{{Short description|American steamboat operator and railroad entrepreneur (1814-1888)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=September 2024}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Norman Kittson | image = Norman Kittson c. 1880 v2.jpg | image_size = | caption = Kittson {{circa|1880}} | birth_name = Norman Kittson | birth_date = {{Birth date|1814|3|6}} | birth_place = [[Sorel-Tracy|Sorel]], [[Lower Canada]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1888|5|10|1814|3|6}} | death_place = traveling near [[St. Paul, Minnesota]], U.S. | occupation = Steamboat operator, railroad entrepreneur | spouse = {{plainlist| *{{marriage|Élise Marion||1868|end=died}} *Sophia Perret *Mary Cochrane }} | children = 9 | signature = Signature of Norman Wolfred Kittson (1814–1888).png }}
'''Norman Wolfred Kittson''' (March 6, 1814 – May 10, 1888) was one of early [[Minnesota]]'s most prominent citizens. He was a [[fur trade]]r, then a [[steamboat]]-line operator and finally a railway entrepreneur and owner of [[thoroughbred]] [[horse racing|racehorses]]. He was part of the original syndicate that created the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]]. [[Kittson County, Minnesota]] is named for him.<ref>{{cite book| url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ| title=The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States| publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|Government Printing Office]]| author=Gannett, Henry | year=1905 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n176 177]}}</ref> [[Norman County, Minnesota]] also was named for him.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/origincertainpl00ganngoog| quote=Norman County named after Norman Kittson.|title=The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States| publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|Government Printing Office]]|author=Gannett, Henry |year=1905| pages=[https://archive.org/details/origincertainpl00ganngoog/page/n232 226]}}</ref>
==Early years== [[File:Norman Kittson c. 1856.jpg|thumb|Kittson as a young man]] Norman Wolfred Kittson was the eighth of ten children born to George Kittson (1779–1832), and Ann Tucker. George was a merchant, Justice of the Peace, clerk of the Commisariat and King's auctioneer at [[Sorel-Tracy|Sorel]], and later Principal Cashier of the Bank of Canada in Montreal, both in [[Lower Canada]]. Ann Tucker, of Sorel, was the daughter of Sergeant John Tucker (d.1782) of the [[53rd Regiment of Foot]].<ref>Archives Canada RG1 L3L page 92907-92922</ref> Norman was born 6 March 1814, and baptized on 27 March of the same year in Sorel.<ref>Archives Nationales du Quebecm Registre d'État civil non-catholique, district judiciaire de Richelieu ANQ, M-337.</ref> His middle name 'Wolfred' was given to Norman to honour a family friend, [[Wolfred Nelson]].
Norman's grandfather, Thomas Kittson, was in the [[British Army]], probably in the [[South Wales Borderers|24th Regiment of Foot]],<ref>British National Archives WO121/12/257</ref> and likely was killed or taken prisoner in the fall of 1777 at the [[Battles of Saratoga]]. Thomas was married to Julia Calcutt (1756–1835), who had likely travelled with him and the Regiment in April 1776 from Cork, Ireland to Trois-Rivières.<ref>''The British Invasion from the North'' published by Joel, Munsell's Sons, London 1887</ref> By 1779, Julia and her infant son George were living with Alexander Henry in Montreal. Julia and Alexander had four children out of wedlock, and did marry by licence in Montreal in 1785, likely after receiving the official news that Thomas Kittson was deceased. They had a fifth child after getting married.<ref>Archives nationales du Quebec Cote CE601, S63. Film #10064</ref>
==Fur trading== [[File:Casper wild.jpg|thumb|left|Fort Snelling in 1844]] [[File:FortPemiba1860.jpg|thumb|left|Fort Pembina, circa 1870]] Kittson received a grammar school education at Sorel, and like everyone in his family he was perfectly bilingual. His step-grandfather Alexander Henry and four of his five paternal uncles had all been active in the [[fur trade]], particularly the [[North West Company]]. It therefore was no surprise that, seeking adventure, in 1830 he took an apprenticeship with the [[American Fur Company]] at [[Michilimackinac]], where Alexander Henry and many others from Sorel had been active.<ref name="autogenerated1925">Interview of Rev. Henry Kittson, son of Norman Wolfred, published in: C. W. Rife, [http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/6/v06i03p225-252.pdf ''Norman W. Kittson, a fur-trader at Pembina''], Minnesota Hist. (St Paul, Minn.), 6 (1925) : 225–252. By Michel Robert</ref><ref>Les Canadiens-français du Michigan, by Jean Lamarre, Septentrion, Sillery, Québec, 2000, {{ISBN|2-89448-146-2}}</ref><ref>"Norman W. Kittson – 15 to 20 years old" Census, 1830 Michigan Territory:Michilimackinac County</ref> Kittson served at various posts in what became [[Minnesota Territory]] in the United States.
Kittson left the American Fur Company in 1833 to become a clerk to the [[sutler]] at [[Fort Snelling]]. In 1839, he went into business for himself, setting up as a [[fur trade]]r and supply merchant at Cold Lake, near Fort Snelling.<ref name="autogenerated2">Kittson family fonds, National Archives of Canada, R8013-0-0-E</ref> [[Henry Hastings Sibley]], Kittson's old friend from the American Fur Company had risen to managing agent of the [[American Fur Company|AFC]], but left in 1843 to form a partnership with Kittson.<ref name="autogenerated2"/>
In 1844, maintaining a large degree of independence, Kittson established a permanent post at [[Pembina, North Dakota]], where he made his headquarters.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Covering the [[Red River Valley]],<ref name="autogenerated2"/> he boldly set himself up in direct competition to the [[Hudson's Bay Company]], whose headquarters were only 100 km away in the [[Red River Colony]] at [[Rupert's Land]]. Kittson's almost immediate success at Pembina threatened the trade [[monopoly]] exerted by the [[Hudson's Bay Company|HBC]].
He served in the Minnesota Territorial Council from 1852 to 1855, while living in Pembina.<ref>[http://www.leg.state.mn.us/legdb/fulldetail.aspx?ID=12175 Minnesota Legislators Past and Present-Norman Wolfred Kittson]</ref>
Kittson collected furs from [[James Sinclair (fur trader)|James Sinclair]] and established strong connections to the local [[French Canadians]]. Through his first wife, he became particularly attached to the [[Métis people (Canada)|Métis people]], employing them as tripmen and trading extensively with them. All of this enabled him to play a significant part in bringing about free trade to the settlement in 1849. [[Guillaume Sayer]] was trading with Kittson prior to the trial that ended the monopoly. In 1852, Kittson relocated from Pembina to [[Walhalla, North Dakota|St. Joseph]] to avoid the periodic flooding of the [[Red River of the North]].
==St. Paul, Minnesota== [[File:Kittson House at St. Paul, Minnesota.gif|thumb|Norman Kittson's house at St. Paul]] In the 1850s, a contemporary described Kittson as a "sprightly, fine-looking man; cleanly and really elegantly dressed; hair just turning gray; eyes bright, with a quiet, pleasant voice; genial in nature and a man of excellent characteristics".<ref>[http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/6/v06i03p225-252.pdf Norman Kittson, a fur-trader at Pembina]</ref> Kittson moved to [[Minnesota]]'s new capital, [[St. Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]], in 1854, becoming one the city's most influential businessman. He operated a fur and goods business and had several investments and real estate holdings. Kittson served on the St. Paul City Council from 1856 to 1858.<ref>''A History of St. Paul, and of the County of Ramsey County, Minnesota'', J. Fletcher Williams, p. 464</ref> From 1858 to 1859 he served as mayor.
During this period, his business interests extended into the Red River Colony, which he was committed to developing. In 1856, he opened a store at [[Saint Boniface, Manitoba|St. Boniface]] (now modern [[Winnipeg, Manitoba]]) and the following year he and other merchants shipped over $120,000 of [[furs]] from the [[Red River Settlement]] to St Paul. Although he sold the store in 1861, Kittson continued to import furs from the settlement and provide it with supplies. He was a long-time operator of [[Red River cart]] brigades on the [[Red River Trails]], which served his trading businesses.
==Steamboat operations== [[File:Steamship 'International'.jpg|thumb|left|The steamship ''International'' at [[Fort Garry]], c. 1870]] [[George Simpson (administrator)|Sir George Simpson]], the governor of Kittson's old rival, the [[Hudson's Bay Company]], described him in the 1850s as "the most extensive and respectable of the American traders doing business at Red River".<ref>[http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=5627 Dictionary of Canadian Biography]</ref> In 1858 Kittson was instrumental in establishing a [[steamboat]] service on the [[Red River of the North]], a route which was also used by the [[Hudson's Bay Company|HBC]]. Simpson's successor, [[Alexander Grant Dallas]], managed to convert Kittson "from an opponent into an ally". In 1862, the Hudson's Bay Company appointed him shipping agent and head of navigation on the Red River, a position he retained throughout the 1860s to the great mutual benefit of both Kittson and the HBC. He co-ordinated the import of trade goods from Britain and the export of furs by cart brigades between St. Paul and [[Georgetown, Minnesota|Georgetown]], and by the steamship ''International'' between Georgetown and the Red River Settlement.
The creation of the province of [[Manitoba]] from the former [[Rupert's Land]] in 1870 marked the end of the HBC trade monopoly. In 1872 Kittson joined up with another former competitor, [[James Jerome Hill]], forming the Red River Transportation Company. The line had five steamboats, and Kittson had invested $75,000 by 1873. They were the only operators on the Red River during the 1870s, and were important factors in the development of Winnipeg and south Manitoba through the transportation of immigrants, mail and supplies.
==Railway entrepreneur== In 1879, though in poor health, Kittson embarked on his last major venture. With James Hill, Kittson joined forces with Hudson's Bay Company representative [[Donald Alexander Smith]] and [[Montreal]] banker [[George Stephen, 1st Baron Mount Stephen|George Stephen]] to purchase the struggling [[Saint Paul and Pacific Railroad]], reorganizing it into the St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway. It established the first rail link between St. Boniface and St. Paul. In 1880, its net worth was $728,000; in 1885 it was $25,000,000. When Kittson sold his shares in the company in 1881, it made him a very wealthy man, running his investments into the millions. These same men later formed the nucleus of a [[syndicate]] established in 1880 that built the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] and [[Great Northern Railway (U.S.)|Great Northern Railway]].
==Thoroughbred racing== Norman Kittson was possessed of "a sartorial elegance and a love of [[horse racing|race horses]],"<ref name=Strathcona>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/lordstrathconabi0000mcdo_v1q4/page/260/mode/1up?q=%22race+horses%22 |title=Lord Strathcona: A Biography of Donald Alexander Smith |first=Donna |last=McDonald |publisher=[[Dundurn Press]] |isbn=1550022660 |page=260 |date=2002 |access-date=2024-09-05 |via=Internet Archive |url-access=registration}}</ref> and it was this latter interest on which he concentrated after retiring from business. His stables at Midway Park, [[St. Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]] and at [[Erdenheim Farm]] near [[Philadelphia]], kept some of the finest [[thoroughbred]]s and made him one of the most prominent race horse owners in the country. His [[filly]], Glidelia, won the 1880 [[Alabama Stakes]]. In 1882, with his brother, James, they had purchased [[Aristides Welch]]'s renowned [[stud farm]] at [[Erdenheim, Pennsylvania]], and the bulk of its [[thoroughbred|bloodstock]] at [[Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Chestnut Hill]] for $100,000. In 1884, the Kittson's [[Colt (horse)|colt]], Rataplan, won the prestigious [[Travers Stakes]] at the [[Saratoga Race Course]]. Kittson's sons, Louis and James, were both well-known horsemen and managed Erdenheim after their father's death. They sold the studs at auction in 1896.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Erdenheim Sale. Breaking up of a Famous Throroughbred Stock Farm|work=New York Times|date=November 9, 1888|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1888/11/09/100950249.pdf|accessdate=2015-06-02 }}</ref>
==Family== Norman Kittson was married three times. His first wife was Élise Marion (1831–1868), a [[Métis people (Canada)|Métis]] from the [[Red River Colony]]. She was a daughter of [[blacksmith]] Narcisse Marion and the sister of [[Roger Marion]] (1846–1920), a [[Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba|conservative]] [[Member of Parliament]]. Kittson had many friends among the Red River Métis, including a first cousin, Ambrose Lépine, who was an associate of [[Louis Riel]]. The Marion family, however, opposed Riel's [[Red River Rebellion]]. When Élise died in 1868, Kittson took her body back to [[Saint Boniface, Manitoba|St. Boniface]] for burial among her family and childhood friends.<ref name=Strathcona/> He then married Sophia Perret (1817–1889), a [[Swiss people|Swiss]] woman who was the daughter of Abraham Perret (also sometimes spelled Perry). He later married Mary Cochrane (1842–1886).<ref name="autogenerated1925"/> Kittson fathered nine children by his three wives.
Kittson died May 10, 1888 in a [[dining car]] after ordering dinner while he was traveling on the [[Chicago and North Western Railway]] towards St. Paul. It was said of him that "he gave willingly but not ostentatiously to charitable causes."<ref>[http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/6/v06i03p225-252.pdf Norman Kittson – a fur trader at Pembina]</ref> Kittson left an estate of over 1.2 million dollars to be divided among his children. There was a claim against his estate by a woman named Margaret Robinson, who declared that she had been married to Norman Kittson in 1833, as shown on a marriage certificate she produced. However, her claim for a third of the estate was denied, as neither the locale nor the state (Wisconsin) where the marriage supposedly took place was then extant, the priest named on the certificate was in Ohio in 1833, and the type of paper on which the certificate was printed was of more recent origin.<ref>[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1896/03/04/104111864.pdf "Kittson Not Married – Margaret Robinson, the Indian's claim for over a million, as his wife, denied"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 4, 1896.</ref>
==Papers== Papers of Norman W. Kittson are available for research use at the Minnesota Historical Society. They include fur trade account books (1851–1853, 1863–1866) and miscellaneous papers pertaining to lands, accounts, and other investments.<ref>[http://www.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00957.xml Norman W. Kittson Papers]</ref>
==Notes and references==
===Footnotes=== {{Reflist}}
===References=== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110517044007/http://mnplaces.mnhs.org/upham/people.cfm?PlaceNameID=13439&BookCodeID=2&County=35&SendingPage=Results.cfm Minnesota Place Names – People Information]. Accessed July 16, 2006. * {{cite book | last = Gilman | first = Rhoda R. |author2=Carolyn Gilman |author3=Deborah M. Stultz | year = 1979 | title = The Red River Trails | publisher = Minnesota Historical Society Press | location = St. Paul | isbn = 0-87351-133-6 }}
==External links== {{Commons category}} *[http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/people/kittson_nw.shtml Memorable Manitobans – Norman Kittson] *[http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/NormanWolfredKittson-QuebecHistory.htm Norman Kittson – The Quebec History Encyclopedia] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120830083252/http://www.hallockmn.org/kittsonhistory.htm History of Kittson County, Minnesota] *{{Find a Grave|45010787}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kittson, Norman}} [[Category:1814 births]] [[Category:1888 deaths]] [[Category:19th-century mayors of places in Minnesota]] [[Category:Canadian fur traders]] [[Category:Emigrants from pre-Confederation Quebec to the United States]] [[Category:Pre-Confederation Quebec people]] [[Category:American people in rail transportation]] [[Category:Canadian people in rail transport]] [[Category:American racehorse owners and breeders]] [[Category:Members of the Minnesota Territorial Legislature]] [[Category:Minnesota city council members]] [[Category:Mayors of Saint Paul, Minnesota]] [[Category:Minnesota Democrats]] [[Category:People from Sorel-Tracy]] [[Category:People from Pembina County, North Dakota]] [[Category:Canadian Pacific Railway people]]