{{short description|Dome in British Columbia, Canada}} {{good article}} {{Use Canadian English|date=February 2025}} {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2025}} {{Infobox mountain | name = Nanook Dome | image = File:Edziza042909-- 112-15.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = Nanook Dome with the ice-filled summit [[volcanic crater|crater]] of [[Mount Edziza]] in the background | mapframe = yes | mapframe-caption = Location in [[Mount Edziza Provincial Park]] | mapframe-zoom = 7 | elevation_m = 2710 | elevation_ref = {{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Synonyms & Subfeatures}} | coordinates = {{Coord|57|43|02|N|130|37|05|W|type:mountain_region:CA-BC|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_ref = {{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Nanook Dome}} | etymology = {{gloss|Chief}} in [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]]{{sfn|Emmons|1911|p=18}} | authority = [[BC Geographical Names]] office in [[Victoria, British Columbia]]{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Nanook Dome}}{{sfn|Government of Canada: Geographical Names Board of Canada}} | map= Canada British Columbia | map_alt =Relief map of British Columbia pinpointing the location of Nanook Dome | map_caption = Location in British Columbia | country = [[Canada]]{{sfn|Souther|1988}} | region_type = [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province]] | region = [[British Columbia]]{{sfn|Souther|1988}} | district = [[Cassiar Land District]]{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Nanook Dome}} | part_type = [[Protected area]] | part = [[Mount Edziza Provincial Park]]{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Nanook Dome}} | topo_maker = [[National Topographic System|NTS]] | topo_map = {{Canada NTS Map Sheet|104|G|10}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Nanook Dome}} | formed_by = [[Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex|Volcanism]]{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=21}} | type = [[Lava dome]]{{sfn|Natural Resources Canada: Nanook Dome}} | geology = [[Trachyte]]{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=179}} | last_eruption = [[Pleistocene]] age{{sfn|Natural Resources Canada: Nanook Dome}} }} '''Nanook Dome''' is a rounded mass of rock on the southeastern rim of [[Mount Edziza]]'s summit [[volcanic crater|crater]] in northwestern [[British Columbia]], Canada. It has an [[elevation]] of {{convert|2710|m|ft|abbr=off}}, slightly lower than the [[pinnacle (geology)|pinnacles]] on the southern crater rim which represent the highest points of Mount Edziza. The dome is about {{convert|750|m|ft|abbr=on}} in diameter, almost circular in structure and contains steep, smooth [[wikt:convex|convex]] margins that reach heights of {{convert|150|–|200|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Its northeastern side is truncated by the [[headwall]] of an immense [[cirque]] containing [[Tenchen Glacier]], but the current structure of the dome is nevertheless almost identical to its original form.
Nanook Dome is one of three [[lava dome]]s defined as part of the [[Edziza Formation]], which is one of many [[geological formation]]s comprising the [[Mount Edziza volcanic complex]]. The dome consists mainly of [[trachyte]] that erupted as viscous [[lava]] from a vent on the southwestern rim of Mount Edziza's summit crater. Some of the lava from this vent flowed into the crater where it ponded to form one or more [[lava lake]]s. Nanook Dome may have also been the source of some trachyte [[lava]] flows of the [[Kakiddi Formation]], which exist in neighbouring valleys. [[Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex|Volcanism]] at the dome took place mainly during the [[Pleistocene]], as did other domes of the Edziza Formation.
==Name and etymology== The name of the dome became official on January 2, 1980, and was adopted on [[National Topographic System]] map 104G/10 after being submitted to the [[BC Geographical Names]] office by the [[Geological Survey of Canada]].{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Nanook Dome}}{{sfn|Geographical Names Data Base: Nanook Dome}} Nanook Dome is named after the hereditary head of a [[Tahltan]] family, but the name or title is said to be of [[Tlingit]] origin, meaning {{gloss|chief}}.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=319}}{{sfn|Emmons|1911|p=18}} Several features adjacent to Nanook Dome also have names that were adopted simultaneously on 104G/10 for [[geology]] reporting purposes; this includes [[Ice Peak]], [[Tennena Cone]] and the [[Ornostay Bluff|Ornostay]] and [[Koosick Bluff|Koosick]] bluffs.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Ice Peak}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Tennena Cone}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Ornostay Bluff}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Koosick Bluff}} BC Geographical Names describes a dome as a "mass of rock or ice with a rounded top, elevated above the surrounding terrain".{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Nanook Dome}}
==Geography== Nanook Dome is located in [[Cassiar Land District]] of northwestern [[British Columbia]], Canada, about {{convert|23|km|mi|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Buckley Lake (British Columbia)|Buckley Lake]].{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Nanook Dome}}{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Cassiar Land District}} It has an [[elevation]] of {{convert|2710|m|ft|abbr=on}} and forms the southeastern buttress of [[Mount Edziza]]'s ice-filled summit [[volcanic crater|crater]].{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Synonyms & Subfeatures}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=175, 179}} The dome is about {{convert|750|m|ft|abbr=on}} in diameter and is almost circular in structure, containing steep, smooth [[wikt:convex|convex]] margins that reach heights of {{convert|150|–|200|m|ft|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=179}} The northeastern side of Nanook Dome is truncated by the [[headwall]] of an immense [[cirque]] containing [[Tenchen Glacier]], but the current structure of the dome is nevertheless almost identical to its original form.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=179}}
Immediately west of Nanook Dome are several [[Pinnacle (geology)|spires]] on the southern rim of Mount Edziza's summit crater.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=175, 178}} The highest of these spires attains an elevation of {{convert|2786|m|ft|abbr=on}}, making it the highest point of Mount Edziza.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=175}}{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=General Information}} Mount Edziza is the highest [[volcano]] of the [[Mount Edziza volcanic complex]], which consists of a group of overlapping [[shield volcano]]es, [[stratovolcano]]es, [[lava dome]]s and [[cinder cone]]s that have formed over the last 7.5 million years.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=175}}{{sfn|Souther|1990|pp=124, 125}} Nanook Dome is one of several lava domes on the summit and flanks of Mount Edziza; others include [[The Pyramid (British Columbia)|The Pyramid]] and the [[Glacier Dome|Glacier]], [[Sphinx Dome|Sphinx]] and [[Triangle Dome|Triangle]] domes.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=133, 178, 179, 181}}
Nanook Dome lies in [[Mount Edziza Provincial Park]] southeast of the community of [[Telegraph Creek]].{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Nanook Dome}} With an area of {{Convert|266180|ha|acre|abbr=off}}, Mount Edziza Provincial Park is one of the largest [[provincial parks in British Columbia]] and was established in 1972 to preserve the volcanic landscape.{{sfn|BC Parks: Mount Edziza Provincial Park}}{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Photo Gallery}} It includes not only the Mount Edziza area but also the [[Spectrum Range]] to the south, both of which are separated by [[Raspberry Pass]].{{sfn|BC Parks: Mount Edziza Provincial Park}}{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}} Mount Edziza Provincial Park is in the [[Tahltan Highland]], a southeast-trending [[Upland and lowland|upland]] area extending along the western side of the [[Stikine Plateau]].{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|Holland|1976|p=49}}
==Geology== [[File:Edziza042909-- 085-11.jpg|thumb|right|alt=|The eastern flank of Mount Edziza with Nanook Dome visible as a bulbous mass in the upper right corner]] Nanook Dome is the largest of three lava domes defined as part of the [[Edziza Formation]], one of many [[stratigraphic unit]]s comprising the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=179}} Its formation began during the later stages of the [[Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex#Edziza eruptive period|Edziza eruptive period]] 0.9 million years ago when viscous trachytic lava issued rapidly from a vent on the southwestern rim of Mount Edziza's summit crater.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=21, 179, 267}} Accompanying the development of Nanook Dome was the effusion of lava that flowed into the summit crater; the ponding of this lava inside the summit crater resulted in the formation of one or more [[lava lake]]s.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=21, 179}} A fuming vent inside the summit crater was effectively sealed by the lava which was soon followed by a small [[phreatic explosion]] after lava had solidified. This explosion destroyed part of the eastern crater rim, providing a new passageway for the venting of [[volcanic gas]]es.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=21}} Nanook Dome has not erupted since the [[Pleistocene]] epoch, nor have the Glacier and Triangle domes which are also part of the Edziza Formation.{{sfn|Natural Resources Canada: Nanook Dome}}{{sfn|Natural Resources Canada: Glacier Dome}}{{sfn|Natural Resources Canada: Triangle Dome}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=181}}
Nanook Dome may have been a major source of the adjacent valley-filling trachyte lava flows of the [[Kakiddi Formation]] due to their [[lithological]] similarity and close spatial association.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=207, 181}} Canadian volcanologist [[Jack Souther]] supposed in 1992 that the Nanook stage of activity began with the eruption of voluminous, relatively fluid, [[volatile (astrogeology)|volatile]]-rich trachytic lava which may have been followed by collapse of Mount Edziza's summit to form the current ice-filled crater.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=21, 181}} However, trachyte of the Edziza and Kakiddi formations have yielded significant differences in age; a single [[potassium–argon date]] of 0.9 ± 0.3 million years has been obtained from [[pantelleritic]] trachyte of the Edziza Formation whereas potassium–argon dates of 0.30 ± 0.02 million years and 0.28 ± 0.2 million years have been obtained from trachyte and pantelleritic trachyte of the Kakiddi Formation, respectively.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=248}} The Kakiddi Formation may nevertheless be similar in age to the youngest parts of the Edziza Formation.{{sfn|Smellie|Edwards|2016|p=44}}
==See also== {{Portal|Volcanoes|Mountains}} *[[List of Northern Cordilleran volcanoes]] *[[List of volcanoes in Canada]] *[[List of lava domes]]
==References== {{reflist}}
===Sources=== {{refbegin|30em}} *{{cite map|url=https://volcano.si.edu/maps/GVAlaskaCanada/G910509-006.jpg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502071600/https://volcano.si.edu/maps/GVAlaskaCanada/G910509-006.jpg|title=Telegraph Creek, Cassiar Land District, British Columbia|scale=1:250,000|series=104 G|map=A 502|edition=3|type=Topographic map|publisher=[[Department of Energy, Mines and Resources]]|year=1989|language=en,fr|archive-date=May 2, 2021|ref={{harvid|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=41229|name=Cassiar Land District|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627144631/http://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/41229.html|archive-date=June 27, 2018|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Cassiar Land District}}}} *{{cite gvp|vn=320060|title=Edziza|archive-date=January 14, 2025|ref={{harvid|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza}}}} *{{cite book|last1=Emmons|first1=G. T.|author-link1=George T. Emmons|url=https://archive.org/details/tahltanindians00emmoiala/page/n3/mode/2up|title=The Tahltan Indians|volume=4|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Museum]]|year=1911}} *{{cite web|title=Geographical Names Board of Canada|publisher=[[Government of Canada]]|url=https://natural-resources.canada.ca/earth-sciences/geography/geographical-names-board-canada/geographical-names-board-canada/9174|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524115852/https://natural-resources.canada.ca/earth-sciences/geography/geographical-names-board-canada/geographical-names-board-canada/9174|archive-date=May 24, 2024|ref={{harvid|Government of Canada: Geographical Names Board of Canada}}}} *{{cite web|title=Glacier Dome|work=Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes|publisher=[[Natural Resources Canada]]|date=August 19, 2005|url=http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/volcano_e.php?id=svb_gdm_075|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060219230851/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/volcano_e.php?id=svb_gdm_075|archive-date=February 19, 2006|ref={{harvid|Natural Resources Canada: Glacier Dome}}}} *{{cite report|last=Holland|first=Stuart S.|url=http://cmscontent.nrs.gov.bc.ca/geoscience/PublicationCatalogue/Bulletin/BCGS_B048.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114024907/http://cmscontent.nrs.gov.bc.ca/geoscience/PublicationCatalogue/Bulletin/BCGS_B048.pdf|archive-date=November 14, 2018|title=Landforms of British Columbia: A Physiographic Outline|publisher=[[Government of British Columbia]]|volume=48|year=1976|asin=B0006EB676|oclc=601782234}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=859|name=Ice Peak|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609172047/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/859.html|archive-date=June 9, 2024|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Ice Peak}}}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=6250|name=Koosick Bluff|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930233346/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/6250.html|archive-date=September 30, 2021|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Koosick Bluff}}}} *{{cite web|url=https://bcparks.ca/explore/parkpgs/mt_edziza/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123120553/https://bcparks.ca/explore/parkpgs/mt_edziza/|archive-date=January 23, 2023|title=Mount Edziza Provincial Park|publisher=[[BC Parks]]|ref={{harvid|BC Parks: Mount Edziza Provincial Park}}}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=9056|name=Nanook Dome|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094715/http://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/9056.html|archive-date=March 4, 2016|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Nanook Dome}}}} *{{cite web|title=Nanook Dome|work=Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes|publisher=[[Natural Resources Canada]]|date=August 19, 2005|url=http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/volcano_e.php?id=svb_ndm_076|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060219231552/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/volcano_e.php?id=svb_ndm_076|archive-date=February 19, 2006|ref={{harvid|Natural Resources Canada: Nanook Dome}}}} *{{cite cgndb|id=JAQBO|title=Nanook Dome|access-date=February 20, 2025|ref={{harvid|Geographical Names Data Base: Nanook Dome}}}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=18770|name=Ornostay Bluff|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001013427/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/18770.html|archive-date=October 1, 2021|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Ornostay Bluff}}}} *{{cite book|last1=Smellie|first1=John L.|last2=Edwards|first2=Benjamin R.|title=Glaciovolcanism on Earth and Mars: Products, Processes and Palaeoenvironmental Significance|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2016|isbn=978-1-107-03739-7}} *{{cite map|last1=Souther|first1=J. G.|author-link1=Jack Souther|title=Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia|map=1623A|scale=1:50,000|type=[[Geological map]]|cartography=M. Sigouin, [[Geological Survey of Canada]]|publisher=[[Energy, Mines and Resources Canada]]|year=1988|language=en|doi=10.4095/133498|doi-access=free}} *{{cite report|last1=Souther|first1=J. G.|author-link1=Jack Souther|title=The Late Cenozoic Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia|work=[[Geological Survey of Canada]]|publisher=Canada Communication Group|series=Memoir 420|year=1992|isbn=0-660-14407-7|doi=10.4095/133497|doi-access=free}} *{{cite book|editor-last1=Wood|editor-first1=Charles A.|editor-last2=Kienle|editor-first2=Jürgen|last1=Souther|first1=Jack G.|author-link1=Jack Souther|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eyDRib-FJh4C|title=Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada|year=1990|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=0-521-43811-X}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=15030|name=Tennena Cone|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608011914/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/15030.html|archive-date=June 8, 2024|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Tennena Cone}}}} *{{cite web|title=Triangle Dome|work=Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes|publisher=[[Natural Resources Canada]]|date=August 19, 2005|url=http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/volcano_e.php?id=svb_tdm_080|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060219231954/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/volcano_e.php?id=svb_tdm_080|archive-date=February 19, 2006|ref={{harvid|Natural Resources Canada: Triangle Dome}}}} {{refend}}
==External links== *{{cite peakbagger|pid=51404|name=Nanook Dome, British Columbia}}
{{Mount Edziza volcanic complex}} {{Northern Cordilleran volcanoes}} {{Interior Mountains}}
[[Category:Lava domes of Mount Edziza]] [[Category:Pleistocene lava domes]] [[Category:Two-thousanders of British Columbia]]