Amb (princely state)

{{Short description|Former princely state of the British Indian Empire and Pakistan}} {{Use British English|date=March 2013}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}} {{Infobox former subdivision | common_name = Princely state of Amb | conventional_long_name = | native_name = | subdivision = Princely state | nation = Pakistan | image_flag = Flag of the State of Amb.svg | flag_border = no | image_map = Amb map.png | image_map_caption = Amb state in 1947 within West Pakistan | capital = Darband (now submerged under Tarbela Dam) Shergarh (summer residence) | stat_year1 = | stat_area1 = 527 | year_start = 1849 | year_end = 28 July 1969 | today = Pakistan {{·}} Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | footnotes = | demonym = | government_type = Monarchy | p1 = | s1 = West Pakistan | era = | event1 = | date_event1 = | event2 = | date_event2 = | event3 = Submitted to Durrani Rule | date_event3 = 1755 | flag_p1 = Timurid.svg | flag_s1 = Flag_of_Pakistan.svg | image_coat = Amb state 123.JPG | motto = | year_event1 = | coordinates = {{coord|format=dms|display=title,inline}} | native_name_lang = Fa }} {{Former administrative units of Pakistan}} '''Amb''' (Urdu, Hindko: {{nq|امب}}) was a princely state within the Hazara Tribal Agency of North-West Frontier Province, British India, ruled by the Tanoli tribe. Together with the neighbouring estate of Phulra, the tract was known as "Feudal Tanawal". Its total area was {{Convert|203|mi2|km2|abbr=on}} while population was 48,656 in 1951.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xWwxAAAAIAAJ&dq=amb+state+area&pg=PA299 |title=Five Years of Pakistan, August 1947-August 1952 |date=1952 |publisher=Pakistan Publications |location=Karachi |pages=299 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_1Q8AAAAMAAJ&dq=amb+state+area&pg=PA264 |title=Pakistan |date=1953 |publisher=Pakistan Publications |pages=270 |language=en}}</ref> The Nawab of Amb Muhammad Farid Khan acceded to Pakistan after the independence of Pakistan in 1947. Today Amb is a part of Mansehra District of Hazara Division.

Amb came under the British suzerainty after the Second Anglo-Sikh War, with Mir Jehandad Khan providing much assistance to the East India Company against the Sikhs. The Amb Nawabs also provided military services to the British Empire in the Second Anglo-Afghan War.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sir Albert James |first=Rikson |title=Indian people |publisher=Alaf Roos |year=1933 |isbn= |edition=1939 |location=London |pages=134 |language=en, hi}}</ref> At the end of December 1947, the Nawab of Amb acceded to Pakistan while retaining internal self-government.<ref name=":1" /> Amb continued as a princely state of Pakistan until 1969, when it was incorporated into the North West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa).

==List of Nawabs of Amb== {|class="wikitable" ! width=8% | Image ! width=15% | Titular Name ! width=15% | Personal Name ! width=8% | Date of birth ! width=8% | Nawab From ! width=8% | Nawab Until ! width=8% | Date of death |- | |'''Muhammad Anwar Khan Tanoli''' انور خان تنولی |'''Anwar Khan Tanoli''' |1688 |1710 |1730 |1730 |- | |'''Muhammad Bahadur Khan Tanoli''' بہادر خان | '''Muhammad Bahadur Khan Tanoli''' |23 June 1712 |1730-1740 |8 August 1755 |8 August 1755 |- | | align="center"| '''Sultan Zaburdust Khan Tanoli''' {{Nastaliq|صوبہ خان تنولی}} | align="center"| '''Sultan Zaburdust Khan Tanoli''' | align="center"| 1 May 1736 | align="center"| 8 August 1755 | align="center" colspan="2"| 2 November 1783 |- | | align="center"| '''Haibat Khan Tanoli''' {{Nastaliq|ہیبت خان}} | align="center"| '''Haibat Khan Tanoli''' | align="center"| 6 April 1740 | align="center"| 1783 | align="center" colspan="2"| 12 December 1798 |- | | align="center"| '''Nawab Khan Tanoli''' {{Nastaliq|نواب خان}} | align="center"| '''Nawab Khan Tanoli''' | align="center"| 12 April 1792 | align="center"| 1800-1810 | align="center" colspan="2"| 13 October 1818 |- | | align="center"| '''Painda Khan Tanoli''' {{Nastaliq|پائنداخان}} | align="center"|Painda Khan | align="center"| 6 May 1805 | align="center"| 1818 | align="center"| 1819-1822 completely Rule ended and hence again conquered and started in 1823 | align="center"|12 September 1844 |- |100px|center | align="center" | '''Jehandad Khan Tanoli''' {{Nastaliq|جہانداد خان}} | align="center" | '''Jehandad Khan Tanoli''' | align="center" | 6 February 1820 | align="center" | 1844 | colspan="2" align="center" | 1868 |- | | align="center"| '''Nawab Muhammad Akram Khan Tanoli''' {{Nastaliq|نواب محمد اکرم خان}} | align="center"| '''Nawab Muhammad Akram Khan Tanoli''' | align="center"| 1859 | align="center"| 1868 | align="center" colspan="2"| 1907 |- |100px|center | align="center"| '''Nawab Khan-e-Zaman Khan Tanoli''' نواب خانِ زمان خان تنولی خانخا | align="center"| '''Nawab Khan Zaman Khan Tanoli''' | align="center"| 6 November 1880 | align="center"| 1907 | align="center" colspan="2"| 12 September 1936 |- |100px|center

| align="center" | '''Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli''' {{Nastaliq|فرید خان}} | align="center" | '''Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli''' | align="center" | 1 January 1904 | align="center" | 1936 | align="center" | 17 September 1947 (''Alliance with Pakistan but continued rule until 1969'') | align="center" | 28 July 1969 (Rule end due to fighting between the Descendants of Amb State and Pakistan Army occupied integration) |- | | align="center"| '''Nawab Salahuddin Khan Tanoli''' {{Nastaliq|صلاح الدین خان}} | align="center"| '''Nawabzada Salahuddin Saeed''' | align="center"| 1958 | align="center"| 1969 | align="center" colspan="2"| Incumbent |}

== History == {{More citations needed section|date=September 2025}} The Tanoli submitted to British colonial rule in the 1840s.<ref name="Soldier Sahibs">{{cite book |last=Allen |first=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6mLH_rImHYC&pg=PT96 |title=Soldier Sahibs: The Men Who Made the North-West Frontier |publisher=Hachette |year=2012 |isbn=9781848547209 |page=9}}</ref><ref name="Syed Murad Ali 1975, pp.84">Syed Murad Ali,"Tarikh-e-Tanawaliyan"(Urdu), Pub. Lahore, 1975, pp.84</ref><ref name="Pub. Rawalpindi 2001, pp.244">Ghulam Nabi Khan"Alafghan Tanoli"(Urdu), Pub. Rawalpindi, 2001, pp.244</ref>

[[File:Darband 1948, Governer frontier and PM.jpg|thumb|right|400px|In this picture seated (left to right): Sahibzada Mohammad Khurshid (first Pakistani Governor of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan), Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan (Liāqat Alī Khān) (Urdu: لیاقت علی خان) listen (help·info) (2 October 1896 – 16 October 1951) the first Prime Minister of Pakistan, Nawab Sir Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli (Nawab of Amb) and Begum Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan (wife of Liaquat Ali Khan. Darband, Amb State, 1949.]]

=== Nawab Khan Tanoli === Mir Nawab Khan Tanoli was the ruler of The Tanawal valley and the Chief of the Hazara region from circa 1810 until he died in 1818. During his rule, he faced many attacks from the Sikh Empire and Durrani Empire, resulting in a significant loss of territory. He was 26 years old, when he was assassinated by Azim Khan on October 13, 1818 in the Stratagem of Peshawar.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

The main reason for the war is that Mir Nawab Khan defied Durrani and the other main reason was that, when Azim Khan's mother was traveling to Kashmir via Tanwal, Nawab Khan's soldier collected the taxes from her. Azim Khan then traveled through Tanwal and then Nawab Khan's soldiers collected taxes through Azim Khan as well. After Azim Khan took the complaint to the Afghan court, the Afghan Ruler of that time immediately sent his army.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Nawab Khan Tanoli's sons, Painda Khan and Maddad Khan began the series of rebellion against the Sikhs and Durrani, which continued throughout his lifetime.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

=== Painda Khan Tanoli === From about 1813, Painda Khan Tanoli is famed for his staunch rebellion against Maharaja Ranjit Singh's governors of Hazara. He was the son of Mir Nawab Khan Tanoli.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

From about 1813, Painda Khan Tanoli engaged in a lifelong rebellion against the Sikhs, who, realizing the potential dangers of his rebellion, set up forts at strategic locations to keep him in check. Hari Singh Nalwa took this initiative during his governorship. To consolidate his hold on Tanawal and to unite the Tanoli people, Tanoli first had to contend with his major rivals within the tribe itself, that is, the chiefs of the Suba Khani/Pallal Khel section, whom he subdued after a bitter struggle.

Tanoli set the tone for regional resistance in Upper Hazara against Sikh rule. In 1828, he created and gifted the smaller neighbouring state of Phulra to his younger brother Maddad Khan Tanoli.

Painda Khan briefly took over the valley of Agror in 1834. Agror was restored to Ata Muhammad Khan, the chief of that area, a descendant of Akhund Ahmed Sad-ud-din.<ref>Hazara Gazetteer</ref>{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

=== Jehandad Khan Tanoli === He was the son of Mir Painda Khan Tanoli. In 1852, Jehandad Khan Tanoli was summoned by the President of the Board of Administration about a murder enquiry of two British officers, supposedly on his lands.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} In fact, this was related to the murder of two British salt tax collectors by some tribesmen in the neighbouring Kala Dhaka or Black Mountain area, which eventually led to the punitive First Black Mountain campaign/expedition of 1852.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} The Board of Administration President was Sir John Lawrence (later the Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab), and he visited Haripur, in Hazara, where he invited many Hazara chiefs to see him on various matters, at a general Durbar.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}<ref>See ''The Hazara District Gazetteer 1883-8'' (Lahore, 1884); and H. Lee, ''Brothers in the Raj: The Lives of John and Henry Lawrence'' (Karachi: Oxford UP, 2002)</ref> Jehandad Khan Tanoli succeeded in establishing his innocence and consolidated his position.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Jahandad Khan Tanoli's relationship with British India is summed in the following lines in a letter dated 8 January 1859 from R. Temple, Secretary to the Punjab Chief Commissioner, addressed to the Punjab Financial Commissioner: "'5.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} The term "Jagir" has never appeared to me applicable in any sense to this [Jehandad Khan's] hereditary domain [Upper Tannowul], for it was never granted as such by the Sikhs or by our Government; we upheld the Khan as we found him in his position as a feudal lord and large proprietor.'

Jehandad's son, Nawab Bahadur Sir Muhammed Akram Khan Tanoli, was given the title of ''Nawab'' (Sovereign Ruler) in perpetuity by the British.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

=== Muhammad Akram Khan Tanoli === The next chief of the Tanoli, a son of Jahandad Khan Tanoli, was Akram Khan Tanoli KCSI 68–1907). He was a popular chief. During his tenure, the fort at Shergarh was built along with forts in Dogah and Shahkot. His rule was a peaceful time for Tanawal. He opposed construction of schools in the state, on advice given by British.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

=== Muhammad Khan Zaman Khan Tanoli === Khan Zaman Khan Tanoli succeeded his father, taking over the reins of power in Tanawal in Amb. He helped the British in carrying out the later Black Mountain (Kala Dhaka/Tor Ghar) expeditions.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

=== Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli === Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli had good relations with Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Liaqat Ali Khan. His contributions to the Pakistan movement have been acknowledged by letters from Jinnah.<ref name=":1">Quaid-I-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers: First Series, Volume III: On the Threshold of Pakistan, 1–25 July 1947 By Mahomed Ali Jinnah, Z. H. Zaidi Contributor Z. H. Zaidi (Oxford University Press, 1997, {{ISBN|978-969-8156-07-7}}, {{ISBN|978-969-8156-07-7}}, 1120 pages, digitized 29 August 2008)</ref><ref>Sana Haroon, ''Frontier of faith: Islam in the Indo-Afghan Borderland (Columbia University Press, 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-231-70013-9}}, {{ISBN|978-0-231-70013-9}}, 254 pages)''</ref> In 1947, he acceded his state to Pakistan by signing the Instrument of Accession in favour of Pakistan. In 1969, the state was incorporated into the North West Frontier Province (now Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa) and in 1972, the Government of Pakistan ceased to recognise the royal status of the Nawab.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

=== Muhammad Saeed Khan Tanoli === Muhammad Saeed Khan Tanoli, son of Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli, the last nawab of Amb, studied at the Burn Hall School in Abbottabad (now the Army Burn Hall College) and the Gordon College in Rawalpindi.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sack, John |author-link=John Sack |year=1959 |title=Report from Practically Nowhere |page=199 |publisher=Curtis Publishing Company |location=New York }}</ref> Nawab Saeed Khan Tanoli ruled for a period of three years.

=== Salahuddin Saeed Khan Tanoli === Salahuddin Saeed Khan Tanoli is the present chief of Tanolis and the titular Nawab of Amb.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} He is the son of Nawab Muhammad Saeed Khan Tanoli. He holds the record as the youngest parliamentarian ever elected to the Pakistan National Assembly, and then went on to be elected five times to the Pakistan National Assembly (from 1985 to 1997), a feat achieved by only seven other Pakistani parliamentarians, including the former Pakistani prime minister, Nawaz Sharif.<ref>Pakistan Election Commission – Unique Stats: http://www.ecp.gov.pk/content/uniquestats.html {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908063747/http://www.ecp.gov.pk/content/uniquestats.html |date=8 September 2008 }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" |- !Tenure||Chiefs of Tanawal and later Rulers of Amb (Tanawal){{citation needed|date=August 2020}} |- |- |1772–1803|| (Mir) Haibat Khan Tanoli |- |1803–1809|| (Mir) Hashim Ali Khan Tanoli (son of Mir Haibat Khan Tanoli and brother to Mir Nawab Khan Tanoli, following) |- |1809–1818|| (Mir) Nawab Khan Tanoli |- |1818–1844||(Mir) Painda Khan Tanoli, Maddad Khan Tanoli |- |1844–1868|| Nawab Jahandad Khan Tanoli{{snd}}'''Amb State founded in 1858 by British government recognition''' |- |1868–1907|| Nawab Muhammad Akram Khan Tanoli |- |1907–1936|| Nawab Khanizaman Khan Tanoli |- |1936–1969|| Nawab Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli{{snd}}'''Amb State ended and merged with NWFP Pakistan in 1971–72''' |- |1969–Incumbent|| Nawabzada Salahuddin Saeed |}

== Also read == * Politics of Pakistan * History of Pakistan

==References== {{Reflist}}

== External links == {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110225010611/http://khyberpakhtunkhwa.gov.pk/ Government of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa] * [http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/a/amb.html Genealogy of the ruling chiefs of Amb]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amb (Princely State)}} Category:History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Category:Princely states of Pakistan Category:1507 establishments in India Category:1969 disestablishments in Pakistan Category:States and territories established in the 19th century Category:States and territories disestablished in 1969 Category:Amb (princely state)