Yingkou

{{Infobox settlement  | name = Yingkou | official_name = | other_name = Yingkow, Ingkow | native_name = 营口市 | native_name_lang = zh-Hans | nickname = | settlement_type = Prefecture-level city | total_type =  | motto =  | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 280 | image_style = border:1; | perrow = 2/2/1 | image1 = Xishi, Yingkou, Liaoning, China - panoramio - Matthew Summerton (24) (cropped).jpg | image2 = 辽宁省营口市站前区楞严禅寺.jpg | image3 = 鲅鱼圈山海广场 (cropped).jpg | image4 = 鲅鱼圈海滨.jpg | image5 = Autumn Red-Mountains Series - 3rd Going to the top of mountains - Right on the Peak (cropped).jpg }} | imagesize = | image_caption = From top, left to right: Xishi District, {{ill|Lengyan Temple|zh|楞严禅寺}}, Shanhai Plaza, Beach of Bayuquan, Red Mountain in Gaizhou | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = | image_map = Location of Yingkou Prefecture within Liaoning (China).png | mapsize = | map_caption = Location of Yingkou City jurisdiction in Liaoning | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = | dot_y = | pushpin_map = Liaoning | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_caption = Location of the city centre in Liaoning | pushpin_mapsize =  | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = People's Republic of China | subdivision_type1 = Province | subdivision_name1 = Liaoning | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 =  | seat_type = Municipal seat | seat = Xishi District | parts_type = Districts and Counties | parts_style = coll | parts =  | p1 = Zhanqian District | p2 = Xishi District | p3 = Bayuquan District | p4 = Laobian District | p5 = Dashiqiao City | p6 = Gaizhou City | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = CPC Yingkou | leader_name = Committee Secretary | leader_title1 = Mayor | leader_name1 = Gao Jun | established_title =  | established_date =  | area_magnitude = | unit_pref =  | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 5502 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_blank1_title = Districts<ref name="CUCSY_2017">{{cite book |editor1=Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development |editor-link=Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development |title=China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2017 |date=2019 |publisher=China Statistics Press |location=Beijing |page=50 |url=http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/xytj/tjzljsxytjgb/jstjnj/w02019012421874448287322500.xls |access-date=11 January 2020 |archive-date=18 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618043019/http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/xytj/tjzljsxytjgb/jstjnj/w02019012421874448287322500.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref> | area_urban_km2 = 712.1 | area_metro_km2 = 1913.2 | area_urban_footnotes = | elevation_footnotes =  | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | elevation_max_m = | elevation_max_ft = | elevation_min_m = | elevation_min_ft =  | population_as_of = 2020 census | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/liaoning/admin/|title=China: Liáoníng (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map}}</ref> | population_note = | population_total = 2328582 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_urban_km2 = auto | population_density_metro_km2 = auto | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_urban = 1162213 | population_metro = 1228198 | population_urban_footnotes = | demographics_type2 = GDP<ref>{{cite book |author=辽宁省统计局、国家统计局辽宁调查总队 |title=《辽宁统计年鉴－2016》 |date=October 2016 |publisher=China Statistics Press |isbn=978-7-5037-7900-8 |url=http://www.ln.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/sjcx/ndsj/otherpages/2016/indexch.htm |access-date=2017-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605134500/http://www.ln.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/sjcx/ndsj/otherpages/2016/indexch.htm |archive-date=2017-06-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | demographics2_title1 = Prefecture-level city | demographics2_info1 = CN¥ 151.4 billion<br />US$ 24.3 billion | demographics2_title2 = Per capita | demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 61,925<br />US$ 9,942 | timezone = China Standard | utc_offset = +8 | coor_pinpoint = Yingkou municipal government | coordinates = {{coord|40.625|N|122.219|E|type:adm2nd_region:CN-21_source:Gaode|format=dms|display=it}} | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 115000 | blank_name = Licence plates | blank_info = {{lang|zh-Hans-CN|辽}}H | blank1_name = Administrative division code | blank1_info = 210800 | iso_code = CN-LN-08 | area_code = 410 | website = {{URL|www.yingkou.gov.cn/}} | footnotes = }} '''Yingkou''' ({{lang-zh|s=营口|p=Yíngkǒu}}) is a coastal prefecture-level city of central southern Liaoning province, People's Republic of China, on the northeastern shore of Liaodong Bay. It is the third-smallest prefecture level city in Liaoning with a total area of {{convert|5502|km2}}, and the ninth most populous with a population of 2,328,582 as of the 2020 census, of whom 1,228,198 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of three urban districts (Zhanqian, Xishi and Laobian) and one county-level city (Dashiqiao). It borders the sub-provincial city of Dalian to the south, the prefectural cities of Anshan to the north and east and Panjin to the northwest, and also shares maritime boundaries with Jinzhou and Huludao across the Liaodong Bay to its west.

Located on the east bank of the Daliao River mouth, Yingkou is an important port city, with the Port of Yingkou being the second-largest container port in the Bohai Sea (after the Port of Tianjin) and Northeast China (after the Port of Dalian), the tenth-largest nationwide, and the 25th-busiest worldwide. Yingkou is classified as a Medium-Port Metropolis.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1080/03088839.2020.1802785 | title=The Southampton system: A new universal standard approach for port-city classification | year=2021 | last1=Roberts | first1=Toby | last2=Williams | first2=Ian | last3=Preston | first3=John | journal=Maritime Policy & Management | volume=48 | issue=4 | pages=530–542 | s2cid=225502755 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Name== Yingkou was historically known as '''Newchwang''' ({{lang-zh|s=牛庄|p=Niúzhuāng}}; Manchu: Ishangga gašan hoton) in postal romanization; it was one of the Treaty Ports opened under the Treaties of Tianjin of 1858. In fact, the actual town of Newchwang was about thirty miles upstream of Liao He, within today's county-level city of Haicheng. After the treaty had been signed, the British found that the river near Newchwang was too shallow for their ships. Instead, the treaty port was moved to the area nearer to the river mouth where today's Yingkou is located.

To avoid confusion between the two locations, careful English writers of the early 20th century would sometimes use ''Newchwang'' for Yingkou (explaining that "Ying-kow, ... outside Manchuria, ... is known only as Newchwang") and ''Niu-chuang'' (the proper Wade–Giles transcription of '{{lang|zh-Hans|牛庄}}') for the actual inland Niuzhuang Town.<ref>{{citation|first=Sir Alexander |last=Hosie|publisher=J. B. Millet |year=1910 |title=Manchuria: its people, resources and recent history|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tgAZAAAAYAAJ|page=191}}</ref> Meanwhile, ''Newchwangcheng'' ({{lang|zh-Hans|牛庄城}}; postal: ''Newchwang Town'') was adopted by the government as the inland town's name to distinguish it from the coastal city.

==Administrative divisions== [[File:Txu-oclc-6614368-nk51-11a.jpg|thumb|Map of Yingkou (labeled as YING-K'OU) (AMS, 1956)]] Yingkou prefecture is subdivided into 4 districts and 2 cities:

{| class="wikitable" !colspan="7" align="center" | Map |- |colspan="7" align="center" | <div style="position: relative" class="center"> {{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Yingkou.png|width=532|link=}} {{Image label|x=500|y=510|scale=532/1900|text={{small|'''Zhanqian'''}}}} {{Image label|x=800|y=200|scale=532/1900|text='''※'''}} {{Image label|x=540|y=840|scale=532/1900|text='''Xishi'''}} {{Image label|x=400|y=1540|scale=532/1900|text='''Bayuquan'''}} {{Image label|x=690|y=670|scale=532/1900|text='''Laobian'''}} {{Image label|x=960|y=1640|scale=532/1900|text='''Gaizhou<br>{{small|(city)}}'''}} {{Image label|x=1000|y=790|scale=532/1900|text='''Dashiqiao<br>{{small|(city)}}'''}} {{Image label end}} </div> |- ! Name ! Chinese (S) ! Hanyu Pinyin ! Population {{small|(2010)}} ! Area (km<sup>2</sup>) ! Density (/km<sup>2</sup>) |- |- style="background:#d3d3d3;" | colspan="6" style="text-align:center; "| '''City Proper''' |---------- |Zhanqian District |{{lang|zh-Hans|站前区}} |{{transliteration|zh|Zhànqián Qū}} | align=right| 310,634 | align=right| 36.35 | align=right| 8,545.64 |---------- |Xishi District |{{lang|zh-Hans|西市区}} |{{transliteration|zh|Xīshì Qū}} | align=right| 164,873 | align=right| 314.91 | align=right| 523.56 |---------- |Laobian District |{{lang|zh-Hans|老边区}} |{{transliteration|zh|Lǎobiān Qū}} | align=right| 125,454 | align=right| 217.54 | align=right| 576.69 |- |- style="background:#d3d3d3;" | colspan="6" style="text-align:center; "| '''Suburban''' |---------- |Bayuquan District |{{lang|zh-Hans|鲅鱼圈区}} |{{transliteration|zh|Bàyúquān Qū}} | align=right| 431,087 | align=right| 280.86 | align=right| 1534.88 |- |- style="background:#d3d3d3;" | colspan="6" style="text-align:center; "| '''Satellite cities (County-level cities)''' |---------- |Dashiqiao City |{{lang|zh-Hans|大石桥市}} |{{transliteration|zh|Dàshíqiáo Shì}} | align=right| 704,891 | align=right| 1,612.11 | align=right| 437.25 |---------- |Gaizhou City |{{lang|zh-Hans|盖州市}} |{{transliteration|zh|Gàizhōu Shì}} | align=right| 691,595 | align=right| 2,953.92 | align=right| 234.13 |- style="background:#d3d3d3;" | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; "|'''Total''' | align=right|'''2,428,534''' | align=right|'''5,415.68''' | align=right|'''448.43''' |}

==Geography== left|thumb|Yingkou (labelled as YING-K'OU (YINGKOW) {{lang|zh-hant|營口}}) (1956) {{climate chart | Yingkou | -12.6 | -3.2 | 6.2 | -8.8 | 0.5 | 6.7 | -1.9 | 7.0 | 13.8 | 6.4 | 15.6 | 34.3 | 13.2 | 21.9 | 53.1 | 18.6 | 26.1 | 69.1 | 22.0 | 28.5 | 168.7 | 21.1 | 28.3 | 165.9 | 14.8 | 24.2 | 54.8 | 7.0 | 16.7 | 40.2 | -2.0 | 6.8 | 19.6 | -9.2 | -0.5 | 7.7 |float = right |clear = none }}

Yingkou is mostly located in the northwestern part of the Liaodong Peninsula, and on the left bank of the mouth of Daliao River, which was historically the main distributary of the lower Liao River and the principal exit of fluvial transports from inland Liaoning into the Bohai Sea.

The city's metro area is located {{convert|166|km|abbr=on}} south from the provincial capital Shenyang, {{convert|204|km|abbr=on}} north from Dalian, {{convert|84|km}} southwest from Anshan, and {{convert|70|km|0|abbr=on}} southeast from Panjin. The city is located at latitude 39° 55'−40° 56' N and longitude 121° 56'−123° 02' E. At its greatest width, the city spans {{convert|111.8|km|1|abbr=on}} from north to south and {{convert|50.7|km|abbr=on}} from east to west. The total area of the city is {{convert|5365|km2|abbr=on}}, occupying a mere 4.9% of the provincial area. The city has a total coastline of {{convert|96|km|abbr=on}}.

===Climate=== Yingkou has a four-season humid continental climate (Köppen ''Dwa'') with strong monsoonal influences. Though the climate is somewhat tempered by the city's location on the Bohai Gulf, winters are long, windy, cold but dry, and summers are hot and humid. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from {{convert|−8.3|°C|1}} in January to {{convert|25.1|°C}} in July, while the annual mean is {{convert|9.82|°C|1}}. Precipitation is somewhat enhanced by the coastal location, with a majority of the annual rainfall occurring in July and August alone. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 51% in July to 68% in three months, the city receives 2,774 hours of bright sunshine annually.

{{Weather box | width = auto | metric first = y | single line = y | collapsed = Y | location = Yingkou, elevation {{convert|4|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present) | Jan high C = -3.0 | Feb high C = 0.9 | Mar high C = 7.5 | Apr high C = 15.8 | May high C = 22.2 | Jun high C = 26.1 | Jul high C = 28.8 | Aug high C = 28.5 | Sep high C = 24.3 | Oct high C = 16.8 | Nov high C = 7.1 | Dec high C = -0.5 | Jan mean C = -7.9 | Feb mean C = -3.8 | Mar mean C = 2.9 | Apr mean C = 11.0 | May mean C = 17.6 | Jun mean C = 22.3 | Jul mean C = 25.4 | Aug mean C = 24.7 | Sep mean C = 19.6 | Oct mean C = 11.9 | Nov mean C = 2.6 | Dec mean C = -5.1 | Jan low C = -12.1 | Feb low C = -8.2 | Mar low C = -1.3 | Apr low C = 6.7 | May low C = 13.5 | Jun low C = 18.8 | Jul low C = 22.4 | Aug low C = 21.5 | Sep low C = 15.3 | Oct low C = 7.3 | Nov low C = -1.5 | Dec low C = -9.1 | Jan record high C = 6.5 | Jan record low C = -28.4 | Feb record high C = 15.4 | Feb record low C = -25.3 | Mar record high C = 20.4 | Mar record low C = -21.9 | Apr record high C = 28.5 | Apr record low C = -5.8 | May record high C = 33.2 | May record low C = 1.4 | Jun record high C = 34.0 | Jun record low C = 5.6 | Jul record high C = 35.3 | Jul record low C = 14.8 | Aug record high C = 35.1 | Aug record low C = 12.1 | Sep record high C = 31.6 | Sep record low C = 2.4 | Oct record high C = 27.4 | Oct record low C = -7.6 | Nov record high C = 20.5 | Nov record low C = -23.7 | Dec record high C = 12.0 | Dec record low C = -24.1 | year high C = | year low C = | year high F = | year low F = | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 4.3 | Feb precipitation mm = 6.5 | Mar precipitation mm = 11.8 | Apr precipitation mm = 32.3 | May precipitation mm = 53.2 | Jun precipitation mm = 69.3 | Jul precipitation mm = 151.3 | Aug precipitation mm = 163.1 | Sep precipitation mm = 49.7 | Oct precipitation mm = 41.6 | Nov precipitation mm = 23.8 | Dec precipitation mm = 8.2 | Jan humidity = 62 | Feb humidity = 58 | Mar humidity = 56 | Apr humidity = 56 | May humidity = 61 | Jun humidity = 71 | Jul humidity = 78 | Aug humidity = 79 | Sep humidity = 71 | Oct humidity = 66 | Nov humidity = 63 | Dec humidity = 63 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 2.6 | Feb precipitation days = 2.4 | Mar precipitation days = 3.3 | Apr precipitation days = 5.9 | May precipitation days = 7.5 | Jun precipitation days = 9.6 | Jul precipitation days = 9.9 | Aug precipitation days = 9.1 | Sep precipitation days = 6.4 | Oct precipitation days = 5.9 | Nov precipitation days = 4.8 | Dec precipitation days = 3.2 | year precipitation days = | Jan sun = 194.5 | Feb sun = 196.8 | Mar sun = 240.8 | Apr sun = 249.2 | May sun = 277.8 | Jun sun = 244.8 | Jul sun = 217.6 | Aug sun = 229.0 | Sep sun = 237.3 | Oct sun = 219.3 | Nov sun = 179.4 | Dec sun = 175.9 | year sun = | Jan percentsun = 65 | Feb percentsun = 65 | Mar percentsun = 65 | Apr percentsun = 62 | May percentsun = 62 | Jun percentsun = 54 | Jul percentsun = 48 | Aug percentsun = 54 | Sep percentsun = 64 | Oct percentsun = 64 | Nov percentsun = 61 | Dec percentsun = 61 | year percentsun = | Jan snow days = 3.4 | Feb snow days = 3.3 | Mar snow days = 2.7 | Apr snow days = 0.7 | May snow days = 0 | Jun snow days = 0 | Jul snow days = 0 | Aug snow days = 0 | Sep snow days = 0 | Oct snow days = 0.2 | Nov snow days = 3.1 | Dec snow days = 3.8 | year snow days = | source 1 = China Meteorological Administration<ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans |access-date=29 July 2023}}</ref><ref> {{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans | access-date =29 July 2023 |title=Experience Template }}</ref><ref name="CMA old"> {{cite web|url=http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |script-title=zh:中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）|publisher=China Meteorological Administration |access-date=2010-05-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055035/http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |archive-date=2013-09-21 }}</ref>extremes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.roostweather.com/worldclimate/graphs.php?code=CHM00054471 |title=Yingkou Climate: 1991–2020 |publisher=Starlings Roost Weather |access-date=19 April 2026 }}</ref> | source = }}

==Industrial zones== *China Minmetals (Yingkou) industrial park * Yingkou Economic & Technological Development Zone. So far, five key industries have been formed, which are steel, chemical industry, mineral processing, logistics, textile and garment industry.<ref>[http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/yingkou-economic-technological-development-zone/ RightSite.asia {{!}} Yingkou Development Zone]</ref>

==Transportation== Yingkou is served by the Yingkou Lanqi Airport.

==Sport== The city is home to the basketball club Liaoning Flying Leopards of the Chinese Basketball Association. The club brought forth several players of China's national basketball team. It plays its home games at the Benxi Gymnasium.

== Notable residents == Boris Blacher

==Partnership town and ports== * {{flagicon|US}} Jacksonville, Florida, United States — twinned since 1990. * {{flagicon|RUS}} Tver, Russia — twinned since 1994.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ru:Города – побратимы Китая и России|url=http://russian.china.org.cn/international/archive/wenhuazhou/txt/2003-08/15/content_2081494.htm|access-date=27 July 2015|language=ru}}</ref> * {{flagicon|CAN}} Yingkou Port signed a Sister Port agreement with the Hamilton Port Authority of Hamilton, Ontario, Canada in November 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.greatlakes-seaway.com/en/pdf/slsdc_newsletter_summer_2007.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-08-15 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023651/http://www.greatlakes-seaway.com/en/pdf/slsdc_newsletter_summer_2007.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References == {{Reflist}}

==External links== {{commons}} {{EB1911 poster|Yingkou}} * [http://www.yingkou.gov.cn/ Official Website] * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080530170917/http://www.yingkouchina.com/ Yingkou China]}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071006091625/http://www.yingkou-base.com/ The coastal base development project]

{{Liaoning}} {{Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}} {{Bo Hai}}

Category:Yingkou Category:Cities in Liaoning Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Liaoning