{{short description|King of Bithynia (94–74 BC)}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Nicomedes IV Philopator | image = Bithynia - king Nikomedes IV - 94-74 BC - silver tetradrachm - head of Nikomedes IV - Zeus - München SMS 01.jpg | caption = Nicomedes IV depicted on a silver coin | succession = King of Bithynia | reign = c. 94–74 BC | predecessor = Nicomedes III | successor = Monarchy abolished | father = Nicomedes III | mother = Nysa<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YATWCgAAQBAJ&q=%22Nicomedes+IV%22+%22he+married+the+cappadocian%22&pg=PA319|title = Roman Rule in Asia Minor, Volume 1 (Text): To the End of the Third Century After Christ|isbn = 9781400849796|last1 = Magie|first1 = David|date = 8 December 2015}}</ref> or Aristonica | spouse = Nysa | issue = Nysa<ref>{{Cite book |title=Caesar: Politician and Statesman |last=Gelzer |first=Matthias |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1968 |isbn=9780674090019 |pages=30, 351}}</ref> | birth_date = | death_date = }} '''Nicomedes IV Philopator''' ({{langx|grc|Νικομήδης Φιλοπάτωρ}}) was the king of Bithynia from c. 94 BC to 74 BC.<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Nicomedes III. |volume=19 |page=664}} (''numbered as III. not IV.'')</ref> He was the first son and successor of Nicomedes III of Bithynia.<ref>McGing, ''The foreign policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus'', p. 143</ref>

==Life== Memnon of Heraclea wrote that Nicomedes IV was the son of Nicomedes III by his wife Nysa,<ref>[http://www.attalus.org/translate/memnon2.html#26 Memnon, History of Heracleia 22.5]</ref> but according to Granius Licinianus he was a son of Nicomedes III by a first wife called Aristonica, who Granius Licinianus claims died nine days after his birth. He had three half siblings, Nysa by his father's second marriage to Nysa, and a half brother named Socrates Chrestus from his father's concubine, Hagne,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/2326.html |title=''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology''|volume=2 |page=1218 |date=1870 |editor-first=William|editor-last=Smith|access-date=2010-10-07 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220182844/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/2326.html |archive-date=2011-02-20 }}</ref> and possibly Pylaemenes III by an unknown woman.

His reign began at the death of his father. The first few years of his kingship were relatively peaceful, but soon King Mithridates VI of Pontus (the maternal grand-uncle of Nicomedes IV), one of Rome's greatest enemies during the late Republic, began harassing Bithynia's borders.

Nicomedes IV's brother, Socrates Chrestus, assisted by Mithridates VI, defeated Nicomedes IV's army in 90 BC, and Nicomedes IV was forced to flee to Italy. He was restored to his throne by Manius Aquillius due to Rome's influence in the region.<ref>Smith, {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20121205085245/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/2305.html p. 1197]}}</ref> However, Aquillius encouraged Nicomedes IV to raid Mithridates VI's territory, prompting Mithridates VI to retaliate again in 88 BC. Nicomedes IV fled once again to Rome. Mithridates invaded and conquered Bithynia and the Roman provinces of Asia, starting the First Mithridatic War.<ref>J. Hind, 'Mithridates', in ''Cambridge Ancient History, Volume IX'' (1994), pp.143–4</ref>

The East was seen by the Romans as a province providing an abundance of gold and silver. As such, two powerful Romans, Gaius Marius and the consul Lucius Cornelius Sulla aimed at a command in the region. After marching on Rome and outlawing Marius, Sulla sailed east and fought Mithridates VI on several occasions over the next three years, and finally in 85 BC, Mithridates VI sued for peace, and was allowed to retain his kingship in Pontus after paying a heavy fine.

Nicomedes IV was restored to his throne in Bithynia in 84 BC.<ref name=EB1911/> The years that followed were relatively peaceful, though Bithynia came more and more under the control of Rome. In 80 BC, young Gaius Julius Caesar was an ambassador to Nicomedes IV's court. Caesar was sent to raise a fleet using Bithynia's resources, but he remained so long with the King that a rumor of a sexual relationship between the two men surfaced, leading to the disparaging title for Caesar, "the Queen of Bithynia", an appellation which Caesar's political enemies made use of later in his life. During Caesar's Gallic Triumph a popular verse began: "''Gallias Caesar subegit, Caesarem Nicomedes''," (Caesar laid the Gauls low, Nicomedes laid Caesar low), suggesting that Caesar was the submissive receiving partner in the relationship.<ref>Suetonius [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/pwh/suet-julius.html ii., 45–53]</ref> It is unknown if a sexual relationship existed or was only a story told by his opponents, and Caesar vigorously denied its truthfulness.<ref name="Goldsworthy2008">{{cite book|author=Adrian Goldsworthy|title=Caesar: Life of a Colossus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aSmr_bVR2-kC&pg=PA68|year=2008|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-13919-8|pages=68–}}</ref>

As one of his last acts as king of Bithynia, in 74 BC, Nicomedes IV bequeathed the entire Kingdom of Bithynia to Rome.<ref name=EB1911/> The Roman Senate quickly voted it as a new province. Rome's old enemy Mithridates VI of Pontus had other plans for Bithynia, however, and Nicomedes IV's death and bequeathal led directly to the Third Mithridatic War.

==See also== * Attalus III * ''Young Caesar'' (opera)

==Notes== <references/>

==References== * Suetonius, ''Lives of the Caesars'': "Caesar". * Smith, William (editor); ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'': {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20121205085245/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/2305.html "Nicomedes III"]}} (erroneously called so), Boston, (1867). * B. C. McGing, The foreign policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus, BRILL, 1986

{{S-start}} {{S-reg}} {{S-bef|before=Nicomedes III}} {{S-ttl|title=King of Bithynia|years=94–74 BC}} {{S-non|reason=Annexation by Roman Republic}} {{S-end}} {{Hellenistic rulers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nicomedes 04 of Bithynia}} Category:74 BC deaths Category:1st-century BC Kings of Bithynia Category:Year of birth unknown Category:People of the Mithridatic Wars