{{short description|Species of orchid from Asia}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}} {{Speciesbox | status = CITES_A2 | status_system = CITES | status_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.shtml |title=Appendices I, II and III |publisher=Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna |date=2010-10-14 |accessdate=2019-12-20}}</ref> | image =Dendrobium nobile - flower view 01.jpg | taxon = Dendrobium nobile | authority = Lindl.<ref>{{GRIN | accessdate=2008-02-05 }}</ref> |synonyms_ref=<ref>{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325886-2#synonyms |title=Dendrobium nobile|author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=20 December 2020 }}</ref> |synonyms=*''Callista nobilis'' {{small|(Lindl.) Kuntze}} * ''Dendrobium coerulescens'' {{small|Wall. ex Lindl.}} * ''Dendrobium lindleyanum'' {{small|Griff.}} * ''Dendrobium wallichianum'' {{small|B.S.Williams}} * ''Dendrobium nobile'' var. ''formosanum'' {{small|Rchb.f.}} * ''Dendrobium nobile'' var. ''nobilius'' {{small|Rchb.f.}} * ''Dendrobium nobile virginale'' {{small|Rolfe}} * ''Dendrobium formosanum'' {{small|(Rchb.f.) Masam.}} * ''Dendrobium nobile'' f. ''nobilius'' {{small|(Rchb.f.) M.Hiroe}} * ''Dendrobium nobile'' var. ''alboluteum'' {{small|Huyen & Aver.}} }}
'''''Dendrobium nobile''''', also known as the '''noble dendrobium''', is a member of the family Orchidaceae. It is one of the most widespread ornamental members of the orchid family. It is the state flower of the Indian state of Sikkim.<ref>{{cite web |title=States and Union Territories Symbols |url=http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=16#sik |url-status=dead |work=knowindia.gov.in |access-date=13 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112080035/http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=16#sik |archive-date=12 November 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Flora and Fauna |url=http://sikkimtourism.gov.in/Webforms/General/SikkimAtAGlance/FloraFauna.aspx |url-status=dead |work=sikkimtourism.gov.in |access-date=13 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417083258/http://sikkimtourism.gov.in/Webforms/General/SikkimAtAGlance/FloraFauna.aspx |archive-date=17 April 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
== Description == thumb|right|A nobile-type hybrid or cultivar ''Dendrobium nobile'' is a sympodial orchid that forms pseudobulbs. When one stem ceases growing, new shoots arise from the base. This cycle continues, forming a clump of stems. Its inflorescence is erect, with blooms forming along the length of the flowering stem. It has strap-shaped, persistent leaves and blooms mostly in winter and spring, producing short, 2 to 4-flowered racemes. The flowers are fragrant, waxy, and highly variable in color, ranging from white to pink and purple. The many different cultivated varieties produce blooms of different sizes and colors.<ref name="m838">{{cite web | title=Dendrobium nobile in Flora of China @ efloras.org | website=eFloras.org Home | url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200028648 | access-date=2024-05-09}}</ref>
==Distribution== ''Dendrobium nobile'' is an epiphytic or lithophytic plant native to southern China (including Tibet), the Himalayas (India, Bangladesh, Assam, Nepal, Bhutan), and Indochina (Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam).<ref name="kikili">[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=58517 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref><ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200028648 Flora of China v 25 p 381, <big>石斛</big> shi hu, ''Dendrobium nobile'' Lindley, Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 79. 1830. ]</ref><ref>Wood, H.P. (2006). The Dendrobiums: 1-847. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag K.G., Ruggell.</ref><ref>Lucksom, S.Z. (2007). The orchids of Sikkim and North East Himalaya: 1-984. S.Z.Lucksom, India.</ref><ref>Huda, M.K. (2007). An updated enumeration of the family Orchidaceae from Bangladesh. The Journal of the Orchid Society of India 21: 35-49.</ref><ref>Raskoti, B.B. (2009). The Orchids of Nepal: 1-252. Bhakta Bahadur Raskoti and Rita Ale.</ref><ref>Choudhary, R.K., Srivastava, R.C., Das, A.K. & Lee, J. (2012). Floristic diversity assessment and vegetation analysis of Upper Siang district of eastern Himalaya in North East India. Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 42: 222-246.</ref> The species is also reportedly naturalized in Hawaii.<ref>Ackerman, J.D. (2012). Orchids gone wild. Discovering naturalized orchids in Hawaii. Orchids; the Magazine of the American Orchid Society 81: 88-93.</ref> ''Dendrobium nobile'' occurs in lowland and mountain forests, often on mossy limestone rocks. == Pharmacology == Extract of the stems of ''Dendrobium nobile'' yielded 17 phenanthrenes (including 3,4,8-trimethoxyphenanthrene-2,5-diol, 2,8-dihydroxy-3,4,7-trimethoxyphenanthrene, 3-hydroxy-2,4,7-trimethoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene, 2,8-dihydroxy-3,4,7-trimethoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene, 2-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene, 2,2'-dihydroxy-3,3',4,4',7,7'-hexamethoxy-9,9',10,10'-tetrahydro-1,1'-biphenanthrene and 2,3,5-trihydroxy-4,9-dimethoxyphenanthrene).<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.04.054| title = Phenanthrenes from Dendrobium nobile and their inhibition of the LPS-induced production of nitric oxide in macrophage RAW 264.7 cells| journal = Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters| volume = 20| issue = 12| pages = 3785–7| year = 2010| last1 = Hwang| first1 = Ji Sang| last2 = Lee| first2 = Seon A| last3 = Hong| first3 = Seong Su| last4 = Han| first4 = Xiang Hua| last5 = Lee| first5 = Chul| last6 = Kang| first6 = Shin Jung| last7 = Lee| first7 = Dongho| last8 = Kim| first8 = Youngsoo| last9 = Hong| first9 = Jin Tae| last10 = Lee| first10 = Mi Kyeong| last11 = Hwang| first11 = Bang Yeon| pmid = 20483604}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 18052323| year = 2007| last1 = Yang| first1 = H| title = Antifibrotic phenanthrenes of Dendrobium nobile stems| journal = Journal of Natural Products| volume = 70| issue = 12| pages = 1925–9| last2 = Sung| first2 = S. H| last3 = Kim| first3 = Y. C| doi = 10.1021/np070423f}}</ref> There have been many studies on the complex chemistry of the plant.{{vague|date=May 2012}}
==Usage== It is also one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine, known as ''shí hú'' ({{zh|c=石斛}}) or ''shí hú lán'' ({{zh|c=石斛兰}}).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Markus |date=2018-05-28 |orig-date= |title=Ethnobotanik: Dendrobium nobile – Eine berauschende Orchidee |url=https://www.grow.de/artikel/basiswissen-detailseite/ethnobotanik-dendrobium-nobile-eine-berauschende-orchidee |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=www.grow.de |language=de}}</ref>
''Dendrobium nobile'' has been added to the EU novel foods catalogue as it is deemed unsafe for human consumption within food supplements without a safety assessment.<ref>{{cite web | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140708/http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/biotechnology/novelfood/nfnetweb/mod_search/index.cfm?seqfce=908&verify=&action=mod_search.details&fldProdNam=Dendrobium+nobile | archivedate=2 April 2015 | url=http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/biotechnology/novelfood/nfnetweb/mod_search/index.cfm?seqfce=908&verify=&action=mod_search.details&fldProdNam=Dendrobium+nobile | title=Dendrobium nobile | publisher=European Commission | accessdate=30 August 2019 }}</ref> ===Cultivation=== It has become a popular cultivated decorative house plant, because it produces colourful blooms in winter and spring, at a time when little else is in flower. It is a tender plant that only survives winters in USDA hardiness zones 11 and above.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://homeguides.sfgate.com/care-nobile-orchid-dendrobium-41206.html | title=Care of Nobile Orchid Dendrobium }}</ref>
Examples of the species are grown in Kew Gardens Tropical Nursery in London and seeds are stored in the Millennium Seed Bank there.{{fact|date=August 2019}} == See also == * Dendrobine, a toxin found in ''Dendrobium nobile''
== References == {{Reflist}}
== External links == * {{commonscat-inline|Dendrobium nobile}} * [https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/plants/show/605 ''Dendrobium nobile'' List of Chemicals (Dr. Duke's Databases)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126150347/https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/plants/show/605 |date=26 January 2022 }} * National orchid societies which give advice about the cultivation of ''Dendrobium nobile'' and other orchid species include: ** [https://www.aos.org The American Orchid Society] ** [http://www.osgb.org.uk The Orchid Society of Great Britain]
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nobile Category:Epiphytic orchids Category:Flora of Indo-China Category:Flora of the Indian subcontinent Category:Orchids of China Category:National symbols of Sikkim Category:Orchids of India Category:Plants described in 1830 Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine Category:Lithophytic orchids