}} {{Saudi Arabia topics}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Northern Borders Province Category:Provinces of Saudi Arabia