{{Short description|Development of economic theory}} {{Distinguish|New economy movement (disambiguation){{!}}New economy movement}} {{For|the British academic journal New Economy|IPPR Progressive Review}} {{refimprove|date=April 2015}} {{use mdy dates|date=January 2024}} [[Image:Current Account Balance 2006.png|thumb|250px|[[Current account (balance of payments)|Account balance]] in 2006<ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=90&pr.y=11&sy=2006&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512,446,914,666,612,668,614,672,311,946,213,137,911,962,193,674,122,676,912,548,313,556,419,678,513,181,316,682,913,684,124,273,339,921,638,948,514,943,218,686,963,688,616,518,223,728,516,558,918,138,748,196,618,278,522,692,622,694,156,142,624,449,626,564,628,283,228,853,924,288,233,293,632,566,636,964,634,182,238,453,662,968,960,922,423,714,935,862,128,716,611,456,321,722,243,942,248,718,469,724,253,576,642,936,643,961,939,813,644,199,819,184,172,524,132,361,646,362,648,364,915,732,134,366,652,734,174,144,328,146,258,463,656,528,654,923,336,738,263,578,268,537,532,742,944,866,176,369,534,744,536,186,429,925,178,746,436,926,136,466,343,112,158,111,439,298,916,927,664,846,826,299,542,582,443,474,917,754,544,698,941&s=BCA&grp=0&a= Current account balance, U.S. dollars, Billions] from [[International Monetary Fund]] ''World Economic Outlook Database''. Report for Selected Countries and Subjects. April 2008</ref>]] The '''New Economy''' refers to the ongoing development of the American economic system. It evolved from the notions of the classical economy via the transition from a manufacturing-based economy to a service-based economy, and has been driven by new technology and innovations. This popular use of the term emerged during the [[dot-com bubble]] of the late 1990s, where high growth, low inflation, and high employment of [[1990s United States boom|this period]] led to optimistic predictions and flawed business plans.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120907154014/http://www.newsweek.com/id/153766/page/1 Mystery Solved]. ''Newsweek'', Jan 28, 2001.</ref><ref>[http://www.cnet.com/1990-11136_1-6275610-1.html Top 10 Buzzwords]. By Kent German. A [http://www.cnet.com CNET] article (2001) joking at the "new economy" beliefs.</ref><ref>[https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/10.07/Myth.html The New Economy Was a Myth, Right? Wrong.] By James Surowiecki. [https://www.wired.com Wired] article on the aftermath of the [dot-com bubble] criticizing the new economy critics.</ref>
==Origins== A 1983 cover article in ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', "The New Economy", described the transition from heavy industry to a new technology based economy.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121106095528/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,926013-1,00.html The New Economy] By Charles P. Alexander Monday. ''Time'' magazine, May 30, 1983.</ref> By 1997, ''[[Newsweek]]'' was referring to the "new economy" in many of its articles.<ref>[http://www.thedailybeast.com/search.html?q=%22the+new+economy%22&order=relevancy&page=18&_charset_=utf-8 ''Newsweek'' / ''The Daily Beast''.]</ref>
After a nearly 25-year period of unprecedented growth, the United States experienced a much discussed economic slowdown beginning in 1972. However, around 1995, U.S. economic growth accelerated, driven by faster [[productivity]] growth. From 1972 to 1995, the growth rate of output per hour, a measure of labor productivity, had only averaged around one-percent per year. But by the mid 1990s, growth became much faster: 2.65 percent from 1995–99.<ref>Gordon, Robert J. (2000), "Interpreting the 'One Big Wave' in U.S. Long-term Productivity Growth," ''Productivity, Technology and Economic Growth,'' v. 1.</ref> America also experienced increased employment and decreasing inflation. The economist [[Robert J. Gordon]] referred to this as a [[Goldilocks economy]]—-the result of five positive "shocks"—–"the two traditional shocks (food-energy and imports) and the three new shocks (computers, medical care, and measurement)".<ref>[http://faculty-web.at.northwestern.edu/economics/gordon/337.pdf Foundations of the Goldilocks Economy: Supply Shocks and the Time-Varying NAIRU]. By Robert J. Gordon. Northwestern University and NBER. February 3, 1999 revision of the paper presented at Brookings Panel on Economic Activity, Washington, D.C., September 4, 1998.</ref>
Other economists pointed to the ripening benefits of the computer age, being realized after a delay much like that associated with the delayed benefits of electricity shortly after the turn of the twentieth century. Gordon contended in 2000, that the benefits of computers were marginal or even negative for the majority of firms, with their benefits being consolidated in the computer hardware and durable goods manufacturing sectors, which only represent a relatively small segment of the economy. His method relied on applying considerably sized gains in the [[business cycle]] to explain aggregate productivity growth.<ref>Gordon, Robert J. (2000), "Does the 'New Economy' Measure up to the Great Inventions of the Past?," ''The [[Journal of Economic Perspectives]],'' v. 14, pp. 49–74.</ref>
According to the generally unaccepted [[Kondratiev wave]] theory of economy growth, the "new economy" is a current Kondratiev wave which will end after a 50-year period in the 2040s. Its innovative basis includes [[Internet]], [[nanotechnologies]], [[telematics]] and [[bionics]].<ref>[http://grig-econ.narod.ru/innovnewecon.doc On the way of the "New economy": conceptions of Russia’s innovational evolution / “The State and The Society”]. By Ashot Grigoryan. International conference, Moscow, 2005, p. 82–85.</ref>
==Dot-coms== In the financial markets, the term has been associated with the [[Dot-com bubble]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Goldman Sachs {{!}} Commemorates 150 Year History - The Late 1990s Dot-Com Bubble Implodes in 2000 |url=https://www.goldmansachs.com/our-firm/history/moments/2000-dot-com-bubble.html |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=Goldman Sachs |language=en-US}}</ref> This included the emergence of the [[NASDAQ]] as a rival to the [[New York Stock Exchange]],<ref name=":0" /> a high rate of [[Initial public offering|IPO]]s, the rise of [[Dot-com company|Dot-com]] stocks over established firms, and the prevalent use of tools such as [[stock option]]s. In the wider economy the term has been associated with practices such as [[outsourcing]], [[business process outsourcing]] and [[business process re-engineering]].
At the same time,{{when?|date=October 2018}} there was a lot of investment in companies in [[information technology | the technology sector]]. Stock shares rose dramatically. A lot of [[Startup company |start-up]]s were created and the stock value was very high where floated. Newspapers and business leaders{{which?|date=October 2018}} were starting to talk of new [[business model]]s. Some{{who?|date=October 2018}} even claimed that the old laws of [[economics]] did not apply anymore and that new laws had taken their place{{Citation needed|date= January 2011}}. They also claimed that improvements in computer hardware and software, would dramatically change the future, and that information is the most important value in the new economy.
Some, such as [[Joseph Stiglitz]] and Blake Belding, have suggested that a lot of investment in [[information technology]], especially in software and unused [[fibre optics]], was useless. However, this may{{or|date=October 2018}} be too harsh a judgment, given that U.S. investment in information technology has remained relatively strong since 2002. While there may have been some overinvestment, productivity research shows that much of the investment has been useful in raising output.{{cn|date=October 2018}}
The [[recession of 2001]] disproved many of the more extreme predictions made during the boom years, and gave credence to Gordon's minimization of computers' contributions. However, subsequent research {{Citation needed|date= July 2010}} strongly{{quantify|date=October 2018}} suggests that productivity growth has been stimulated by heavy investment in information and communication technology.
==New kinds of companies== {{unreferenced section|date=March 2015}} * [[Online retailer]]s * [[Crowdfunding]] web sites * [[Mass customization]] manufacturers – [[3D printing]], design-your-own web sites for sneakers, clothing * [[Social media]] * [[Sharing economy]] companies ** [[Bicycle sharing system]] ** [[Carsharing]] and short-term rental companies such as [[Zipcar]] ** [[Ridesharing companies]] such as [[Lyft]], [[Uber]], [[Haxi]], and [[Bridj]] ** [[Garden sharing]] ** [[Peer-to-peer lending]] of money ** Short term property rental companies such as [[Airbnb]] * Online media companies, such as [[Netflix]] * [[Online dating service]]s * [[Online advertising]], from free classifieds like [[craigslist]] to paid-placement like [[Google AdWords]]
==See also== * [[Asset-based economy]] * [[Long tail]] * [[Knowledge economy]] * [[Information revolution]] * [[Deindustrialization]] * [[Post-industrial economy]]
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Further reading== * Georg Erber & Harald Hagemann: [http://www.routledge.com/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?sku=&isbn=0415336082&parent_id=&pc=/shopping_cart/search/search.asp? "The New Economy in a Growth Crisis"] {{ISBN|0-415-33608-2}} * ''After the New Economy,'' by Doug Henwood (2003) {{ISBN|1-56584-770-9}} * ''The New Economy in a Transatlantic Perspective: Spaces of Innovation'', ed. Kurt Hübner, Routledge Studies in Governance and Change in the Global Era, Routledge, 2005.] * [[Richard Sennett]]: ''[[The Culture of the New Capitalism]]'', Yale University Press, 2006. * "The Roaring Nineties – A new history of the world's most prosperous decade," [[Joseph E. Stiglitz]], 2003. * [[:fr:Michel Volle|Michel Volle]], ''e–conomie'', Economica, 2000, {{ISBN|2-7178-4073-7}} * Laffey, D. (2006). The Rise and Fall of the Dot Com Enterprises. In: Burke, A., ed. Modern Perspectives on Entrepreneurship. Ireland: Senate Hall Academic Publishing, ch. 6. * Porter, M. (2001). Strategy and the Internet. Harvard Business Review; Mar 2001, Vol. 79, Issue 3, pp. 62–78.
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[[Category:Capitalist systems]] [[Category:Economies]]