{{More footnotes|date=August 2009}} {{Infobox political party | name = Neo-Guelphs | native_name = Neoguelfi | colorcode = #98285C | leader = [[Vincenzo Gioberti]] | foundation = {{start date|1843}} | dissolution = {{end date|1852}} | ideology = [[Confederation|Confederalism]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c6bNxs_7miwC|title=Tutto storia |date=2011 |page=311|location=Novara|publisher=[[De Agostini]] |isbn=9788841864913}}</ref><br/>[[Theocracy|Theocratic]] [[monarchism]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Schiattone |first=Mario |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9TykdLn5ozEC |title= Alle origini del federalismo italiano |date=1996 |page=76|location=Bari|publisher=Edizioni Dedalo |isbn=9788822061805 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Fusilli |first=Raffaele |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=d_0NAQAAIAAJ |title= Liberali, socialcomunisti e cattolici in lotta guelfa e ghibellina durante il fascismo, la monarchia e la repubblica: Saggio storico politico |date= 1969}}</ref><br/>[[Liberal Christianity|Christian liberalism]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Desidea|first=Bruno|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=khSDAAAAMAAJ|title=La lotta delle egemonie: movimento cattolico e Partito popolare nei Quaderni di Gramsci|location=Padua|date=2005|pages=134–135|publisher=Il Poligrafo |isbn=9788871153933}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Tullio-Altan|first1=Carlo|author-link=Carlo Tullio Altan|last2=Cartocci|first2=Roberto|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXVoAAAAMAAJ|title=La coscienza civile degli italiani: valori e disvalori nella storia nazionale|location=Udine|date=1997|publisher=Gaspari |isbn=9788886338110}}</ref> | position = [[Centrism|Centre]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Tornielli|first=Andrea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oM4Mp8YhDDQC|chapter=Il Piemonte alla conquista di Roma|title=Pio IX|location=Milan|date=2011|publisher=Mondadori |isbn=9788852018701}}</ref> | religion = [[Roman Catholicism]] | national = [[Moderate Party (Italy)|Moderates]] | country = Italy }} '''Neo-Guelphism''' ({{langx|it|Neoguelfismo}}) was a 19th-century Italian political movement, started by [[Vincenzo Gioberti]], which wanted to unite Italy into a single kingdom with the [[Pope]] as its king. Despite little popular support, the movement raised interests among intellectuals, journalists and Catholic reformist politicians. They were also linked both to [[ontologism]], a philosophical movement, and to rationalist-leaning theology.
==Philosophy and platform== As modern political parties were not present in Italy in the 19th century, the neo-Guelphs were only circles of intellectuals, aristocrats, journalists and businessmen with Catholic and unitarian tendencies. The movement was not too nationalist, preferring a [[confederation]] between the several Italian states led by the [[Pope]].<ref name=Treccani/> On social issues, the neo-Guelphs tended to support both [[reformist]] and [[Law and order (politics)|law and order]] policies.<ref name=Treccani>{{cite web|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/partito-moderato/|title=Partito Moderato|publisher=Encilopedia Treccani}}</ref>
Many neo-Guelphists thought that Giovanni Mastai-Ferretti (elected pope [[Pius IX]] in 1846) would boost their cause, but he rejected their movement. This rejection was disheartening to [[Catholic]] liberals everywhere, and the [[anti-clericism|anti-clerical]] left saw it as proof that the papacy was inherently reactionary—ready to sacrifice its very autonomy and an Italian state simply to protect narrow temporal interests, such as [[nobility|noble]] interests in the [[papal states]]. Popes generally came from this nobility, to say nothing of the [[curia]] and [[Roman Curia|Vatican]] hierarchy in general.
In [[Kingdom of Sardinia|Piedmont-Sardinia]], the movement gained enough influences to install two neo-Guelphs in government: [[Cesare Balbo]], from March to July 1848, and Gioberti himself, from December 1848 to February 1849. However, the final defeat in the [[First Italian War of Independence|First War of Independence]] by [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] caused the decline of neo-Guelphism, seen as too moderate and "[[papist]]", in favor of parliamentary [[Historical Right|right-wing group]], that purposed a mix of war and diplomacy to unify Italy under the [[House of Savoy]].
After the [[Second Italian War of Independence|Franco-Austrian War]] of 1859, which granted to Piedmont-Sardinia the control over Northern Italy (except for Veneto), neo-Guelphism was considered obsolete and unobtainable. In 1860, republican [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] led his [[Expedition of the Thousand|expedition in Southern Italy]], which eventually led to [[Italian unification]] under Piedmont-Sardinia, however, leaving the Papacy as its own individual state. This eased the fears from Roman Catholic countries such as France who believed that a unified Italy could "corrupt" the Papacy.
===Supporters=== * [[Prime Minister of Sardinia|Sardinian Prime Minister]] [[Vincenzo Gioberti]] * Sardinian Prime Minister [[Cesare Balbo]] (briefly) * [[List of Prime Ministers of the Papal States|Papal Prime Minister]] [[Pellegrino Rossi]] * [[Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs|Papal Foreign Affairs Minister]] [[Terenzio, Count Mamiani della Rovere|Terenzio Mamiani della Rovere]] * Writer [[Alessandro Manzoni]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KAvK8z-hf7gC&dq=manzoni+neo+guelfo&pg=PA93|title=The Count of Carmagnola & Adelchis|author=Alessandro Manzoni|author-link=Alessandro Manzoni|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press|JHU Press]]|date=August 3, 2004|page=93|isbn=9780801878817}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|language=Italian|title=L'idealismo neo-guelfo e il teatro nazionale in Alessandro Manzoni|author=Stelio Cro|magazine=Tetaro Contemporaneo|date=February–May 1988}}</ref> * Monsignor [[Antonio Rosmini-Serbati]] * Marquess [[Gino Capponi]] * Physicist [[Carlo Matteucci]] * Historian [[Luigi Tosti]]
==Bibliography== * {{cite book|last=Anzilotti|first=Antonio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=brlCAAAAIAAJ|title=Dal neoguelfismo all'idea liberale|location=Florence|publisher=Società Dante Alighieri|date=1917}} * {{cite journal|last=Momigliano|first=Felice|title=Gli albori del neoguelfismo in Piemonte|journal=Rivista d'Italia|year=1922|volume=25|issue=11|pp=265-272}} * {{cite book|last=Scoppola|first=Pietro|author-link=Pietro Scoppola|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Zw0AAAAIAAJ|title=Dal neoguelfismo alla democrazia cristiana|location=Rome|publisher=Studium|date=1963}} * {{cite book|last=De Rosa|first=Gabriele|chapter=Le associazioni cattoliche dal neoguelfismo all'Unità|title=I cattolici dall'800 ad oggi|editor=Paolo Brezzi|location=Brescia|publisher=Morcelliana|date=1964}} * {{cite book|last=Fontana|first=Sandro|title=La controrivoluzione cattolica in Italia: 1820-1830|location=Brescia|publisher=Morcelliana|date=1968}} * {{cite journal|last=De Rosa|first=Gabriele|title=La crisi del neoguelfismo e la questione romana|journal=Studi Romani|volume=18|issue=3|year=1970|pp=285-297}} * {{cite journal|last=Ghisalberti|first=Carlo|title=The unitary state and federalism in Italy|journal=Parliaments, Estates and Representation|volume=19|issue=1|year=1999|pp=173–181|doi=10.1080/02606755.1999.9522081}}
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== * [http://www.cats.ohiou.edu/~Chastain/rz/sard.htm Sardinia-Piedmont, Kingdom of, 1848-1849] A lecture * {{cite journal |last = Mansueto |first = Anthony |date = 2005 |title = The Political Significance of the Papacy, Historically and in the Present Period |url = http://moses.creighton.edu/JRS/2005/2005-3.html |journal = Journal of Religion and Society |volume = 7 |issn = 1522-5658 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110301034821/http://moses.creighton.edu/JRS/2005/2005-3.html |archive-date = 1 March 2011 }} * 1911 Britannica article on [[Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour]]
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[[Category:Political ideologies]] [[Category:Italian unification]] [[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1852]]