{{Short description|Language family of Brazil}} {{Infobox language family | name = Nambikwaran | region = Mato Grosso, Rondônia and Pará, in Brazil | familycolor = American | family = One of the world's primary language families | child1 = ''Mamaindê'' | child2 = ''Nambikwara'' | child3 = ''Sabanê'' |child4=''Lakondê'' | glotto = namb1299 | glottorefname = Nambiquaran | map = Nambikwaran languages.png | mapcaption = }}
The '''Nambikwaran languages''' are a language family of half a dozen languages, all spoken in the state of Mato Grosso in Brazil. They have traditionally been considered dialects of a single language, but at least three of them are mutually unintelligible.
* Mamaindê (250-340) * Lakondê (1) * Nambikwara (720) * Sabanê (3)
The varieties of Mamaindê are often seen as dialects of a single language but are treated as separate Northern Nambikwaran languages by ''Ethnologue''. Sabanê is a single speech community and thus has no dialects, while the Nambikwara language has been described as having eleven.<ref name="campbell1997">{{cite book | last = Campbell | first = Lyle | author-link = Lyle Campbell | year = 1997 | title = American Indian languages: the historical linguistics of Native America | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford, United Kingdom | isbn = 0-19-509427-1}}</ref>
The total number of speakers is estimated to be about 1,000, with Nambikwara proper being 80% of that number.<ref name="ethnologue">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=445-16 Nambiquaran languages]. Ethnologue. Retrieved on 2012-07-29.</ref> Most Nambikwara are monolingual but some young men speak Portuguese.<ref>Kroeker, 2001 p. 1</ref> Especially the men of the Sabanê group are trilingual, speaking both Portuguese and Mamainde.<ref>Ethnologue. Ethnologue. Retrieved on 2012-07-29.</ref>
==Genetic relations== Price (1978) proposes a relationship with Kanoê (Kapixaná), but this connection is not widely accepted.<ref>Price, David P. 1978. The Nambiquara linguistic family. ''Anthropological Linguistics'' 20 (1): 14–37.</ref>
==Language contact== Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Aikanã, Irantxe, Itonama, Kanoe, Kwaza, Peba-Yagua, Arawak, Bororo, and Karib language families due to contact.<ref name="Jolkesky-2016"/>
==Varieties== ===Jolkesky (2016)=== Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):<ref name="Jolkesky-2016">Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. ''[http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas]''. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.</ref>
(† = extinct)
{{tree list}} * '''Nambikwaran''' ** ''Sabane'' ** Nambikwara, Northern *** Guaporé: ''Mamainde''; ''Negarote''; ''Tawende'' *** Roosevelt: ''Lakonde''; ''Latunde''; ''Tawande'' ** Nambikwara, Southern *** Alantesu: ''Alantesu''; ''Hahãintesu''; ''Waikisu''; ''Wasusu'' *** Halotesu: ''Halotesu''; ''Kithãulhu''; ''Wakalitesu''; ''Sawentesu'' *** Manduka: ''Hukuntesu''; ''Niyahlosu''; ''Siwaisu'' *** ''Sarare'' {{tree list/end}}
==Proto-language==<!---Proto-Nambikwaran redirects here---> {{Infobox proto-language | name = Proto-Nambikwaran | altname = Proto-Nambiquara | familycolor = American | ancestor = | target = Nambikwaran languages }} Proto-Nambiquara reconstructions by Price (1978):<ref>Price, D. (1978). The Nambiquara Linguistic Family. In Anthropological Linguistics, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 14-37. Published by: Trustees of Indiana University. Accessed from [https://diacl.ht.lu.se/Source/Details/3099 DiACL], 9 February 2020.</ref>
{{collapse top|Proto-Nambiquara reconstructions by Price (1978)}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%" ! gloss !! Proto-Nambikwaran |- | ‘maize, corn’ || *ka³yat³ |- | ‘tapir’ || *hv³¹ũː¹m |- | ‘moon’ || *h'e³¹v³ |- | ‘water (n)’ || *na1pə̃³¹ |- | ‘now’ || *hi¹n |- | ‘water’ || *yaut³ |- | ‘to tie’ || *t'ait¹ |- | ‘to walk’ || *h'ai² |- | ‘that’ || *tei²l |- | ‘here’ || *tiː¹ |- | ‘bow’ || *pok'³ |- | ‘wing’ || *n'əi³C |- | ‘to hit’ || *su³l |- | ‘to drink’ || *naː² |- | ‘animal’ || *ha³no³la³ |- | ‘mouth’ || *youː² |- | ‘good’ || *məu³li⁴ |- | ‘white’ || *pãn³ |- | ‘to play’ || *ləuː²n |- | ‘head’ || *naik³ |- | ‘hair’ || *ĩć³ |- | ‘dog’ || *waiː³yvl³ |- | ‘to fall’ || *hi² |- | ‘road’ || *ha³tẽp³ |- | ‘savannah’ || *mãl³ |- | ‘to sing’ || *pain³ |- | ‘grass’ || *sit³ |- | ‘meat’ || *sĩn³ |- | ‘house’ || *s'ip³ |- | ‘bark, shell’ || *kv³ləu³ |- | ‘to dig’ || *'uh³ |- | ‘sky’ || *h'əu³p(an⁴) |- | ‘to smell’ || *nh'õn³ |- | ‘horn’ || *na³ |- | ‘rain’ || *ha³mə̃i³ |- | ‘ashes’ || *Cv³nõn³ |- | ‘snake’ || *t'ep³ |- | ‘to scratch’ || *kɨn² |- | ‘to eat’ || *yain³ |- | ‘long’ || *ləː² |- | ‘heart’ || *yv³lã¹k |- | ‘string’ || *ẽp³ |- | ‘string’ || *nu² |- | ‘to run’ || *hip³ |- | ‘to chop’ || *tau³ |- | ‘child’ || *mə̃ić³ |- | ‘to give’ || *õː¹ |- | ‘to lie (down)’ || *ć'aː¹ |- | ‘tooth’ || *wiː³ |- | ‘day’ || *lãn²ti³ |- | ‘two’ || *p'aː¹l(in¹) |- | ‘to sleep’ || *ha³mũ³n'i² |- | ‘he’ || *pai³ |- | ‘his’ || *na² |- | ‘to rub’ || *lɨ¹nɨ³ |- | ‘to listen’ || *ain³ |- | ‘I’ || *t'ai²l |- | ‘my’ || *t'a�� |- | ‘knife’ || *yu³l |- | ‘to speak’ || *sɨ¹ |- | ‘beans’ || *ka³mat³ |- | ‘liver’ || *p'i⁴l |- | ‘arrow’ || *hauːt'¹ |- | ‘flower’ || *yãuć³ |- | ‘fire’ || *yat² |- | ‘leaf’ || *ha⁴ćeih³ |- | ‘leaf’ || *n'ãn'⁴ |- | ‘cold’ || *liː² |- | ‘fog’ || *wi³Ca² |- | ‘tobacco’ || *h'əić³ |- | ‘fat’ || *pa³nẽit¹ |- | ‘man’ || *en³t' |- | ‘to swell’ || *wa⁴kaː³n |- | ‘knee’ || *kat'³ |- | ‘to throw’ || *ta⁴naː¹m |- | ‘there’ || *ti⁴paː³t |- | ‘firewood’ || *(ha³)ne¹ |- | ‘to clean’ || *pəuː¹t |- | ‘to clean’ || *han³ |- | ‘tongue’ || *pəi³l |- | ‘smooth’ || *wa³suː³ |- | ‘worm’ || *yõ³yõ³C |- | ‘far’ || *uː²l |- | ‘monkey’ || *huć³ |- | ‘mother’ || *na²C |- | ‘hand’ || *pik'² |- | ‘left hand’ || *wãt³ |- | ‘husband’ || *wei³ćãi¹ |- | ‘to kill’ || *hãːn³ |- | ‘forest’ || *ća³w'əin³ |- | ‘to bite’ || *ĩː³m |- | ‘woman’ || *(ha³)t'eh³ |- | ‘to swim’ || *həup² |- | ‘nose’ || *a⁴miː³ć |- | ‘night’ || *ka³na³C |- | ‘to see’ || *ẽː²p |- | ‘eye’ || *ei³ka³ |- | ‘jaguar’ || *ya³na¹l |- | ‘where’ || *pai¹ |- | ‘ear’ || *n'a⁴ |- | ‘bone’ || *soh³ |- | ‘egg’ || *nau³ |- | ‘father’ || *wãi¹ |- | ‘father’ || *mĩː³n |- | ‘bird’ || *ai³k' |- | ‘tree, stick’ || *ha³piː³ć |- | ‘foot’ || *yu³k' |- | ‘stone’ || *t'a³pa³l |- | ‘to hold’ || *hi³ |- | ‘breast’ || *nũn⁴k |- | ‘fish’ || *h'ain³ |- | ‘feather’ || *w'əit¹ |- | ‘little’ || *ći³qi⁴hn |- | ‘leg’ || *nəi²k |- | ‘heavy’ || *sa³t'ei¹ |- | ‘louse’ || *ka³nãip¹ni³ |- | ‘black’ || *(ta³)ton³ |- | ‘pull’ || *sĩn³ćouː¹ |- | ‘when’ || *na³ |- | ‘what’ || *Ca¹tei² |- | ‘to burn’ || *thəp⁴ |- | ‘hot’ || *mãn² |- | ‘round’ || *ma³tũ³ma³tũn³ |- | ‘straight’ || *wain³ |- | ‘to laugh’ || *kãm³li¹ |- | ‘spit’ || *ka²sip¹ |- | ‘dry season’ || *ka³məi³kəu³n |- | ‘dry’ || *lon¹ |- | ‘seed’ || *kɨ⁴ |- | ‘to sit’ || *yauː² |- | ‘dirty’ || *n'aː¹ć'iː³ |- | ‘fear’ || *sup³l |- | ‘earth’ || *k'ĩp³ |- | ‘earth’ || *nu³ |- | ‘crooked’ || *ta³ko³ta³kon³ |- | ‘guts’ || *ka³nai¹ |- | ‘one’ || *ka³naː³ka⁴(nat³) |- | ‘fingernail, claw’ || *kai³l |- | ‘achiote’ || *top³ |- | ‘old’ || *tĩn³ |- | ‘wind’ || *'it³ |- | ‘green’ || *sa³t'əiː³sa³i'əin³ |- | ‘red’ || *həi³n |- | ‘to come’ || *mãː² |- | ‘to live’ || *ka³t'en³ |- | ‘to fly’ || *h'in³ |- | ‘you’ || *w'ai²n |- | ‘your’ || *mã⁴ |- | ‘to return’ || *wam²l |- | ‘to vomit’ || *lop³ |} {{collapse bottom}}
==Bibliography== *Costa, Januacele Francisca da; W. Leo M. Wetzels. 2008. ''Proto-Nambikwara Sound Structure''. Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. *Araujo, G. A. (2004). A Grammar of Sabanê: A Nambikwaran Language. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. 94. Utrecht: LOT. *Gomes, M. A. C. F. (1991). Dicionário Mamaindé-Português/Português-Mamaindé. Cuiabá: SIL. *{{cite-book |last=Eberhard |first=David M. |year=2009 |title=Mamaindê Grammar: a Northern Nambikwara language and its cultural context |publisher=LOT publications |isbn=978-94-6093-012-6}} *Kroeker, M. H. (1996). Dicionário escolar bilingüe Nambikuara-Português, Português-Nambikuara. Porto Velho: SIL. *Price, D. P. (1978). The Nambiquara Linguistic Family. Anthropological Linguistics 20:14-37.
== References == {{sister project |project=wiktionary |text=Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at '''''Appendix:Proto-Nambikwaran reconstructions'''''}} {{reflist}}
{{Language families}}{{Languages of Brazil}}{{South American languages}}
Category:Nambikwaran languages Category:Language families *