{{Short description|Movements from the era of Romanticism}} {{Distinguish|New Romantic}} {{For|the term as applied to music|Neoromanticism (music)}} {{More citations needed|article|date=May 2013}} [[Image:Pena-medio-cut.JPG|thumb|300px| [[Pena Palace]] in [[Sintra]], [[Portugal]] one of the points of reference for Neo-Romantic architecture]] The term '''neo-romanticism''' is used to cover a variety of movements in philosophy, literature, music, painting, and architecture, as well as [[social movement]]s, that exist after and incorporate elements from the era of [[Romanticism]].
It has been used with reference to late-19th-century composers such as [[Richard Wagner]] particularly by [[Carl Dahlhaus]] who describes his music as "a late flowering of romanticism in a positivist age". He regards it as synonymous with "the age of Wagner", from about 1850 until 1890—the start of the era of [[Musical modernism|modernism]], whose leading early representatives were [[Richard Strauss]] and [[Gustav Mahler]] {{harv|Dahlhaus|1979|loc=98–99, 102, 105}}. It has been applied to writers, painters, and composers who rejected, abandoned, or opposed [[Realism (arts)|realism]], [[Naturalism (art)|naturalism]], or [[avant-garde]] [[modernism]] at various points in time from about 1840 down to the present.
== Late 19th century and early 20th century == Neo-romanticism as well as Romanticism is considered in opposition to naturalism—indeed, so far as music is concerned, naturalism is regarded as alien and even hostile {{harv|Dahlhaus|1979|loc=100}}. In the period following German unification in 1871, naturalism rejected Romantic literature as a misleading, idealistic distortion of reality. Naturalism in turn came to be regarded as incapable of filling the "void" of modern existence. Critics such as [[Hermann Bahr]], [[Heinrich Mann]], and [[Eugen Diederichs]] came to oppose naturalism and [[materialism]] under the banner of "neo-romanticism", demanding a cultural reorientation responding to "the soul's longing for a meaning and content in life" that might replace the fragmentations of modern knowledge with a holistic world view {{harv|Kohlenbach|2009|loc=261}}. <!-- Commented out because image was deleted: [[Image:Flying-Dutchman.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Neo-romanticism sample,<br/>by [[George Grie]]]] -->
== Late 20th century == "Neo-romanticism" was proposed as an alternative label for the group of German composers identified with the short-lived ''[[New Simplicity|Neue Einfachheit]]'' movement in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Along with other phrases such as "new tonality", this term has been criticised for lack of precision because of the diversity among these composers, whose leading member is [[Wolfgang Rihm]] {{harv|Hentschel|2006|loc=111}}.
==Britain== {{More citations needed section|date=May 2013}}
=== 1880–1910 === * [[Lewis Carroll]] * [[John Ruskin]] * [[Edward Elgar]] * [[Gerard Manley Hopkins]] * [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]] * The [[Aesthetic movement]] and the [[Arts and Crafts Movement]] * [[Symbolism (arts)]] * [[Rudyard Kipling]] * [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] * [[A. E. Housman]] * [[Neo-Gothic architecture]] * Some modes of [[pictorialism]] in photography.
===1930–1955=== In British art history, the term "neo-romanticism" is applied to a loosely affiliated school of landscape painting that emerged around 1930 and continued until the early 1950s. It was first labeled in March 1942 by the critic [[Raymond Mortimer]] in the ''New Statesman''. These painters looked back to 19th-century artists such as [[William Blake]] and [[Samuel Palmer]], but were also influenced by French cubist and post-cubist artists such as [[Pablo Picasso]], [[André Masson]], and [[Pavel Tchelitchew]] ({{harvnb|Clark and Clarke|2001}}; {{harvnb|Hopkins|2001}}). This movement was motivated in part as a response to the threat of invasion during World War II. Artists particularly associated with the initiation of this movement included [[Paul Nash (artist)|Paul Nash]], [[John Piper (artist)|John Piper]], [[Henry Moore]], [[Ivon Hitchens]], and especially [[Graham Sutherland]]. A younger generation included [[John Minton (artist)|John Minton]], [[Michael Ayrton]], [[John Craxton]], [[Keith Vaughan]], [[Robert Colquhoun]], and [[Robert MacBryde]] {{harv|Button|1996}}.
==United States==
* [[Justine Kurland]]'s photography{{fact|date=November 2024}} * [[Thomas Mayne Reid]]{{fact|date=November 2024}} * [[Donna Tartt]], in particular her popular 1992 debut novel ''[[The Secret History]]''{{fact|date=November 2024}}
==Western Europe==
The [[aesthetic]] [[philosophy]] of [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] and [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] has contributed greatly to neo-romantic thinking.{{fact|date=November 2024}}
;Austria * [[Anton Bruckner]] ;France * [[Edmond Rostand]] ;Germany * [[Richard Strauss]] * [[Wandervogel]] ;Iceland * [[Sigurdur Nordal]] ;Ireland * [[William Butler Yeats|W.B. Yeats]] ;Italy * [[Rafael Sabatini]] ;Norway * [[Knut Hamsun]]
==Eastern Europe== {{prose|section|date=May 2013}} ;Belarusian * [[Uladzimir Karatkevich]] * [[Yanka Kupala]] ;Estonian * [[Johannes Semper]] * [[Marie Under]] ;Georgian * [[Alexander Kazbegi]] ;Greece * [[Odysseus Elytis]] ;Hungarian * [[Mór Jókai]] ;Polish * [[Young Poland]] Movement * [[Antoni Lange]] * [[Stanisław Przybyszewski]] * [[Tadeusz Miciński]] * [[Karol Szymanowski]] ;Russian * [[Eugene Berman]] * [[Maxim Gorky]] (early works) {{harv|Kahn|Lipovetsky|Reyfman|Sandler|2018|loc=599–605}} * [[Alexander Grin]] {{harv|Kahn|Lipovetsky|Reyfman|Sandler|2018|loc=599–605}} * [[Vladimir Nabokov]], in particular his 1932 novel [[Glory (Nabokov novel)|''Glory'']] * [[Konstantin Paustovsky]] {{harv|Kahn|Lipovetsky|Reyfman|Sandler|2018|loc=599–605}} * [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]] * [[Pavel Tchelitchew]] ;Slovenian * [[Dragotin Kette]]
==Arab world== Within the [[Modern Arabic literature]], neo-romanticism began in the early 20th century and flourished during the 1930s–1940s, that sought inspiration from French or English romantic poetry. Most famous its part is the ''[[Mahjar]]'' ("''émigré''" school) that includes [[Arabic]]-language poets in the Americas [[Ameen Rihani]], [[Kahlil Gibran]], [[Nasib Arida]], [[Mikhail Naimy]], [[Elia Abu Madi]], Fawsi Maluf, Farhat, and al-Qarawi. The neo-romantic current also involved poets in every Arabian country: [[Abdel Rahman Shokry]], [[Abbas Mahmoud al-Aqqad]] and [[Ibrahim al-Mazini]] in Egypt, [[Omar Abu Risha]] in Syria, [[Elias Abu Shabaki]] and [[Salah Labaki]] in Lebanon, [[Aboul-Qacem Echebbi|Abu al-Qasim al-Shabbi]] in Tunisia, and [[Al-Tijani Yusuf Bashir]] in Sudan.{{harv|Jayyusi|1977|loc=361–474}}
==India== In the [[Indian literature]] neo-romanticism was represented by the [[Chhayavaad]] movement.
==Japan== Beginning in the mid-1930s and continuing through World War II, a Japanese neo-romantic literary movement was led by the writer [[Yasuda Yojūrō]] {{harv|Torrance|2010|loc=66}}.
==In popular culture== {{Main|New Romantic}}
==See also== * [[Romantic music]] * [[Guild socialism]] * [[Utopian socialism]] * [[Wandervogel]] * [[Robert Baden-Powell]] * [[Metamodernism]]
===Modern manifestations=== * [[Fantastic art|Fantasy art]] * [[Goth subculture]] * [[Regionalism (art)]] * [[Neopagan]] * [[Neofolk]] * [[Neoromanticism (music)]] * [[Neotribalism]] * [[New Romantic]]
==References== {{Reflist}} * {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Button|1996}}|reference=Button, Virginia. 1996. "Neo-Romanticism". ''Dictionary of Art'', 34 volumes, edited by Jane Turner. New York: Grove's Dictionaries. {{ISBN|9781884446009}}.}} * {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Clarke and Clarke|2001}}|reference=Clarke, Michael, and Deborah Clarke. 2001. "Neo-Romanticism". ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms''. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.}} * {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Dahlhaus|1979}}|reference=Dahlhaus, Carl. 1979. "Neo-Romanticism". ''19th-Century Music'' 3, no. 2 (November): 97–105.}} * {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Hentschel|2006}}|reference=Hentschel, Frank. 2006. "Wie neu war die 'Neue Einfachheit'?" ''Acta Musicologica'' 78, no. 1:111–31.}} * {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Hopkins|2001}}|reference=Hopkins, Justine. 2001. "Neo-Romanticism". ''The Oxford Companion to Western Art'', edited by Hugh Brigstocke. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-866203-7}}.}} * {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Jayyusi|1977}}|reference=[[Salma Jayyusi|Jayyusi, Salma Khadra]] (1977). "The Romantic Current in Modern Arabic Poetry." In [{{Google books|id=8pI3AAAAIAAJ|plainurl=y|page=}} ''Trends and Movements in Modern Arabic Poetry'']. Vol. 2. pp. 361–474. Leiden: E. J. Brill. {{ISBN|90-04-04920-7}}.}} * {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Kahn|Lipovetsky|Reyfman|Sandler|2018}}|reference=Kahn, Andrew; [[Mark Lipovetsky|Lipovetsky, Mark]]; Reyfman, Irina; Sandler, Stephanie (2018). "Neo-Romanticism." [{{Google books|id=7qZTDwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=}} ''A History of Russian Literature'']. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 599–605. {{ISBN|9780199663941}}.}} * {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Kohlenbach|2009}}|reference=Kohlenbach, Margarete. 2009. "Transformations of German Romanticism 1830–2000". In ''The Cambridge Companion to German Romanticism'', edited by Nicholas Saul, 257–80. Cambridge Companions to Literature. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|9780521848916}}.}} * {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Torrance|2010}}|reference=Torrance, Richard. 2010. "The People's Library: The Spirit of Prose Literature Versus Fascism". In ''The Culture of Japanese Fascism'', edited by [[Alan Tansman]], 56–79. Asia-Pacific: Culture, Politics, and Society. Duke University Press. {{ISBN|9780822390701}}.}}
==Further reading==
'''British:'''
* {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Ackroyd|2002}}|reference=Ackroyd, Peter. 2002. ''The Origins of the English Imagination''.{{Full citation needed|date=June 2013}}<!--Place and publisher needed.-->}} * {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Arnold|2003}}|reference=Arnold, Graham. 2003. ''The Ruralists: A Celebration''.{{Full citation needed|date=June 2013}}<!--Place and publisher needed.-->}} * {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Michael|1997}}|reference=Michael Bracewell. 1997. ''England Is Mine''.{{Full citation needed|date=June 2013}}<!--Place and publisher needed.-->}} * {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Cannon-Brookes|1983}}|reference=Cannon-Brookes, P. 1983. ''The British Neo-Romantics''.{{Full citation needed|date=June 2013}}<!--Place and publisher needed.-->}} * {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Corbett and Russell|2002}}|reference=Corbett, Holt, and Russell (eds.). 2002. ''The Geographies of Englishness: Landscape and the National Past, 1880-1940''.{{Full citation needed|date=June 2013}}<!--Place and publisher needed.-->}} * {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Martin|1992}}|reference=Martin, Christopher. 1992. ''The Ruralists (An Art & Design Profile, No. 23)''.{{Full citation needed|date=June 2013}}<!--Place and publisher needed.-->}} * {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Martin|2008}}|reference=Martin, Simon. 2008. ''Poets in the Landscape: The Romantic Spirit in British Art''.{{Full citation needed|date=June 2013}}<!--Place and publisher needed.-->}} * {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Johnsona nd Landow|1980}}|reference=Johnson and Landow (Eds).{{Full citation needed|date=June 2013}}<!--Authors' given names are needed.--> 1980. ''Fantastic Illustration and Design in Great Britain, 1850–1930''. Cambridge: The MIT Press.}} * {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Mellor|1987}}|reference=Mellor, David. 1987. ''Paradise Lost: The Neo-Romantic Imagination in Britain, 1935–1955''.{{Full citation needed|date=June 2013}}<!--Place and publisher needed.-->}} * {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Picot|1997}}|reference=Picot, Edward. 1997. ''Outcasts from [[Garden of Eden|Eden]]: Ideas of Landscape in British Poetry Since 1945''.{{Full citation needed|date=June 2013}}<!--Place and publisher needed.-->}} * {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Sillars|1991}}|reference=Sillars, S. 1991. ''British Romantic Art and The Second World War''.{{Full citation needed|date=June 2013}}<!--Author's given name, place and publisher needed.-->}} * {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Trentmann|1994}}|reference=Trentmann, F. 1994. ''Civilisation and its Discontents: English Neo-Romanticism and the Transformation of Anti-[[Modernism]] in Twentieth-Century Western Culture''. London: [[Birkbeck, University of London|Birkbeck College]].}} * {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Woodcock|2000}}|reference=Woodcock, Peter. 2000. ''This Enchanted Isle: The Neo-Romantic Vision from William Blake to the New Visionaries''.{{Full citation needed|date=June 2013}}<!--Place and publisher needed.-->}} * {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Yorke|1988}}|reference=Yorke, Malcolm. 1988. ''The Spirit of the Place: Nine Neo-Romantic Artists and Their Times''. London: Constable & Company Limited. Paperback reprint, London and New York: Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2001. {{ISBN|1-86064-604-2}}.}}
'''Indian''' * {{Wikicite|ref={{harvid|Brajendranath|1903}}|reference=Brajendranath Seal. 1903. "The Neo-Romantic Movement in Literature". In ''New Essays in Criticism''{{Full citation needed|date=September 2014}}<!--editor, inclusive page numbers, place, and publisher needed.-->}}.
==External links== *{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170917123827/http://www.neo-romantic.org.uk/index.html EBNR: An Encyclopedia of British Neoromanticism]}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Neo-Romanticism}} [[Category:Neo-romanticism| ]] [[Category:Art movements]] [[Category:Literary movements]] [[Category:Modern art]]