Showa/Nakajima L2D

{{short description|Japanese license-built version of Douglas DC-3}}  {{Infobox aircraft | name = L2D | logo = | logo_size = | image = File:Showa L2D.jpg | alt = | caption = Shōwa L2D3 | long_caption = | other_names = | aircraft_type = [[Airliner]] and transport aircraft | aim = | outcome = | related = | national_origin = | manufacturer = [[Nakajima Aircraft Company|Nakajima]] and [[Showa Corporation|Showa Aircraft]] | design_group = | designer = | builder = | issuer = | status = | owners = | primary_user = | more_users = | service = | major_applications = | proposals = | prototypes = | number_built = 487 <ref name="Gradidge p. 20">Gradidge 2006, p. 20.</ref><br />71× L2D2 by Nakajima<br />all others by Shōwa | construction_number = | civil_registration = | military_serial = | radio_code = | requirement = | aircraft_carried = | flights = | total_hours = | total_distance = | construction_date = 1940–1945 | introduction = 1939 | retired = | first_flight = October 1939 | initiated = | in_service = | last_flight = | expected = | developed_from = [[Douglas DC-3]] | variants = | developed_into = | preservation = | fate = | predecessors = | successors = | concluded = }} [[File:Nakajima L2D2 at Zamboanga 1945.jpeg|thumb|A captured Shōwa L2D3 or L2D3-L in US markings, Mindanao, Philippines, May 1945]]

The '''Shōwa L2D''' and '''Nakajima L2D''', given the designations '''Shōwa Navy Type 0 Transport''' and '''Nakajima Navy Type 0 Transport'''(��式輸送機), were license-built versions of the [[Douglas DC-3]]. The L2D series, numerically, was the most important Japanese transport in World War II. The L2D was given the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] [[World War II Allied names for Japanese aircraft|code name]] '''Tabby'''.

==Design and development== After successful license production acquired in 1935 of the earlier [[Douglas DC-2]], [[Nakajima Aircraft Company|Nakajima Hikoki]] acquired the license rights for $90,000 in February 1938, to build the DC-3.<ref name="O'Leary">O'Leary, Michael. [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3901/is_200305/ai_n9282494/?tag=content;col1 "Douglas Commercial Two."] ''Air Classics'' magazine, May 2003 (online version at ''www.findarticles.com''). Retrieved: 21 December 2011.</ref> Previously, the [[Great Northern Airways]] and the [[Far East Fur Trading Company]] had purchased 22 DC-3s from 1937 to 1939. This total consisted of 13 Cyclone powered DC-3s and nine Twin Wasp powered DC-3As, two of which were delivered un-assembled and assigned to a relatively new concern, [[Showa Aircraft Industry|Shōwa Aircraft]].<ref>[http://www.showa-aircraft.co.jp/en/company/introduction.html "Corporate Information | Management Policy: Showa Aircraft Industry Co. Ltd."] ''Shōwa Aircraft.'' Retrieved: 30 May 2012.</ref> Both Shōwa and Nakajima worked in concert to create a production series. Although the L2D was intended for both civil and military application, the production run was largely reserved for the Japanese military as the Navy Type 0 Transport.<ref name="Rickard"/>

The Nakajima prototype, powered by Pratt & Whitney SB3G radial engines, first flew in October 1939 and entered production in 1940 as the L2D1 with parts imported from the U.S. while the two Shōwa examples were being assembled to Japanese production standards to simplify manufacture.<ref name="DC-3 Hangar"/> Differing in minor details, mainly due to the use of locally produced Mitsubishi Kinsei 43 radial engines of similar power, the initial series from both companies were very similar to its Douglas antecedent.<ref name="Rickard"/>

Then Japanese engineered their own version L2D2, by 1942, Nakajima had built, including the prototype, 71 L2D2 Navy Type 0 Transport Model 11s and then embarked on manufacturing combat aircraft of their own design. [[Showa Corporation|Shōwa]], once their factory and production line was complete, built the next series, a total of 416 aircraft, including 75 cargo versions with the "barn door," and reinforced floor (designated L2D2 1). The first Japanese military version was equipped with wide cargo doors, essentially mirroring the U.S. [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain|C-47]], appearing about the same time.<ref name="DC-3 Hangar"/> Other L2D variants, while normally unarmed, the L2D4 and L2D4-1 variants carried one flexible 13 mm Type 2 machine gun in a dorsal turret in the navigator's dome and two flexible 7.7 mm Type 92 machine guns that could be fired from fuselage hatches, but this armament configuration was not a production standard.<ref name="Rickard">Rickard, J. [http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/weapons_L2D_Tabby.html "L2D 'Tabby'."] ''History of War,'' 12 November 2008. Retrieved: 21 December 2011.</ref>

Although the Japanese civil versions were nearly identical to their Douglas equivalent, the military variants, while visually similar, were substantially different. The Kinsei 51/53 engines had 1,325 hp (975 kW) and featured enlarged nacelles and large propeller spinners, while the cockpit bulkhead was moved back 40 inches (100 cm) so all four crew members forward were in one compartment, with three extra windows added behind the cockpit. The most radical changes to the original design came about due to wartime exigencies in shortages of [[strategic material]]s, that led to metal components in less critical structural areas being replaced by wood. As many as 20 transports featured wooden rudders, stabilizers, ailerons, fins, elevators and entrance doors. An all-wood variant, the L2D5, was readied for production near the end of the war.<ref name="DC-3 Hangar">Morson, Trev. [http://www.douglasdc3.com/japl2d/japl2d.htm "Japan's DC-3, The L2D."] ''The DC-3 Hangar,'' 2011. Retrieved: 22 December 2011.</ref>

==Operational history==

===Imperial Japanese Navy=== The original DC-3s operated by [[Dai Nippon Koku KK]] were pressed into Imperial service during the war, serving alongside the license-built L2Ds. The L2Ds served in the Southern Philippines' air groups ([[Kōkūtai]]) in squadrons ([[Buntai]]) attached to the 3rd, 4th, 6th, 11th, 12th, 13th, and 14th Air Fleets (Kōku Kantai) as well as the [[Combined Fleet]] (Rengō Kantai) and to the China Area and Southwest Area Fleets.<ref>[http://www.combinedfleet.com/ijna/l2d.htm "Showa/Nakajima L2D."] ''combinedfleet.com'' Retrieved: 21 December 2011</ref> With the large load capacity inherent in all L2D variants, the types were used in all Japanese theaters, as both a passenger and cargo transport, playing an important role in supply of the distant garrisons on the islands of Pacific Ocean and New Guinea. They were also adapted to serve as staff and communications aircraft, as well as in the maritime surveillance role. The future president of Indonesia, [[Sukarno]], used an L2D2 during discussions regarding Indonesian independence with Japanese authorities in early 1945.

===Captured=== [[File:Showa L2D 1945.jpg|thumb|[[China National Aviation Corporation|CNAC]] pilots with a captured Shōwa L2D3 or L2D3-L, c. 1945]]

At least one L2D was captured at [[Zamboanga International Airport|Zamboanga airfield]] in May 1945 and later repaired and tested at Clark Field.

RAF Air Chief Marshal Sir Walter Cheshire was in charge of troop and supply airlift in South East Asia after Japan surrendered. Due to lack of resources available he was forced to make use of Japanese Air Force transport planes and aircrews, creating the RAF Gremlin Task Force (GTF). This included the use of L2D "Tabby" aircraft that supplemented RAF 118 Wing C-47 Dakota aircraft. Japanese aircraft retained their white surrender finish with large blue and white SEAC roundels painted over the green surrender crosses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1945/1945%20-%202411.html |title=french indo {{!}} flight december {{!}} december oth {{!}} 1945 {{!}} 2411|website=flightglobal.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103103415/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1945/1945%20-%202411.html |archive-date=2012-11-03}}</ref>

In 1945 in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), after the capitulation of Japan, at least three L2D "Tabby" were captured on the Perak airfield (near Surabaya). They wore the marks of the Indonesian nationalists (a red and white stripe). As there was a great need for transportation, two Tabbies were (with the cooperation of the Indonesians) flown to Tjililitan near Batavia (now Jakarta). As the condition of the planes was rather bad, the Dutch military decided not to use the planes any further. The third was flown to Medan on Sumatera, however, there were oil-leaks and it had to make an emergency landing and was abandoned. ('Japanese planes under Dutch command' by G.J. Tornij)

===Post War=== Relatively few of the Shōwa/Nakajima L2Ds survived the war, although at least one captured example was in service with the [[China National Aviation Corporation|National Aviation Corporation (CNAC)]] during 1945, serving along with DC-3s acquired pre-war.<ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/sdasmarchives/4839012314/ "CNAC pilots."] ''San Diego Air and Space Museum'' via ''Flickr,'' 2011. Retrieved: 22 December 2011.</ref> In 1946, another captured L2D2 was used by the French [[History of the Armée de l'Air (colonial presence 1939–1962)|VVS]] Group Transport 1/34 in military operations in [[French Indochina|Indochina]].<ref>Addington 2000, p. 20.</ref> Postwar, other L2Ds were located in the Pacific as either crashed or abandoned aircraft, and none are known to exist today.<ref>[http://www.pacificwrecks.com/aircraft/l2d/ "Showa/Nakajima L2D"] ''Pacific Wrecks'' Retrieved: 21 December 2011</ref>{{When|date=January 2026}}

==Variants== {{Main article|List of Douglas DC-3 family variants}} <ref name="FAW_P5455">''Famous Airplanes of the World'' (1975), pp. 54–55.</ref><ref name="TMM_P3738">''The Maru Mechanic'' (1981), pp. 37–38.</ref><ref>Imperial Japanese Navy Aviation Bureau (1945).</ref> ;L2D1 ''Navy D1 Transport'' (海軍D一号輸送機 ''Kaigun D1-Gō Yusōki'') :Knock down production two DC-3s supplied for evaluation by the [[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service]]. ;L2D2 ''Type 0 Transport Model 11'' (零式輸送機11型 ''Reishiki Yusōki 11-gata'') :Personnel transports with [[Mitsubishi Kinsei|Mitsubishi Kinsei 43]] radials. Initial named ''Navy D2 Transport'' (海軍D二号輸送機 ''Kaigun D2-Gō Yusōki''). ;L2D2-L ''Type 0 Freighter Model 11'' (零式荷物輸送機11型 ''Reishiki Nimotsu-Yusōki 11-gata'') :Cargo version of the L2D2 with enlarged cargo door. ;L2D3 ''Type 0 Transport Model 22'' (零式輸送機22型 ''Reishiki Yusōki 22-gata'') :L2D2 re-engined with Mitsubishi Kinsei 51, Kinsei 52 or Kinsei 53 engines, each at 1,300 hp (957 kW)–1,325 hp (975 kW). Increased side cockpit glass. ;L2D3-L ''Type 0 Freighter Model 22'' (零式荷物輸送機22型 ''Reishiki Nimotsu-Yusōki 22-gata'') :Cargo version of the L2D3. ;L2D3a ''Type 0 Transport Model 22A'' (零式輸送機22甲型 ''Reishiki Yusōki 22 Kō-gata'') :Armed versions L2D3 with a 13 mm machine gun in a dorsal turret and two 7.7 mm machine guns in the left and right fuselage hatches. ;L2D3a-L ''Type 0 Freighter Model 22A'' (零式荷物輸送機22甲型 ''Reishiki Nimotsu-Yusōki 22 Kō-gata'') :Armed version of the L2D3-L, armaments were same as L2D3a. ;L2D4 ''Type 0 Transport Model 23'' (零式輸送機23型 ''Reishiki Yusōki 23-gata'') :L2D3 re-engined with Mitsubishi Kinsei 62 engines, each at 1,590 hp (1,170 kW). ;L2D4-L ''Provisional name Type 0 Freighter Model 23'' (仮称零式荷物輸送機23型 ''Kashō Reishiki Nimotsu-Yusōki 23-gata'') :Cargo version of the L2D4, prototype only. ;L2D5 ''Provisional name Type 0 Transport Model 33'' (仮称零式輸送機33型 ''Kashō Reishiki Yusōki 33-gata'') :Wooden version, replacement of steel components with wood; used two Mitsubishi Kinsei 62 engines, incomplete.

==Operators==

===Civil=== ;{{ROC}} *[[China National Aviation Corporation|CNAC]] ;{{JPN}} *Great Northern Airways *[[Japan Air Transport]] *[[Imperial Japanese Airways]]

===Military=== ;{{FRA}} * [[French Air Force]] ;[[File:Flag of the Republic of China-Nanjing (Peace, Anti-Communism, National Construction).svg|23px|link=Reorganized National Government of China]] [[Wang Jingwei regime|Republic of China-Nanjing]] * [[Collaborationist Chinese Army#Air force|Nanjing air force]] ;{{JPN}}<ref name="FAW_P4041">Famous Airplanes of the World (1975), pp. 40–41.</ref><ref name="TMM_P7273">The Maru Mechanic (1981), pp. 72–73.</ref> * [[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service]] {{colbegin}} *Fleet **[[Combined Fleet]] **[[3rd Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)|3rd Fleet]] **[[4th Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)|4th Fleet]] **[[1st Air Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)|1st Air Fleet]] **[[List of Air Fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy#3rd Air Fleet|3rd Air Fleet]] **[[List of Air Fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy#11th Air Fleet|11th Air Fleet]] **[[List of Air Fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy#12th Air Fleet|12th Air Fleet]] **[[List of Air Fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy#13th Air Fleet|13th Air Fleet]] **[[List of Air Fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy#14th Air Fleet|14th Air Fleet]] **[[1st Mobile Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)|1st Mobile Fleet]] **[[Southwest Area Fleet]] **[[Southeast Area Fleet]] **[[Northeast Area Fleet]] **[[Central Pacific Area Fleet]] **[[Southern Expeditionary Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)#Southern Expeditionary Fleet/1st Southern Expeditionary Fleet|1st Southern Expeditionary Fleet]] **[[Southern Expeditionary Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)#2nd Southern Expeditionary Fleet|2nd Southern Expeditionary Fleet]] **[[Southern Expeditionary Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)#3rd Southern Expeditionary Fleet|3rd Southern Expeditionary Fleet]] **[[Southern Expeditionary Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)#4th Southern Expeditionary Fleet|4th Southern Expeditionary Fleet]] **[[China Area Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)|China Area Fleet]] **[[General Escort Command (Imperial Japanese Navy)|General Escort Command]] **[[General Escort Command (Imperial Japanese Navy)#1st Escort Fleet|1st Escort Fleet]] *Air Flotilla and Naval Air Group **[[12th Air Flotilla|12th Combined Air Group / 12th Air Flotilla]] **[[21st Air Flotilla]] **[[23rd Air Flotilla]] **[[Chitose Air Group|201st Naval Air Group]] **[[Atsugi Naval Air Group|203rd Naval Air Group]] **[[256th Naval Air Group]] **[[701st Naval Air Group]] **[[901st Naval Air Group]] **[[Sasebo Naval Air Group|951st Naval Air Group]] **[[1001st Naval Air Group|1st Airlift Group / 1001st Naval Air Group]] **[[1021st Naval Air Group]] **[[1022nd Naval Air Group]] **[[1023rd Naval Air Group]] **[[1081st Naval Air Group]] *Naval District and Guard District **[[Kure Naval District]] **[[Yokosuka Naval District]] **[[Sasebo Naval District]] **[[Ōminato Guard District]] **[[Mako Guard District|Takao Guard District]] **[[Chinkai Guard District]] **[[Kainantō Guard District]] {{colend}}

==Specifications (Shōwa L2D3-Ia)== {{Aircraft specs |ref=''Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War'' <ref name=Francillon>{{cite book |last=Francillon |first=René J. |title=Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War |year=1979 |publisher=Putnam & Company Limited |location=London |isbn=0-370-30251-6 |pages=499–503}}</ref> |prime units?=met  |crew=3-5 |capacity=21 pax / {{cvt|4500|kg|0}} cargo |length m=19.507 |length note= |span m=18.956 |span note= |height m=7.46 |height note= |wing area sqm=91.6 |wing area note= |aspect ratio= |airfoil='''root:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA 2215]]; '''tip:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA 2206]]<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref> |empty weight kg=7218 |empty weight note= |gross weight kg=12500 |gross weight note= |max takeoff weight kg= |max takeoff weight note= |fuel capacity= |more general=  |eng1 number=2 |eng1 name=[[Mitsubishi MK8 Kinsei 43]] |eng1 type=14-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine |eng1 kw= |eng1 hp=1000 |eng1 note=for take-off ::::{{cvt|1080|hp|order=flip}} at {{cvt|3000|m}}

|prop blade number=3 |prop name=variable-pitch propellers |prop dia m= |prop dia note=  |max speed kmh=393 |max speed note=at {{cvt|2800|m}} |cruise speed kmh=241 |cruise speed note=at {{cvt|3000|m}} |stall speed kmh= |stall speed note= |never exceed speed kmh= |never exceed speed note= |minimum control speed kmh= |minimum control speed note= |range km=3000 |range note= |combat range km= |combat range note= |ferry range km= |ferry range note= |endurance= |ceiling m=10500 |ceiling note='''L2D2''' |g limits= |roll rate= |climb rate ms= |climb rate note= |time to altitude={{cvt|5000|m}} in 16 minutes 2 seconds |wing loading kg/m2=136.5 |wing loading note= |fuel consumption kg/km= |power/mass={{cvt|0.0943|hp/lb|order=flip}} |more performance=  |guns= 1x flexible {{cvt|13|mm|3}} [[Type 2 machine gun]] and 2x {{cvt|7.7|mm|3}} [[Type 92 machine gun]]s ('''L2D4''', '''L2D4-1''' and '''L2D5''') }}

==See also==

{{aircontent |related= * [[Douglas DC-3]] * [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain]] * [[Lisunov Li-2]] |similar aircraft= * [[Curtiss C-46 Commando]] * [[Fiat G.18]] * [[Junkers Ju 52]] |lists= * [[List of civil aircraft]] * [[List of aircraft of World War II]] |see also= }}

==References==

===Notes=== {{reflist}}

===Bibliography=== * Addington, Larry H. ''America's War in Vietnam: A Short Narrative History.'' Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|0-253-21360-6}}. * Francillon, René J. ''Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War''. London: Putnam, 1970. {{ISBN|0-370-00033-1}}. * Francillon, René. ''McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Since 1920: Volume I''. London: Putnam, 1979. {{ISBN|0-87021-428-4}}. * Gradidge, Jennifer M. ''The Douglas DC-1/DC-2/DC-3: The First Seventy Years Volumes One and Two''. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 2006. {{ISBN|0-85130-332-3}}. * O'Leary, Michael. ''DC-3 and C-47 Gooney Birds.'' St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks International, 1992. {{ISBN|0-87938-543-X}}. * Pearcy, Arthur. ''Douglas Propliners: DC-1–DC-7''. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1995. {{ISBN|1-85310-261-X}}. *{{cite journal |last1=Soumille|first1=Jean-Claude|title=Les avions japonais aux coleurs françaises |journal=Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son Histoire|date=September 1999 |issue=78 |pages=6–17 |trans-title=Japanese Aircraft in French Colors|language=fr |issn=1243-8650}} * Yenne, Bill. ''McDonnell Douglas: A Tale of Two Giants''. Greenwich, Connecticut: Bison Books, 1985. {{ISBN|0-517-44287-6}}. *Famous Airplanes of the World, No. 66 ''Douglas C-47 Skytrain / Shōwa Type 0 Transport'', Bunrindō (Japan), 1975. *The Maru Mechanic, No. 31 ''Douglas DC-3 / L2D Type Zero Navy Transport'', Ushio Shobō (Japan), 1981. *''Performance and syllabus tables of naval aircraft on 4 July 1945'', [[Imperial Japanese Navy Aviation Bureau]], 1945. *''Instruction manuals of the Type 0 Transport Model 22 w/ Type 0 Freighter Model 22'', [[Showa Corporation|Shōwa Aircraft Industry]], 1944.

==External links== {{commons category|Showa L2D}} * [http://www.pacificwrecks.com/aircraft/l2d/bono/l2d-bono-bay-flames.html L2D shot down in flames] *https://web.archive.org/web/20120426065420/http://www.savagesquadron.com

{{DEFAULTSORT:Showa Nakajima L2D}} [[Category:Nakajima aircraft|L2D]] [[Category:Showa aircraft|L2D]] [[Category:1930s Japanese airliners]] [[Category:1930s Japanese military transport aircraft]] [[Category:Low-wing aircraft]] [[Category:Douglas DC-3]] [[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1939]] [[Category:Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft]] [[Category:Japan–United States military relations]] [[Category:Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear]]