Nicholas J. Clayton

'''Nicholas Joseph Clayton''' (November 1, 1840, in [[Cloyne]], [[County Cork]] – December 9, 1916) was a prominent [[Victorian era]] architect in [[Galveston, Texas]].

==Early life== Clayton was born on November 1, 1839, in Cloyne, County Cork, Ireland. His father, also named Nicholas Joseph Clayton, died in 1848. Margaret O'Mahoney Clayton, his mother, moved from Ireland to [[Cincinnati]] the same year.<ref name=tsha/>

==Career== Clayton constructed many grand religious and public buildings in Galveston including the [[First Presbyterian Church (Galveston, Texas)]]. He is also credited as the architect of [[Sacred Heart Catholic Church (Tampa, Florida)]] and of the [[Main Building (St. Edward's University)|Main Building]] of [[St. Edward's University]] in [[Austin, Texas]]. He also designed an addition to [[St. Mary Cathedral Basilica (Galveston, Texas)|St. Mary Cathedral]] in Galveston.<ref name=tsha>{{cite web |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fcl22 | series=Handbook of Texas Online | first1=Robert A. | last1=Nesbitt | first2=Stephen | last2=Fox | title=Clayton, Nicholas Joseph | access-date=June 11, 2023}}</ref><ref name=Speck>[http://larryspeck.com/1986/09/04/old-red-university-of-texas-medical-school-galveston/ Speck, Larry. "Old Red, University of Texas Medical School Galveston", ''Landmarks of Texas Architecture'', (1986), University of Texas Press]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/mary-cathedral-gets-face-lift/b3A0RWAk3i7IYMX1MYH39L/ |title=Castillo, Juan. "St. Mary Cathedral gets a face-lift", ''American-Statesman'', February 2, 2013 |access-date=August 9, 2022 |archive-date=September 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927150104/https://www.statesman.com/news/mary-cathedral-gets-face-lift/b3A0RWAk3i7IYMX1MYH39L/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Wooten>[https://books.google.com/books?id=worGOTsvOTwC&dq=Nicholas+J.+Clayton&pg=PT14 Wooten, Heather Green. ''Old Red: Pioneering Medical Education in Texas'', Texas A&M University Press, 2013], {{ISBN|9780876112946}}</ref><ref name=aaa>[https://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utaaa/00020/aaa-00020.html "Nicholas Joseph Clayton", Alexander Architectural Archive, University of Texas, Austin]</ref><ref name=ghf>[http://www.galvestonhistory.org/attractions/architectural-heritage/ghf-and-the-city-of-galveston-celebrate-nicholas-claytons-150th-birthday-on-november-1 "GHF and the City of Galveston Celebrate Nicholas Clayton’s 175th Birthday on November 1", Galveston Historical Foundation]</ref><ref>[http://larryspeck.com/1986/09/04/the-bishops-palace/ Speck, Larry. "The Bishop's Palace", ''Landmarks of Texas Architecture'', (1986), University of Texas Press]</ref><ref>[http://galvestonislandguide.com/the-bishops-palace-galvestons-most-significant-building-and-the-fourteen-most-representative-victorian-structures/ Card, Terry. "The Bishop’s Palace: Galveston’s Most Significant Building", ''Island Guide'']</ref><ref name=Canright>[https://www.coastmonthly.com/2015/10/island-celebrates-renowned-architect/ Canright, Marsha. "Island celebrates renowned architect", ''Coast Monthly'', October 24, 2015]</ref>

==Works== {{columns list|colwidth=30em| 1873 * [[Cathedral of Saint Mary (Austin, Texas)|St. Mary's Church]] - [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]], [[Austin, Texas|Austin]] (1873)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://smcaustin.org/history-2 | title=History | website=Saint Mary Cathedral | access-date=June 11, 2023 | archive-date=June 25, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625021632/https://smcaustin.org/history-2 | url-status=dead }}</ref> 1874 *[[Ball High School]], Galveston (1884, demolished)<ref>Beasley and Fox (1996), p. 54.</ref> *St. Mary's Infirmary, 701 Market Street, Galveston (1874, demolished in 1965)<ref>Barnstone (1993), pp. 81{{endash}}84.</ref> *Dallas Orphan Asylum 1875 *Seeligson House, 1208 Ball Avenue, Galveston (1875)<ref>Beasley and Fox (1996), p. 94.</ref> *Galveston County Courthouse (1875, demolished)<ref>Robinson (1981), p. 122.</ref> 1876 *Burr House, 1228 Sealy Avenue, Galveston (1876)<ref>Beasley and Fox (1996), p. 117.</ref> 1877 *Albert A. Van Alstyne house, 1216 Main Street, Houston (1877), demolished).<ref>Houghton, ''et al'' (1998), p. 80.</ref> *Lovenberg House, 1412 Market Street, Galveston (1877)<ref>Beasley and Fox (1996), p. 69.</ref> *Bolton Estate Building, 2321{{endash}}2323 Strand, Galveston (1877, Clayton & Lynch)<ref>Beasley and Fox (1996), pp. 19{{endash}}20.</ref> *Wallis, Landes and Company, 2411 Strand, Galveston (1877, Clayton & Lynch, only the storefront remains)<ref>Beasley and Fox (1996), p. 19.</ref> *St. Patrick's Church, 1013{{endash}}1027 34th Street, Galveston (1877, Clayton & Lynch)<ref>Beasley and Fox (1996), pp. 175{{endash}}176.</ref> 1878 *George Schneider and Company Building, 2101{{endash}}2107 Strand Street, Galveston (1878, Clayton and Lynch)<ref>Beasley and Fox (1996), pp. 24{{endash}}25.</ref> *The John Stoddard Brown & Company Building, 2111 Strand Street, Galveston (1878, Clayton) 1879 *Eaton Memorial Chapel, Trinity Episcopal Church, 721 22nd Street, Galveston (1879, Clayton and Lynch)<ref>Beasley and Fox (1996), p. 53.</ref> 1880 *Masonic Lodge Building, Galveston (c. 1880, demolished)<ref>Robinson (1981), p. 156.</ref> 1882 *Ursuline Academy, Dallas (1882, central building only, demolished in 1949)<ref>[https://flashbackdallas.com/2014/03/22/ursuline-academy/ "Bosse, Paula. "Nicholas J. Clayton’s Neo-Gothic Ursuline Academy", Flaskback: Dallas]</ref><ref>Robinson (1981), p. 193.</ref> *[[Beach Hotel (Galveston)]], Tremont Street at the beach (1882, destroyed by fire in 1898)<ref>Barnstone (1993), pp. 117{{endash}}122.</ref> *Electric Pavilion, Galveston (1882, burned 1883)<ref>Robinson (1981), p. 180.</ref> * H. M. Trueheart & Company Building, 212 22nd Street, Galveston (1882)<ref>Beasley and Fox (1996), p. 33.</ref> * Greenleve, Block & Co. Building, 2310{{endash}}2314 Strand, (1882)<ref>Beasley and Fox (1996), p. 20.</ref> 1883 * Harmony Hall, Galveston (1882{{endash}}1883, burned, 1928)<ref>Robinson (1981), p. 157.</ref> *W. L. Moody Building (Strand Surplus Senter), 2202{{endash}}2206 Strand, Galveston (1883)<ref>Beasley and Fox (1996), p. 22.</ref> 1884 *Galveston News Building, 2108 Mechanic Street, Galveston (1884)<ref>Beasley and Fox (1996), p. 34.</ref> *Ball High School, Galveston (1884, demolished)<ref>Robinson (1981), p. 190.</ref> *Sacred Heart Church, Galveston (destroyed in [[Galveston hurricane|1900 hurricane]])<ref>Robinson (1981), p. 205.</ref> 1885 *Addition to Sydnor-Heidenheimer House, Galveston<ref>Robinson (1981), p. 148.</ref> 1886 *Stafford Opera House, 425 Spring Street, Columbus, Texas (1886)<ref>{{cite web | title=1886 Stafford Opera House | access-date=July 2, 2023 | url=https://www.columbushpt.com/index.php/historical-properties/1886-stafford-opera-house/ | website=Columbus Historical Preservation Trust}}</ref> 1887 *[[Sonnentheil House]], 1826 Sealy Avenue, Galveston (1887)<ref>Beasley and Fox (1996), pp. 101{{endash}}102.</ref> *Temple B'Nai Israel, 816 22nd Street, Galveston, (1887 and 1902 addition), later the Masonic Temple<ref>Beasley and Fox (1996), p. 52.</ref> 1888 *[[Incarnate Word Academy (Houston)]], (1888–89 and 1899, demolished; 1905, extant) *St. Matthews Catholic Church (Monroe, La.) *St. Edward's University (Main bldg. and Holy Cross dormitory), Austin (1888) 1889 *Rudolph Kruger House, 1628 Postoffice Street, Galveston (1889)<ref>Beasley and Fox (1996), p. 74</ref> *Morris Lasker House, Galveston<ref>Robinson (1981), p. 145.</ref> 1890 * [[Sacred Heart Catholic Church and School|Sacred Heart Church]], Palestine, Texas (1890{{endash}}1893)<ref name=tsha/> *Ursuline Convent (Dallas) *John Sealy Hospital *Adoue & Lobit Bank, 2101 Strand, Galveston, aka Steele Building after 1919, aka Commerce Building after 1976<ref>Robinson (1981), p. 162.</ref> 1891 * [[Ashbel Smith Building]] - [[Romanesque Revival architecture|Romanesque Revival]] (1891) 1892 * [[Bishop's Palace, Galveston]], 1402 Broadway, Galveston, [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] (1892)<ref>Beasley and Fox (1996), pp. 111{{endash}}112.</ref> 1893 *League House, 1710 Broadway, Galveston (1893)<ref>Beasley and Fox (1996), pp.113{{endash}}114.</ref> *Ursuline Academy, 2600 Avenue N Galveston (1891–1894, demolished in 1962)<ref>Barnstone (1996), pp. 180{{endash}}183.</ref> 1895 *St. Joseph's Infirmary, Houston (1892–94, 1895, demolished)<ref name=tsha/> * [[Grace Episcopal Church (Galveston, Texas)|Grace Episcopal Church]], Galveston (1894) * [[St. Francis Xavier Cathedral (Alexandria, Louisiana)]] - Gothic Revival (1895) *Hutchings-Sealy Building (Galveston) (1895)<ref>Henry (1993), p. 26.</ref> 1896 *St. Patrick's Church, Denison (1896–1898)<ref name=tsha/> * [[Cathedral Santuario de Guadalupe (Dallas, Texas)|Sacred Heart Cathedral, Dallas]] - Gothic Revival (1896{{endash}}1902)<ref name=tsha/> *St. Patrick's Catholic Church, 1013{{endash}}1027 34th Street, Galveston (reconstructed in 1902)<ref>Beasley and Fox (1996), pp. 175{{endash}}176.</ref> 1905 * [[Sacred Heart Catholic Church (Tampa, Florida)]] - Romanesque Revival (1905) * St. Matthew's Catholic Church, Monroe, Louisiana (1905) 1912 *the dome of the second Sacred Heart Church, Galveston (1912) }}

==Gallery== <gallery> Image:Bishop's palace front.jpg|[[Bishop's Palace, Galveston]] Image:UTMB old red.jpg|[[Ashbel Smith Building]], also known as "Old Red Building," University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston Image:St Edwards Main Building.jpg|[[Main Building (St. Edward's University)|Main Building]], [[St. Edward's University]], Austin Image:Sacredhearttampa-int.jpg|Sacred Heart, Tampa, Fla.-interior Image:Grace Episcopal Church, Galveston, Texas.jpg|[[Grace Episcopal Church (Galveston, Texas)]] </gallery>

==References== {{Reflist}}

==Bibliography== * {{cite book | last=Barnstone | first=Howard | title=The Galveston That Was | place=College Station, TX | publisher=Texas A&M University Press | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-89096-887-1 |edition=Second}} * {{cite book | title=Galveston Architecture Guide | last1=Beasley | first1=Ellen | last2=Fox | first2=Stephen | place=Houston | publisher=Rice University Press | year=1996 | isbn=0-89263-346-8}} * {{cite book | title=Architecture in Texas, 1895{{endash}}1945 | first=Jay C. | last=Henry | publisher=University of Texas Press | year=1993 | place=Austin | isbn=0-292-73072-1}} * {{cite book | first1=Dorothy Knox Howe | last1=Houghton | first2=Barrie Scardino | last2=Bradley | first3=Katherine S. | last3=Howe | first4=Sadie Gwin | last4=Blackburn | title=Houston's Forgotten Heritage: Landscapes, Houses, Interiors, 1824–1914 | place=College Station, TX | publisher=Texas A&M University | year=1998 | isbn=978-1-62349-246-5}} * {{cite book | first=Willard B. | last=Robinson | title=Gone From Texas: Our Lost Architectural Heritage | place=College Station, TX | publisher = Texas A&M University Press | year=1981 | isbn=0-89096-106-9}} * {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=worGOTsvOTwC&dq=Nicholas+J.+Clayton&pg=PT14 | last=Wooten | first=Heather Green | title=Old Red: Pioneering Medical Education in Texas | publisher=Texas A&M University Press | year=2013 | isbn=9780876112946 | place=College Station, TX}}

==Further reading== * {{cite book | title= Clayton's Galveston: The Architecture of Nicholas J. Clayton and His Contemporaries | first1= Barrie | last1=Scardino | first2=Drexel | last2=Turner | year=2000 | location=College Station, TX | publisher=Texas A&M University Press | isbn=0-89096-881-0}}

==External links== {{commons category|Nicholas J. Clayton}} * [http://www.narrowlarry.com/nltx8.html Photos of Clayton's work]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clayton, Nicholas J}} [[Category:19th-century Irish architects]] [[Category:1840 births]] [[Category:1916 deaths]] [[Category:19th-century American architects]] [[Category:People from Galveston, Texas]] [[Category:Architects of Roman Catholic churches]] [[Category:20th-century American architects]] [[Category:Architects from Texas]] [[Category:Architects from County Cork]] [[Category:Irish emigrants to the United States]] [[Category:Catholics from Texas]] [[Category:People from Midleton]] [[Category:People from Cloyne]]