Royal Ann cherry

{{Short description|Variety of edible fruit}} {{Infobox cultivar | name = Royal Ann cherry | image = Cerise_bigarreau_Napoléon.jpg | image_caption = | species = ''Prunus avium'' | genus = ''Prunus'' | cultivar = 'Royal Ann' | breeder = | origin = }}

The '''Royal Ann''' or '''Royal Anne''' is a variety of cherry, similar in appearance and taste to the Rainier cherry.<ref>{{cite web |title='Rainier' & 'Queen Anne' Cherry Trees |url=http://www.paghat.com/cherrytree.html |publisher=paghat.com |accessdate=8 January 2017}}</ref> It belongs to the firm-fleshed sweet cherries, also known by the French name ''bigarreaux''. Its fruits are large and will not get mushy quickly during cooking, making it a prime variety for conserves and pickling. While it is also excellent to eat fresh, its fruit are yellow-skinned and -fleshed, with a red hue only present wherever the skin was directly exposed to the sun. Unless they are grown on small trees in full sunlight, they easily become visibly bruised and less appetizing during handling, and are thus rarely available in markets.

This cherry variety originates in Europe north of the Alps, spreading widely across that continent and to the British Isles due to its firm and (at that time) huge fruit at the start of the 19th century. At that time, Napoleon Bonaparte was at the height of his power; hence, this cherry is also called '''Napoleon cherry''', '''''bigarreau Napoleon''''' or similar in many European languages. Other common names refer to royalty: '''Queen Anne''' (hence "Royal Ann", by which name it spread across North America), '''''Große Prinzessin/Grote Prinses, Kaiser Franz/''Emperor Francis, Königskirsche''', or the more generic '''''Wienerin/Dunajka''''', '''Lauermanns Kirsche''' and '''Herites'''.

==Biology==

=== About Royal Ann === Royal Ann cherry trees are perennial semi-dwarfs that bloom early April with harvest in mid-summer.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fast-growing-trees.com/Royal-Ann-Cherry-Tree.htm|title=Royal Ann Cherry Tree on Fast Growing Trees Nursery|website=Fast Growing Trees Nursery|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref> They are deciduous trees that can be characterized by dark green leaves and clusters of small fragrant white flowers that are about 2.5-3 centimeters wide.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/shen/learn/nature/sweet_cherry.htm|title=Sweet Cherry – Shenandoah National Park (U.S. National Park Service)|website=www.nps.gov|access-date=2018-12-04}}</ref> Royal Ann flowers are hermaphroditic, containing both male and female reproductive organs, however, the tree cannot self-pollinate. Another pollinator species is necessary for fertilization to occur, most commonly bees.<ref name=":0" /> Each flower goes on to produce a single Royal Ann cherry. A mature fruit producing Royal Ann tree is about 12–15 feet in height.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.vegetablegardener.com/item/2385/how-to-grow-sweet-cherries|title=How to Grow Sweet Cherries – Vegetable Gardener|website=www.vegetablegardener.com|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref> The trees prefer a half to full day of sun, and soil with good drainage.<ref name=":2" /> Royal Ann trees require a temperate climate, where the average winter temperature does not drop below 10 degrees Fahrenheit.<ref name=":2" />

Royal Ann cherries are fleshy stone fruits<ref>{{Citation|last=McCune|first=Letitia|date=2013-01-24|pages=243–257|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd.|isbn=9781118464663|doi=10.1002/9781118464663.ch13|title=Dried Fruits|chapter=Dried Cherries: Phytochemicals and Health Perspectives}}</ref> similar in size to most cherry varieties, and are yellow to light pink colored.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://onegreenworld.com/product/royal-ann-cherry/|title=Royal Ann Cherry Tree|website=One Green World|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref> Royal Ann fruits are often mistaken for Rainier cherries because of their similar appearance and taste.<ref name=":1" /> Trees produce fruit within 1–3 years after planting and are considered fully mature around 8 years old.<ref name=":1" /> Royal Ann trees can produce up to 50 pounds of cherries per season.<ref name=":1" /> thumb|Royal Ann cherries harvested from a Southwest Michigan farm

==== Nutrient content ==== Cherries are famous for containing high levels of antioxidants, which are substances that inhibit oxidation in living organisms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/antioxidant|title=Definition of ANTIOXIDANT|website=www.merriam-webster.com|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref> Sweet cherries, like the Royal Ann are also high in sugars, like glucose, fructose, sucrose, and sorbitol.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|date=2008-03-01|title=Sugars, organic acids, phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)|journal=Food Chemistry|volume=107|issue=1|pages=185–192|doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.08.004|issn=0308-8146|last1=Usenik|first1=Valentina|last2=Fabčič|first2=Jerneja|last3=Štampar|first3=Franci}}</ref> Organic acids in sweet cherries include malic, citric, shikimic, and fumaric.<ref name=":4" />

Stone fruits are known to contain toxic compounds that produce hydrogen cyanide, which is toxic or lethal in large doses.<ref name=":0" /> These compounds can be found in the bark, flowers, seeds, and leaves of cherry trees.<ref name=":0" /> Children have been poisoned in the past by eating or swallowing large amounts of seeds.<ref name=":0" /> Livestock have been killed by grazing on branches and leaves.<ref name=":0" />

== Domestication == It is thought that cherries first originated in Turkey, near the Black Sea. Cultivation has been credited to the Greeks who helped the fruit spread through the Roman Empire and to England,<ref name=":0" /> where cherry trees were used as a food source and also for timber.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.actahort.org/members/showpdf?booknrarnr=290_4|title=Acta Horticulturae|website=www.actahort.org|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref>

Sweet cherry trees were initially taken to the United States with the colonists in 1629.<ref name=":0" /> In 1847, Henderson Lewelling took 700 fruit trees of ''Napoleon Bigarreau'' from Iowa to Oregon's Willamette Valley to start a cherry orchard. Seth Lewelling joined his brother Henderson in 1850, he renamed the tree 'Royal Ann'. Seth later developed the Bing cherry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodfruit.com/last-bite-a-cherry-with-royal-titles/|title=Last Bite – A cherry with royal titles|website=Good Fruit Grower|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref>

== Cultivation == Sweet cherry trees are labeled as being very delicate and finicky. They are not a popular choice for growing with hobby gardeners because they can be very time-consuming. Tips for facilitating growth and harvesting include bending the branches.<ref name=":2" />

Sweet cherry trees grow vertically very quickly, as more nutrients from sunlight means a higher yield of fruits.<ref name=":2" /> However, the more vertical the tree is, the more foliage there is on the tree rather than fruit.<ref name=":2" /> By bending the branches at an angle of 30–60 degrees in relation to the trunk and anchoring them to the ground, the tree will produce more fruit and fewer leaves.<ref name=":2" /> Research findings show that bending branches slows the release of hormones coursing through the tree that are essential for fruit growth.<ref name=":2" />

=== Pests, diseases, etc. === Birds are the most common pest of cherry trees, seeking the sweet fruits.<ref name=":3" /> Birds can be repelled by using netting to cover trees in an orchard or deploying flash tape to scare them away.<ref name=":3" />

Bacterial canker is a disease that can afflict all cherry trees, including Royal Ann trees.<ref name=":3" /> Signs of the disease include dead branches and brown colored damaged spots on branches or the trunk.<ref name=":3" /> Bacterial canker can be deterred by applying a copper spray to the trees in the fall and winter months.<ref name=":3" />

Another common problem is rain splitting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.actahort.org/books/468/468_85.htm|title=RAIN-CRACKING OF 'ROYAL ANN' SWEET CHERRIES: FRUIT PHYSIOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS, WATER TEMPERATURE, ORCHARD TREATMENTS, AND CRACKING INDEX|website=www.actahort.org|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref> This happens when the cherries are near ripe, and full of nutrients. With an excess of water intake, the skin of the fruit can no longer hold all of the nutrients and fluids and bursts open.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/fruits/cherry/fruit-split-in-cherries.htm|title=Fruit Split In Cherries: Learn Why Cherry Fruits Split Open|website=Gardening Know How|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref>

== Human use == Because of their firm and fleshy traits, Royal Ann cherries are ideal for home commercial and home canning.<ref name=":1" /> They're often used for making pies, sauces, and jams because of their natural sweetness.<ref name=":1" /> Because Royal Ann cherries are so fragile, they make a great option for canning because the fruit is not being selected based on appearances as if it were freshly picked. Bruised Royal Ann cherries will taste the same mashed into a pie or in canned preserves.

Royal Ann cherries are also used to make maraschino cherries for cocktails and dishes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eatlikenoone.com/what-are-queen-anne-cherries.htm|title=What are Queen (Royal) Anne Cherries? -|date=2010-06-22|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref> Royal Ann cherries are also excellent and sweet eaten fresh on their own.

==References== {{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Royal Ann Cherry}} Category:Cherry cultivars