{{Short description|Subduction zone under the western Pacific Ocean}} {{Infobox fault | name = New Britain subduction zone | other_name = | named_for = New Britain | named_by = | year_def = | image = | image_alt = | caption = | map_image = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=right|frame-width=330|frame-height=400|frame-long=153|frame-lat=-5|zoom=5|raw=[{{Wikipedia:Map data/New Britain subduction zone}},{{Wikipedia:Map data/Vanuatu subduction zone}}] |text=Approximate surface projection on Pacific Ocean of subduction features and high earthquake activity near the New Britain subduction zone. The earthquake activity can be due to other tectonic processes than subduction, but does hint at where subducted slabs may be. Key:{{legend|#dfc3db|Up to {{convert|70|km|abbr=on}} deep shallow-focus earthquakes}} {{legend|#d4c3db|{{convert|70|-|300|km|abbr=on}} deep shallow-focus earthquakes}}{{legend|#cfc3db|More than {{convert|300|km|abbr=on}} deep shallow-focus earthquakes}}{{legend-line|blue solid 2px|(blue) Active subduction trenches|inline=no}}{{legend-line|lightblue solid 2px|(light blue) Inactive trenches|inline=no}}{{legend-line|brown solid 2px|(brown) Selected oceanic floor ridges|inline=no}}{{legend-line|yellow solid 3px|(yellow) Spreading centers or rifts|inline=no}} Postulated active tectonic transform boundaries are not shown to reduce map complexity as direction of movement can not be shown. Click, then mouse-over shows feature names.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000lcmc/map?historic-seismicity=true&shakemap-intensity=false|title=USGS:Seismotectonics of the New Guinea Region and Vicinity |access-date=4 October 2023}}</ref> }}
| map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_width = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_relief = <!-- location --> | country = | region = | state = | cities = | coordinates = | elevation = | elevation_ft = | elevation_ref = | topdepth_m = | topdepth_ft = | topdepth_ref = | range = | part_of = | segments = | length = | width = | depth = | strike = | dip = | dip_angle = | displacement = | plate = Australian, New Hebrides | status = Active | earthquakes = Up to {{M|w|8.1|link=yes}}<ref name=Heidarzadeh2015/> | type = | movement = | rockunit = | age = Miocene-current | orogeny = | volcanic_arc/belt = | embed = }} The '''New Britain subduction zone''' is one of the most recently formed and most active subduction zones on Earth, producing great earthquakes (magnitude 8.1 or greater), with potential for tsunami hazard, and being associated with active volcanism,<ref name=Li2023f1>{{Harvnb|Li|Huang|Hao|Dong|2023|loc=Figure 1}}</ref> as part of the Pacific Ring of Fire.<ref>{{Harvnb|Yang|Shen|Wang|Xuan|2018|loc=Section:1. Introduction}}</ref> It has a close relationship to an area of subduction tectonic activity that extends south eastward from New Britain to the Vanuatu subduction zone, involving the northeastern portion of the Australian Plate and its complicated collision dynamics with the southwestern portion of the Pacific Plate.<ref name=Li2023f1/>
==Geography== The subduction zone is under the eastern part of New Guinea and the islands of New Britain and New Ireland, with associated volcanoes and volcanic seamounts being in the zone, and with the New Britain Trench marking the current subduction boundary.<ref name=Lindley2006>{{Harvnb|Lindley|2006|pp=403-5}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Holm|Richards|2013|loc=Section:Discussion}}</ref> The trench is up to {{convert|9046|m|abbr=on}} deep.<ref>{{Harvnb|Yang|Shen|Wang|Xuan|2018|loc=6. Conclusions}}</ref> To the zone's south east are the San Cristobal Trench (South Solomon Trench) and New Hebrides trenches with beyond them to the east the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. Further away from the area of current subduction is most of New Guinea itself to the west and to the north and east, the now inactive ocean floor structures of the West Melanesian Trench (Melanesian Trench, Manus Trench), the North Solomon Trench and the Vityaz Trench .
===Geology=== The active Quaternary New Britain volcanic arc,<ref name=Woodhead2004g>{{Harvnb|Woodhead|Brauns|2004|loc=Section:Geological setting and samples studied}}</ref><ref name=Lindley2006/> has volcanic rock composition consistent with a highly depleted source magma from dehydrated oceanic crust with little sediment.<ref name=Woodhead2004i>{{Harvnb|Woodhead|Brauns|2004|loc=Introduction}}</ref> The islands have Upper Eocene basement rocks of coralline limestone and volcanics overlain by Upper Oligocene volcaniclastic formations with plutonic intrusions.<ref name=Lindley2006/> Carbonates overlay these and were deposited in the Early to Middle Miocene.<ref name=Lindley2006/> Pleistocene to Holocene coral reefs fringe many of the islands.<ref name=Lindley2006/> The Solomon Sea bottom is predominantly E-type MORB between 28 and 34 million years old and mudrocks.<ref name=Woodhead2004g/>
====Tectonics==== The New Britain subduction zone is an example of polarity-reversal subduction initiation,<ref name=Li2023PR>{{Harvnb|Li|Huang|Hao|Dong|2023|loc=Section: 2.1 Polarity-reversal subduction initiation}}</ref> where a new subduction zone is created in a back-arc region with the opposite direction of subduction to that previously operating between two major plates. The major plates in this case are the Australian and Pacific Plates. However a number of minor plates, both active and now inactive (relic) have formed during the change in polarity. These presently active minor plates include the South Bismarck Plate to the north of the New Britain subduction zone and the main subducting Solomon Sea Plate and its adjacent to the east Trobriand Plate. The rates of subduction and roll back are high and are currently for the New Britain Trench, a subduction velocity of {{convert|6.5|-|12.0|cm/year|abbr=on}}, a convergence velocity of {{convert|0.2|-|4.8|cm/year|abbr=on}}, and spreading deformation rate in its arc-back- arc area of {{convert|1.0|-|7.4|cm/year|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Li2023t>{{Harvnb|Li|Huang|Hao|Dong|2023|loc=Table 2, p482}}</ref> In various parts of the trench there is up to {{convert|18|cm/year|abbr=on}} of trench roll back and {{convert|2.0|cm/year|abbr=on}} of trench advance.<ref name=Li2023t/>
The New Britain subduction zone is a continuum with the south Solomon's and Vanuatu subduction, which are also polarity-reversal.<ref name=Li2023PR/> It is possible that the collision to the west of the {{convert|30|–|35|km|abbr=on}} thick Ontong Java Plateau with the Vitiaz Trench from about 25 million years ago initiated this polarity reversal.<ref name=Li2023PR/>
However while current tectonics may be well understood, historic tectonics beyond a few million years ago, if that, are poorly understood. The models as developed have been pointed out to be quite inconsistent with the older geology, land fault structures or even the alkaline volcanism of the Tabar, Lihir, Tanga and Feni Islands.<ref name=Lindley2006c>{{Harvnb|Lindley|2006|pp=421-2}}</ref>
====Seismicity==== The region is seismically active with twenty two earthquakes with magnitudes equal to or more than 7.5 in 115 years including two {{M|w|8.1}} earthquakes.<ref name=Heidarzadeh2015>{{Harvnb|Heidarzadeh|Gusman|Harada|Satake|2015|p=5958}}</ref> There is tsunami risk, particularly with great earthquakes.<ref name=Heidarzadeh2015/> In the area under New Britain and in the area between New Ireland and Bougainville Island the majority of the earthquakes are associated with subduction and in the later portion a subducted slab can be mapped by seismicity to reach a maximum depth close to {{convert|660|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Harvnb|Li|Huang|Hao|Dong|2023|p=484}}</ref> There are however many known faults and fault zones, for example the Weitin Fault in Southern New Ireland. This is a transform fault between the South Bismarck Plate and the Pacific Plate,<ref>{{Harvnb|Lindley|2006|pp=410-11}}</ref> associated with the 16th of November events of the 2000 New Ireland earthquakes.<ref name=Park2007>{{Harvnb|Park|Mori|2007|loc=Introduction}}</ref> The Bismarck Sea Seismic Delineation is an active transform fault zone that separates the suspected relic North Bismarck Plate (ie Pacific Plate) from the South Bismark Plate to the north of the subduction zone.<ref name=Park2007/>
====Volcanism==== {{Annotated image | image = Spreading ridges volcanoes map-en.svg <!--Any use of this map can be made as long as you credit Eric Gaba – Wikimedia Commons user: Sting) as the author and distribute the copies and derivative works under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic license. ---> | image-width = 4995 <!--903 ----><!-- possible default sizes 320 × 161 pixels | 640 × 322 pixels | 800 × 402 pixels| 1,024 × 515 pixels | 1,280 × 643 pixels | 2,560 × 1,286 pixels | 4,995 × 2,510 pixels.---> | image-left = -2010 | image-top = -1270 | width = 220 | height = 180 | float = right | annotations = {{Annotation |5|110|New<br/>Guinea| text-align=left | font-size=12 | font-weight=normal| font-family=Arial | background-color=| color=}} {{Annotation |105|83|{{colored link|#FFFFFF|Solomon Sea|Solomon<br /> Sea}}| text-align=left | font-size=12 | font-weight=bold| font-family=Arial | background-color=| color=}} {{Annotation |145|128|{{colored link|#FFFFFF|Woodlark Basin|Woodlark<br /> Basin}}| text-align=left | font-size=12 | font-weight=bold| font-family=Arial | background-color=| color=}} {{Annotation |155|52|Bougainville<br/> Island| text-align=left | font-size=12 | font-weight=normal| font-family=Arial | background-color=| color=}} {{Annotation |70|72|New Britain| text-align=left | font-size=12 | font-weight=normal| font-family=Arial | background-color=| color=}} {{Annotation |130|30|New Ireland| text-align=left | font-size=12 | font-weight=normal| font-family=Arial | background-color=| color=}} | caption = Approximate map of current volcanic activity near the New Britain subduction zone. Back arc spreading centers are shown as red lines. }} The arc volcanoes are grouped into western, Willaumez Peninsula-Mount Ulawun and Rabaul areas.<ref name=Lindley2006/> The Gazelle Volcanic Zone extends for {{convert|65|km|abbr=on}} across the central to northern part of the Gazelle Peninsula and the active Rabaul Caldera area to its north had eruptions that destroyed the port in 1994.<ref>{{Harvnb|McKee|Duncan|2016|loc=Introduction}}</ref> The Solomon Islands are an active arc volcano chain. The spreading centers in the center of the Woodlark Basin are active volcanically but not manifest as activity on the surface of the ocean. There is probably no seafloor current volcanic activity associated with the Bismarck Sea Seismic Lineation but the Melanesian arc to its north is active. Active volcanism continues into both north-eastern and south-eastern New Guinea.
==References== <!--Note https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348034568_Scripting_cartographic_methods_of_GMT_for_mapping_the_New_Britain_and_San_Cristobal_trenches_Solomon_Sea_Papua_New_Guinea is deliberately excluded as a mapping source due to its major misidentification of the San Cristobal Trench---> {{reflist}} ; Sources {{Refbegin}} *{{cite journal| last1=Li| first1=M| last2=Huang| first2=S| last3=Hao| first3=T| last4=Dong| first4=M| last5=Xu| first5=Y| last6=Zhang| first6=J| last7=He| first7=Q| last8=Fang| first8=G| title=Neogene subduction initiation models in the western Pacific and analysis of subduction zone parameters| journal=Science China Earth Sciences| year=2023| volume=66| issue=3| pages=472-91| doi=10.1007/s11430-022-1065-1}}<!-- {{Harvnb|Li|Huang|Hao|Dong|2023}} --> *{{cite journal|title=Extensional and vertical tectonics in the New Guinea islands: implications for island arc evolution|journal=Annals of Geophysics (Annali di geofisica)| volume=49(supp.) |pages=403-426 |first1=I. David | last1=Lindley |year=2006 |editor1-first= G. |editor1-last=Lavecchia |editor2-first= G.| editor2-last= Scalera |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ian-Lindley/publication/303165946_Extensional_and_vertical_tectonics_in_the_New_Guinea_islands_implications_for_island_arc_evolution_Supplement_to_Scalera_G_Lavecchia_G_2006_Frontiers_in_sciences_new_ideas_and_interpretation/links/59f68a1c458515547c231333/Extensional-and-vertical-tectonics-in-the-New-Guinea-islands-implications-for-island-arc-evolution-Supplement-to-Scalera-G-Lavecchia-G-2006-Frontiers-in-sciences-new-ideas-and-interpretation.pdf |access-date=13 August 2023 |issn=1593-5213}}<!-- {{Harvnb|Lindley|2006}} --> *{{cite journal| last1=Woodhead|first1=J| last2=Brauns| first2=M| title=Current limitations to the understanding of Re–Os behaviour in subduction systems, with an example from New Britain| journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters| date=30 April 2004|volume=221| issue=1-4|pages=309-23| doi=}}<!-- {{Harvnb|Woodhead|Brauns|2004}} --> *{{cite journal| last1=Holm|first1= RJ| last2=Richards| first2=SW| title=A re-evaluation of arc–continent collision and along-arc variation in the Bismarck Sea region, Papua New Guinea| journal=Australian Journal of Earth Sciences| year=2013 |volume=60 |issue=5 |pages=605-19 | doi=10.1080/08120099.2013.824505 | url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=34986567faf3d0b680ff2c5ada5000fbf9fa1f7b| url-access=subscription}}<!-- {{Harvnb|Holm|Richards|2013}} --> *{{cite journal| last1=Heidarzadeh |first1=M |last2= Gusman |first2=AR| last3= Harada |first3=T |last4= Satake |first4=K. |title=Tsunamis from the 29 March and 5 May 2015 Papua New Guinea earthquake doublet (Mw 7.5) and tsunamigenic potential of the New Britain trench| journal= Geophysical Research Letters |date=28 July 2015| volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=5958-5965| doi=10.1002/2015GL064770 | url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/2015GL064770|doi-access=free }}<!-- {{Harvnb|Heidarzadeh|Gusman|Harada|Satake|2015}} --> *{{cite journal| first1=Guangliang| last1= Yang| first2=Chongyang| last2=Shen| first3=Jiapei| last3=Wang| first4=Songbai| last4=Xuan| first5=Guiju| last5=Wu| first6=Hongbo| last6=Tan |title=Isostatic anomaly characteristics and tectonism of the New Britain Trench and neighboring Papua New Guinea | journal=Geodesy and Geodynamics |volume=9 | issue=5 |year=2018 | pages=404-410 |issn=1674-9847 | doi=10.1016/j.geog.2018.04.006| url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674984717301738 | doi-access=free}}<!-- {{Harvnb|Yang|Shen|Wang|Xuan|2018}} --> *{{cite journal| last1=McKee| first1=CO| last2=Duncan| first2=RA| title=Early volcanic history of the Rabaul area| journal=Bulletin of Volcanology| year=2016| volume=78| pages=1-28| doi=10.1007/s00445-016-1018-3}}<!-- {{Harvnb|McKee|Duncan|2016}} --> *{{Cite journal |last1=Park |first1=S.-C. |last2=Mori |first2=J. |year=2007 |title=Triggering of earthquakes during the 2000 Papua New Guinea earthquake sequence |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth |volume=112 |issue=B3 |doi=10.1029/2006JB004480|bibcode=2007JGRB..112.3302P |doi-access=free }}<!-- {{Harvnb|Park|Mori|2007}} ---> {{Refend}} Category:Seismic zones of Oceania Category:Seismic faults of Oceania Category:Geology of the Pacific Ocean Category:Subduction zones Category:Geography of New Britain Category:Miocene Oceania Category:Neogene Oceania Category:Quaternary Oceania Category:Holocene Oceania